FN Clarivate Analytics Web of Science VR 1.0 PT J AU Arends, BJ Jonkman, SN Vrijling, JK van Gelder, PHAJM AF Arends, BJ Jonkman, SN Vrijling, JK van Gelder, PHAJM TI Evaluation of tunnel safety: towards an economic safety optimum SO RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 14th European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2003) CY JUN 15-18, 2003 CL MAASTRICHT, NETHERLANDS SP European Safety & Reliabil Assoc, TNO Public Safety, Directorate Gen Public Works & Waste Management, Holland Railconsult, Techn Univ Eindhoven, HIV Consultants, Arteca Consultancy, Delta PI, NRG, Simtech Engn DE tunnel safety; cost effectiveness; economic optimisation ID RISK AB The aim of this paper is to propose a method for the evaluation of tunnel safety using probabilistic risk assessment. The framework includes three criteria; personal-, societal- and economic risk. The use of personal and societal risk is becoming more and more widespread. There are however, still some difficulties in using the economic risk criterion. As a first step towards economic risk optimisation, the cost effectiveness of addition and removal of safety measures in tunnels is investigated. Finally, the application of the three proposed criteria is further discussed for some tunnelling projects currently underway in the Netherlands. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Rijkswaterstaat, Minist Transport Publ Works & Water Management, Ctr Tunnel Safety, Civil Engn Div, Utrecht, Netherlands. Delft Univ Technol, Fac Civil Engn, Sect Hydraul Engn, Delft, Netherlands. C3 Delft University of Technology RP Jonkman, SN (通讯作者)，Rijkswaterstaat, Minist Transport Publ Works & Water Management, Ctr Tunnel Safety, Civil Engn Div, Utrecht, Netherlands. EM s.n.jonkman@dww.rws.minvenw.nl RI ; van Gelder, Pieter/D-5834-2014 OI Jonkman, Sebastiaan/0000-0003-0162-8281; van Gelder, Pieter/0000-0002-0001-0351 CR ARENDS BJ, 2003, THESIS U TECHNOLOGY BOHNENBLUST H, 1998, QUANTITIFED SOC RISK BROEREN PTW, 2003, BOMVIT BESLISSINGS O Diamantidis D, 2000, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V67, P135, DOI 10.1016/S0951-8320(99)00059-9 Dionne G, 2004, J TRANSP ECON POLICY, V38, P247 Eisner HS, 2000, SAFETY SCI, V36, P1, DOI 10.1016/S0925-7535(99)00030-2 GEYER TAW, 1996, P 1996 ANN M SOC RIS HAMMIT JK, 2000, PUBLISHED RISK PERSP, V8 *ICF, 2002, COSTS BENEFITS REHAB KAMER T, 1996, RISICONORMERING GEVA Mashimo H, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V17, P145, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00017-2 MOLAG M, 2002, OVERZICHT NORMEN SPO TENGS TO, 1995, RISK ANAL, V15, P369, DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1995.tb00330.x *V W, 1997, WSRD970568 V W MIN V VANDANTZIG D, 1956, ECONOMETRICA, V24, P276, DOI 10.2307/1911632 VANGELDER PHA, 2002, ANN REPORT 2002 SANP, pCH2 VRIJLING JK, 1995, J HAZARD MATER, V43, P245, DOI 10.1016/0304-3894(95)91197-V Vrijling JK, 1998, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V59, P141, DOI 10.1016/S0951-8320(97)00135-X VRIJLING JK, 2000, ANAL VALUATION HUMAN, V1, P197 VROUWENVELDER ACW, 2004, P SAF REL TUNN INN E, P23 WEGER D, 2001, ESREL 2001 INT C TOR WESEMANN P, 2000, VERKEERSONVEILIGHEID NR 22 TC 38 Z9 50 U1 0 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI London PA 125 London Wall, London, ENGLAND SN 0951-8320 EI 1879-0836 J9 RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE JI Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. PD NOV-DEC PY 2005 VL 90 IS 2-3 BP 217 EP 228 DI 10.1016/j.ress.2005.01.007 PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 960FZ UT WOS:000231577000012 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Eisner, HS AF Eisner, HS TI The Channel Tunnel Safety Authority SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE The Channel Tunnel Safety Authority; tunnel fire hazard; safety AB The paper is a critical review of the operation of the Channel Tunnel Safety Authority (CTSA) before and since the inauguration of the tunnel system. It considers four of its major decisions in relation to the tunnel fire hazard: (1) spacing of the cross-passages that link the running tunnels to the service tunnel and form the escape routes for people caught in a fire; (2) construction of shuttle carrier wagons for heavy goods vehicles involved in the severe tunnel fire of November 1996; (3) non-segregation of car drivers and passengers from their vehicles; and (4) requisitioning a Safety Case. It concludes that CTSA's decisions resulted in reduced safety in spacing and construction in (1) and (2)? respectively, a lengthy theoretical and experimental study that followed a preconceived, rather than preceded a sought, solution in (3) and a Safety Case that followed rather than preceded construction. In all four examples an alternative decision in the direction of greater safety could have led to severe economic consequences for the tunnel project. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. RP Eisner, HS (通讯作者)，69 Macclesfield Rd, Buxton SK17 9AG, Derby, England. CR *CIMAH, 1984, 1902 CIMAH *CTSA, 1990, NONS DRIV PASS THEIR *CTSA, 1996, CTSA ANN REP 1994 95 CTSA, 1990, CTSA ANN REP 1988 89 CTSA, 1991, CTSA ANN REP 1990 91 *CTSA, 1995, CTSA ANN REP 1993 94 *CTSA, 1993, CTSA ANN REP 1992 93 CULLEN WD, 1990, CM1310 CUNDILL MA, 1972, 436 TRRL LR, P9 *DEP ENV, 1975, CT ALT CROSS CHAN PR *DEP TRAD IND, 1974, 673 DEP TRAD IND *DEP TRANSP, 1988, CM499 EISNER HS, 1992, SAFETY SCI, V15, P119, DOI 10.1016/0925-7535(92)90012-O EISNER HS, 1987, MINUTES EVIDENCE, V2, P660 EISNER HS, 1986, TUNNELS TUNNELLI SEP, P49 EISNER HS, 1990, NEW CIVIL ENG 0315, P26 *EUR, 1986, VIT STAT PEACOCK L, 1997, COMMUNICATION 1103 RYDER EA, 1995, COMMUNICATION 0117 1973, CMND5256 1986, CMND9769 1973, CMND5486 1982, CMND8561 1963, CMND2137 1973, CMND5430 1987, MINUTES EVIDENC 0318 1986, CMND745 NR 27 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 9 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-7535 J9 SAFETY SCI JI Saf. Sci. PD OCT PY 2000 VL 36 IS 1 BP 1 EP 18 DI 10.1016/S0925-7535(99)00030-2 PG 18 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 347LY UT WOS:000088932300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Beard, AN AF Beard, Alan N. TI Fire safety in tunnels SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel; Safety; Decision-making; Risk; Assessment; Fire AB In 2006 the European Parliament requested the author to conduct a study of tunnel safety and make recommendations to be considered with a view to implementation in the European Union. This had been spurred by the large number of serious tunnel fires which have occurred in Europe since 1995 and fire safety was the main concern. Following a ten-month project a report was published and made available on the web-site of the European Parliament in 2008. The full report, containing twenty five recommendations, is available and details are given in Ref. [A.N. Beard, D. Cope, Assessment of the Safety of Tunnels. Commissioned by the European Parliament via the committee on Science and Technology Options Assessment (STOA); report IP/A/STOA/FWC/2005-28/SC22/29. Published in February 2008 on the European Parliament web-site at www.europarl.europa.eu]. The recommendations are intended to help to increase tunnel safety in the European Union and, primarily, to help to move towards a common system of tunnel safety decision-making and risk assessment. This article gives an outline of the report and high-lights some aspects of the content. This is not meant to imply that aspects which are not high-lighted here are of lesser importance. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Built Environm, Civil Engn Sect, Edinburgh HH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. C3 Heriot Watt University RP Beard, AN (通讯作者)，Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Built Environm, Civil Engn Sect, Edinburgh HH14 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. EM A.N.Beard@hw.ac.uk CR Beard A., 2008, IPASTOAFWC200528SC22 BEART AN, 2005, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE CRITCHLEY OH, 1998, INT C RAD PROT NUCL, V1, P18 Dix A., 2004, TUNNEL MANAGEMENT IN, V7, P29 DIX A, 2005, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE DIX A, 2004, INT C TUNN SAF VENT, P19 International Tunnelling Insurance Group, 2006, COD PRACT RISK MAN T *NORW PUBL ROAD AD, 2006, VIS STRAT TARG ROAD Senge P.M., 1993, 5 DISCIPLINE NR 9 TC 92 Z9 105 U1 1 U2 27 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD FEB PY 2009 VL 44 IS 2 BP 276 EP 278 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.06.008 PG 3 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 396OQ UT WOS:000262601400014 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Diamantidis, D Zuccarelli, F Westhäuser, A AF Diamantidis, D Zuccarelli, F Westhäuser, A TI Safety of long railway tunnels SO RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY LA English DT Article DE railway tunnels; risk acceptability; safety systems; passenger traffic ID DECISION-MAKING; RISK AB Planning and designing railway tunnels with an explicit reference to safety issues is becoming of utmost importance since the combination of high speed, mixed goods-passenger traffic and extreme length of the new tunnels under design or concept evaluation, have sensitively modified the inherent safety of the railway tunnel. Although the probability of occurrence of accidental events may still be considered rather low, the possible consequences of such events in long tunnels can be catastrophic, therefore raising the overall risk to levels that may be no more acceptable. The scope of this paper is to illustrate the state-of-practice related to risk analysis of long railway tunnels. First, ambitious tunnel projects are briefly reviewed. The applicable risk-analysis procedures are then described and discussed. The problem of risk appraisal is addressed and quantitative target safety levels are proposed. Safety systems for risk reduction are outlined. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Appl Sci, D-93049 Regensburg, Germany. DAppolonia SpA, Genoa, Italy. Brenner Eisenbahn GmbH, Innsbruck, Austria. RP Diamantidis, D (通讯作者)，Univ Appl Sci, Prufeningerstr 58, D-93049 Regensburg, Germany. CR Benjamin J.R., 1970, PROBABILITY STAT DEC Bohnenblust H, 1998, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V59, P151, DOI 10.1016/S0951-8320(97)00136-1 BOHNENBLUST H, 1984, EISENBAHNTECHNISCHE, V3, P193 BRULARD J, 1995, TRAVERSING ALPS NEW GEYER T, 1995, P SAF ROAD RAIL TUNN Hoegberg L, 1998, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V59, P135, DOI 10.1016/S0951-8320(97)00134-8 IIDA T, 1988, JAPANESE RAILWAY ENG, P106 JORDAN IJ, 1988, SAFETY LEVELS IMPLIE KAMPMANN J, 1989, FORSCHUNG PRAXIS, V33, P31 KOVARI K, 1995, 2 BASE TUNNELS ALPTR VANKUIJEN, 1989, IMPLEMENTATION SEVES Vrijling JK, 1998, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V59, P141, DOI 10.1016/S0951-8320(97)00135-X ZUCCARELLI F, 1995, P SAF ROAD RAIL TUNN 1995, PREN50126 NR 14 TC 24 Z9 29 U1 1 U2 19 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0951-8320 J9 RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE JI Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. PD FEB PY 2000 VL 67 IS 2 BP 135 EP 145 DI 10.1016/S0951-8320(99)00059-9 PG 11 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 278FG UT WOS:000084976800006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ostrem, L Sommer, M AF Ostrem, Lene Sommer, Morten TI Inherent fire safety engineering in complex road tunnels - Learning between industries in safety management SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Inherent safety; Fire safety design; Complex road tunnels; Lessons learned; Risk management AB Road tunnels in Norway are becoming increasingly complex, and several long subsea tunnels are either under construction or planned for the near future. The Office of the Auditor General in Norway recently stated that there is a need to improve fire safety in road tunnels. By systematically examining safety management in an industry dealing with high risks on a daily basis and combining this with knowledge gained through investigations of tunnel fire accidents and existing research on tunnel fires, this paper aims to identify some areas for improvement in the fire safety engineering of complex road tunnels. The 'inherently safer' philosophy is used as a starting point for safety management, and there appears to be some potential for improvement within tunnel fire safety engineering, when taking into account parameters and uncertainties regarding fire growth, heat release rates, smoke stratification toxicity, and time available to escape with different ventilation strategies. C1 [Ostrem, Lene] Gassco AS, Dept Asset Technol, Haugesund, Norway. [Sommer, Morten] Univ Stavanger UiS, Dept Safety Econ & Planning, Stavanger, Norway. C3 Universitetet i Stavanger RP Sommer, M (通讯作者)，Univ Stavanger UiS, Dept Safety Econ & Planning, Stavanger, Norway. 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PD FEB PY 2021 VL 134 AR 105062 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105062 PG 8 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA PG9QZ UT WOS:000600062200022 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, JZ You, LH Yang, M Wang, XX AF Chen, Jianzhong You, Linhai Yang, Meng Wang, Xiaoxia TI Traffic safety assessment and prediction under different lighting service states in road tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel lighting; Traffic safety; Lighting attenuation; PSO-BP neural network; Tunnel maintenance ID MAINTENANCE AB The lighting service state of road tunnels has an important impact on traffic safety. To assess and predict traffic safety in road tunnels under different lighting service states, a traffic safety assessment system of road tunnels was innovatively established by using visual recognition clarity data from 300 field experiments, which uses the proposed traffic safety factor to assess the traffic safety of road tunnels under different lighting service states. Then, the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the Back Propagation (BP) neural network, and a new traffic safety intelligent prediction method in road tunnels was constructed to predict the traffic safety factor under different lighting service states. The results of the study show that there is a negative correlation between simulated vehicle speed and visual clarity and a positive correlation between lighting attenuation and visual clarity. There is a negative correlation between the number of luminaire failures and the visual recognition clarity. When the lighting attenuation is below 70% or four and above luminaires fail, the lighting service states of road tunnels can seriously threaten traffic safety. The PSO-BP neural network model can accurately predict the traffic safety factor. The critical value of the traffic safety factor is 0.5965. This means that the lighting service state poses a threat to traffic safety in road tunnels when the traffic safety factor is lower than this value. The results of the study can provide the basis for developing a safe and low-carbon tunnel lighting maintenance program. C1 [Chen, Jianzhong; Yang, Meng] China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & Des, Chongqing 400000, Peoples R China. [You, Linhai; Wang, Xiaoxia] Guangdong Univ Technol, Sch Civil & Transportat Engn, Guangzhou 511400, Peoples R China. C3 Guangdong University of Technology RP Yang, M (通讯作者)，China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & Des, Chongqing 400000, Peoples R China. EM yangmengcq@163.com FU National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology [2019YFB1600702] FX Acknowledgements This research was supported by the fund of National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology (The project No. is 2019YFB1600702) . 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PD APR PY 2023 VL 134 AR 105001 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105001 EA JAN 2023 PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA H5NF1 UT WOS:000996420300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bjelland, H Gehandler, J Meacham, B Carvel, R Torero, JL Ingason, H Nja, O AF Bjelland, Henrik Gehandler, Jonatan Meacham, Brian Carvel, Ricky Torero, Jose L. Ingason, Haukur Nja, Ove TI Tunnel fire safety management and systems thinking: Adapting engineering practice through regulations and education SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel; Fire; Safety; Management; Systems thinking; Socio-technical systems; Regulation; Fire safety engineering; Education ID MODEL AB Society is changing ever faster, and tunnels are complex systems where performance is affected by many different stakeholders. These conditions suggest that safety management needs to be proactive and based on a systems perspective that acknowledges socio-technical theories. Although systems thinking principles are foundational in overarching European regulations and goals, system principles generally don't affect tunnel fire safety design principles or engineering practice. In the countries investigated in this study, tunnel fire safety management (TFSM) builds on experience-based and risk management-based principles that are optimized independently system by system. This is usually done with limited consideration of how these systems are interconnected and affect the overall tunnel system. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how systems thinking could support existing engineering practice. The work presented in this article is the outcome of a collaboration between fire safety researchers and practitioners from five countries and three continents. Through three workshops, current TFSM principles have been compiled and discussed. It is suggested that tunnel safety regulations be redesigned to strengthen the ability of engineers to work in design teams using systems thinking principles. C1 [Bjelland, Henrik; Nja, Ove] Univ Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway. [Gehandler, Jonatan; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. [Meacham, Brian] Meacham Associates, Boston, MA USA. [Carvel, Ricky] Univ Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland. [Torero, Jose L.] UCL, London, England. C3 Universitetet i Stavanger; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; University of Edinburgh; University of London; University College London RP Gehandler, J (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM jonatan.gehandler@ri.se RI Meacham, Brian J/AEW-1209-2022 OI Meacham, Brian J/0000-0002-8562-3471; Carvel, Ricky/0000-0002-7755-8809; Gehandler, Jonatan/0000-0001-8548-657X FU Research Council of Norway (NRC); Capacity Boost Tunnel Safety project; NRC FX The authors would like to thank the following for useful discussions during the writing of this paper: Peter Woodburn, Arup, UK; John Aldridge, London Bridge Associates, UK; Ieuan Rickard, OFR Consultants, UK; Karl Fridolf, Swedish Transport Administration; Johan Lundin, BSL, Sweden; Jaime Cadena Gomez, Transurban, Australia. Dr. Francine Amon is acknowledged for proofreading. Work on this paper has been partly funded by the Research Council of Norway (NRC) , through the FORREGION research program and the Capacity Boost Tunnel Safety project. The financial support from NRC and the in -kind contribution from our respective organizations is gratefully acknowledged. 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J. PD JUN PY 2024 VL 146 AR 104140 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104140 EA APR 2024 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA RX7T8 UT WOS:001231029700001 OA Green Submitted, hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, TH Wang, L Li, L Yang, F Chen, ZW Liu, HK AF Liu Tang-hong Wang Lei Li Li Yang Fan Chen Zheng-wei Liu Hong-kang TI Pressure waves acting on wall of a tunnel and their impact on the tunnel's structural safety SO JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY LA English DT Article DE high-speed train; tunnel; pressure change; tunnel lining; structural safety ID SHIELD TUNNEL; DYNAMIC-RESPONSE; AMBIENT WIND; SPEED; TRAINS; TRANSIENTS; LENGTHS; MODEL AB The transient pressures induced by trains passing through a tunnel and their impact on the structural safety of the tunnel lining were numerically analyzed. The results show that the pressure change increases rapidly along the tunnel length, and the maximum value is observed at around 200 m from the entrance, while the maximum pressure amplitude is detected at 250 m from the entrance when two trains meeting in a double-track tunnel. The maximum peak pressure on the tunnel induced by a train passing through a 70 m(2) single-track tunnel, 100 m(2) double-track tunnel and two trains meeting in the 100 m(2) double-track tunnel at 350 km/h, are - 4544 Pa, - 3137 Pa and - 5909 Pa, respectively. The aerodynamic pressure induced axial forces acting on the tunnel lining are only 8%, 5% and 9%, respectively, of those generated by the earth pressure. It seems that the aerodynamic loads exert little underlying influence on the static strength safety of the tunnel lining providing that the existing cracks and defects are not considered. C1 [Liu Tang-hong; Wang Lei; Li Li; Yang Fan; Chen Zheng-wei; Liu Hong-kang] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Minist Educ, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China. [Liu Tang-hong; Li Li; Yang Fan; Chen Zheng-wei; Liu Hong-kang] Joint Int Res Lab Key Technol Rail Traff Safety, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China. [Liu Tang-hong; Li Li; Yang Fan; Chen Zheng-wei; Liu Hong-kang] Natl & Local Joint Engn Res Ctr Safety Technol Ra, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China. [Wang Lei] CRRC Changchun Railway Vehicles Co Ltd, Changchun 130062, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; CRRC Corporation RP Liu, HK (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Minist Educ, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China.; Liu, HK (通讯作者)，Joint Int Res Lab Key Technol Rail Traff Safety, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China.; Liu, HK (通讯作者)，Natl & Local Joint Engn Res Ctr Safety Technol Ra, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China. EM lhk1232008@163.com RI ; Liu, Hongkang/KBQ-0635-2024; Chen, Zheng-Wei/HKP-1600-2023 OI Liu, Hongkang/0000-0002-7534-1016; Liu, Hongkang/0000-0002-7534-1016; Chen, Zheng-Wei/0000-0002-3422-3937 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51975591]; Technology Research and Development Program of China Railway [P2018J003] FX Project(51975591) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(P2018J003) supported by the Technology Research and Development Program of China Railway CR [Anonymous], 2016, TB100032016 CRC Chen XD, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V66, P77, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.004 Chen ZW, 2017, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V169, P139, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.018 Chu CR, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V42, P161, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.02.013 Howe MS, 2000, IMA J APPL MATH, V65, P315, DOI 10.1093/imamat/65.3.315 Ji P, 2019, J CENT SOUTH UNIV, V26, P2870, DOI 10.1007/s11771-019-4220-6 Ko YY, 2012, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V100, P19, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2011.10.008 Lei MF, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V36, P5, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.01.007 Li WH, 2017, J APPL FLUID MECH, V10, P1375, DOI 10.18869/acadpub.jafm.73.242.27738 Li WH, 2020, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V198, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104095 Liu F, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V52, P62, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.11.020 Liu TH, 2019, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V84, P70, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.10.016 Liu TH, 2017, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V169, P54, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.07.004 Liu TH, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V66, P121, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.009 Liu TH, 2010, J TRANSP ENG-ASCE, V136, P846, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000146 Lopes P, 2014, SOIL DYN EARTHQ ENG, V61-62, P269, DOI 10.1016/j.soildyn.2014.02.013 Lu CF, 2019, TRANSP SAFETY ENV, V1, P22, DOI 10.1093/tse/tdz003 Ma, 2012, AERODYNAMIC EFFECTS Ran Tengfei, 2019, Journal of Central South University (Science and Technology), V50, P2603, DOI 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7207.2019.10.028 Real T, 2015, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V49, P376, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.05.004 Tian HQ, 2019, TRANSP SAFETY ENV, V1, P1, DOI 10.1093/tse/tdz014 Wang TT, 2018, J CENT SOUTH UNIV, V25, P2831, DOI 10.1007/s11771-018-3956-8 [王秀珍 Wang Xiuzhen], 2013, [铁道科学与工程学报, Journal of Rail Way Science and Engineering], V10, P92 Wu J, 2006, MODERN TUNNELLING TE, V23, P43 Yan QX, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V72, P41, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.11.002 Yan QX, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V53, P33, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.12.004 Yang WB, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V79, P67, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.04.031 Zhang DM, 2015, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V47, P123, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.12.011 Zhang L, 2017, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V167, P128, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2017.04.018 Zhou XS, 2017, J CENT SOUTH UNIV, V24, P1465, DOI 10.1007/s11771-017-3550-5 NR 30 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 9 U2 161 PU JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIV PI HUNAN PA EDITORIAL OFF, CHANGSHA, CHINA MAINLAND, HUNAN 410083, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 2095-2899 EI 2227-5223 J9 J CENT SOUTH UNIV JI J. Cent. South Univ. PD OCT PY 2021 VL 28 IS 10 BP 3223 EP 3237 DI 10.1007/s11771-021-4823-6 EA OCT 2021 PG 15 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA XB8VR UT WOS:000710592500001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Marasová, D Taraba, V Grendel, P AF Marasova, Daniela Taraba, Vladimir Grendel, Peter TI Legislative and its requirements to safety of tunnels SO ACTA MONTANISTICA SLOVACA LA Slovak DT Article DE legislative; tunnel tube; safety AB The article is aimed at the description of legislative and its requirements to safety of tunnels in Slovakia. . The main purpose is analyze Directive of the European Parliament and European Council 2004/54/ES about minimum safety measure at tunnels in transeuropean route network, which accepts Slovak Republic too within the frame of process harmonization slovak legislative with european legislative. C1 [Marasova, Daniela; Grendel, Peter] Fak BERG TU Kosiciach, Ustav Logistiky & Dopravy Priemyslu, Kosice 04384, Slovakia. [Taraba, Vladimir] Continental Matador Rubber, Puchov 02001, Slovakia. C3 Technical University Kosice RP Marasová, D (通讯作者)，Fak BERG TU Kosiciach, Ustav Logistiky & Dopravy Priemyslu, Pk Komenskeho 14, Kosice 04384, Slovakia. EM daniela.marasova@tuke.sk; peter.grendel@tuke.sk RI Marasova, Daniela/A-9649-2013 CR ANTOSOVA M, 2005, ROC, V13, P45 HAACK A, 2009, ANAL POZIAROV VOZIDI KREPELKA F, 2006, EDICNE STREDISKO AMS, P396 PIRNIK R, 2009, ROCNIK, V18, P69 Senova A., 2007, MANAZMENT TEORII PRA, V3, P30 STRAKA M, 2006, ACTA MONTAISTICS SLO, V2, P151 Stratton RJ, 2007, CLIN NUTR, P5, DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2007.04.004 NR 7 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 3 PU BERG FAC TECHNICAL UNIV KOSICE PI KOSICE PA PARK KOMENSKEHO 19, KOSICE, 043 84, SLOVAKIA SN 1335-1788 J9 ACTA MONTAN SLOVACA JI Acta. Montan. Slovaca. PY 2010 VL 15 SI SI BP 9 EP 13 PG 5 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mining & Mineral Processing WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA 556CY UT WOS:000274566900003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bjornsen, G Njå, O AF Bjornsen, Gabriela Nja, Ove TI Vocational learning of incident commanders in tunnel fire safety work SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF ADULT LEARNING LA English DT Article DE incident commander; tunnel fire safety; pilot course; vocational learning; competence ID DESIGN AB Fire and rescue operations in tunnels constitute unusual and complex working environments for first responders. The ability to make correct decisions, based on the tunnel's specific characteristics, demands well-trained incident commanders equipped with sufficient knowledge and skills. The potential catastrophic consequences of tunnel fires have increasingly become a societal concern, with a growing demand to increase safety and emergency response management in European tunnels. However, from the incident commanders' perspective, learning in tunnel fire safety remains a relatively unexplored area. The current learning activities for tunnel fire response are limited and place no specific requirements on the content, instructional techniques and necessary level of competence. Designing learning activities requires careful consideration of what, why and how learning occurs. To enhance incident commanders' competence and ensure adequate emergency response during incidents in tunnels, the European Commission recently supported the development of an educational programme. As part of this programme, a pilot course was developed for incident commanders and carried out in Stavanger during the fall of 2021. The designers had a strict focus on parameters enhancing learning, based on a vocational learning model. This article presents the design and results from the pilot course and the mechanisms that are most likely to promote and inhibit learning. Results show that learners must be engaged in activities that emphasize problem-solving abilities and critical reflection, to enhance their ability to make sense of complex situations and subsequently act effectively. Furthermore, sharing experiences requires an open atmosphere of communication and the encouragement of creativity. C1 [Bjornsen, Gabriela] Univ Stavanger, Capac Boost Tunnel Safety KATS project, Stavanger, Norway. [Nja, Ove] Univ Stavanger, Risk management & societal safety, Stavanger, Norway. C3 Universitetet i Stavanger; Universitetet i Stavanger RP Bjornsen, G (通讯作者)，Univ Stavanger, Capac Boost Tunnel Safety KATS project, Stavanger, Norway. 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PD NOV PY 2023 VL 63 IS 3 BP 424 EP 446 PG 23 WC Education & Educational Research WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Education & Educational Research GA HH5Y2 UT WOS:001158627300007 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wiebes, J Bjelland, H Njå, O AF Wiebes, Jeroen Bjelland, Henrik Nja, Ove TI Systems thinking in road tunnel safety: Feasibility of evacuation shelters for single-tube road tunnels SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Evacuation shelters; Tunnel fire safety; Evacuation; Fire protection; Systems safety ID PERCEPTION; BEHAVIOR AB The self-rescue principle is fundamental for ensuring tunnel user safety during fires. Major fires in European road tunnels in the late 1990s and early 2000s highlighted the difficulties of evacuating single-tube tunnels with bidirectional traffic and longitudinal ventilation, resulting in an increased emphasis on facilitating self-rescue in road tunnels. This article explores the feasibility of shelters, abbreviated to SWETO, as an element in the evacuation system for existing single-tube road tunnels with bi-directional traffic and longitudinal ventilation. The study is a response to recent years' increased interest in the concept in Norway. Integrating SWETOs presents both engineering and sociotechnical challenges. Functional requirements and solutions are lacking and need developing. However, it is argued that available knowledge supports the concept. A gradual integration of SWETOs in selected high-risk road tunnels is proposed through pilot projects. To increase our understanding of SWETOs effectiveness and limitations, knowledge-generating activities such as pilot projects and targeted research are crucial. These efforts should focus on their design, implementation, operation and maintenance to ensure functionality during emergencies. 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SP TECH, V131, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104822 Zeeri M.O., 2020, 29 EUR SAF REL C ESR, P253 Zhan ZN, 2012, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V45, P710, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.228 Zhang T, 2014, PROGRESS IN MINE SAFETY SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING II, P383 Zhang ZJ, 2019, APPL THERM ENG, V162, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.114243 NR 101 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 2 U2 5 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI London PA 125 London Wall, London, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 EI 1873-7226 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD MAY PY 2025 VL 152 AR 104350 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104350 EA FEB 2025 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA Y7E8X UT WOS:001433719000001 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Beard, AN AF Beard, Alan N. TI Tunnel safety, risk assessment and decision-making SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel safety; Risk assessment; Decision-making AB This article gives a brief account of a project which was commissioned by the European Parliament and which has resulted in a report which has been published and is available on the web-site of the European Parliament [Beard, AN, Cope, D., 2008. Assessment of the Safety of Tunnels. Commissioned by the European Parliament; Report IP/A/STOA/FWC/2005-28/SC22/29. Published in February 2008 on the European Parliament web-site under the rubric 'Science and Technology Options Assessment' (STOA)]. The project was funded by a grant from the European Parliament. The author was requested to carry out a study of tunnel safety and make recommendations to be considered for possible application within the European Union. The background to the project was the large number of catastrophic tunnel fires which have taken place in Europe since 1995. Twenty five recommendations are made within the Report the purpose of which is to help to increase tunnel safety in the European Union and, primarily, to help to move towards a common system of tunnel safety decision-making and risk assessment. This article focuses on some aspects of the content. However, it should not be assumed that aspects which are not included here are of lesser importance. (C) 2009 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Built Environm, Civil Engn Sec, Edinburgh EH1 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. C3 Heriot Watt University RP Beard, AN (通讯作者)，Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Built Environm, Civil Engn Sec, Edinburgh EH1 4AS, Midlothian, Scotland. EM a.n.beard@sbe.hw.ac.uk CR BEARD A, 1992, FIRE SAFETY J, V19, P307, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(92)90012-2 Beard A., 2008, IPASTOAFWC200528SC22 Beard AN, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V35, P63, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00015-1 Bryhni A., 2006, RUSMIDLER NORGE 2006 Carvel R., 2005, The Handbook Of Tunnel Fire Safety Dix A., 2004, TUNNEL MANAGEMENT IN, V7, P29 DIX A, 2005, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE DIX A, 2004, INT C TUNN SAF VENT *EU, 2004, OFFICIAL J EURO 0429 *EUROTAP, 2006, ORG VIA GERM AUT ASS International Tunnelling Insurance Group, 2006, COD PRACT RISK MAN T JOHNSON PF, 1991, FIRE SAFETY J, V17, P415, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(91)90020-Y KAUER C, 2001, 4 INT C SAF ROAD RAI, P385 *OPECST, 2000, RAPP SEC TUNN ROUT F Rein G., 2007, DALMARNOCK FIRE TEST SANTOSREYES J, 2005, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE NR 16 TC 64 Z9 79 U1 2 U2 50 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD JAN PY 2010 VL 25 IS 1 BP 91 EP 94 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2009.07.006 PG 4 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 523FC UT WOS:000272056500010 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lee, JY Kirytopoulos, K Pervez, A Huang, HL AF Lee, Jaeyoung Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos Pervez, Amjad Huang, Helai TI Understanding drivers' awareness, habits and intentions inside road tunnels for effective safety policies SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Drivers? behavior; Road Tunnels; Questionnaire survey; Tunnel safety; Safety policies ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; EVACUATION SCENARIO; UNDERGROUND ROAD; SOCIAL-INFLUENCE; HUMAN-BEHAVIOR; FIRE SAFETY; CHOICE; USERS; QUESTIONNAIRE; INFORMATION AB Tunnels have a unique driving environment; thus, a small incident in a tunnel may result in severe consequences and a high probability of secondary crashes. Fortunately, studies have found that adopting safe driving behavior in a tunnel minimizes the severe outcomes of an incident. Therefore, implementing driver-oriented safety policies and conducting public awareness campaigns that emphasize safe behavior when driving through tunnels are essential. However, before devising policies and campaigns on the right issues, it is necessary to understand drivers' current level of knowledge regarding tunnel safety, their habits, behavioral intentions, and psychological condition while driving through tunnels. To achieve this objective, a sample of 841 responses was collected from China using a questionnaire survey consisting of fifty-two items. The results showed that several gaps exist in drivers' knowledge regarding tunnel safety and equipment. Drivers often adopt inappropriate habits and be-haviors while driving through tunnels. Also, the tunnel environment has a significant influence on the psycho-logical condition of the drivers. Moreover, drivers' demographic characteristics significantly affect their knowledge, reported habits and behavioral intentions, and psychological condition. The authorities and safety analysts could employ the suggestions highlighted in the present study for improving tunnel safety. C1 [Lee, Jaeyoung; Pervez, Amjad; Huang, Helai] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha, Peoples R China. [Lee, Jaeyoung] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Civil, Environm & Construction Engn, Orlando, FL USA. [Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens, Greece. C3 Central South University; State University System of Florida; University of Central Florida; National Technical University of Athens RP Pervez, A (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha, Peoples R China. EM lizaining@csu.edu.cn; kkir@mail.ntua.gr; amjadpervez04@csu.edu.cn; huanghelai@csu.edu.cn RI Huang, Helai/HPD-6657-2023; Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/H-1348-2018; Pervez, Amjad/AAW-4967-2020; Lee, Jaeyoung Jay/O-7674-2019 OI Pervez, Amjad/0000-0001-6283-2871; Lee, Jaeyoung Jay/0000-0003-1211-688X FU Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University [2020CX013]; National Key R&D Program of China [2020YFB1600400] FX Acknowledgments This research was funded by the Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University (Grant No. 2020CX013) and the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2020YFB1600400) . 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PD JUL PY 2022 VL 172 AR 106690 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106690 EA MAY 2022 PG 11 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 1J9LU UT WOS:000798234100002 PM 35533421 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ren, R Xiao, ZZ Wang, YQ Song, X AF Ren, Rui Xiao, Zhenzhi Wang, Yaqiong Song, Xiao TI Driving safety of low-position lighting in highway tunnels based on visual performance SO JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-ENGLISH EDITION LA English DT Article DE Traffic safety; Highway tunnel; Low-position lighting; Luminaires layout parameters; Visual performance AB To evaluate the lighting environment quality and driving safety of low-position lighting in highway tunnels, this study simulated three lighting schemes (high-position, low-position, and low-position with auxiliary LED strips on maintaining road) using DIALux software for a two-lane unidirectional tunnel. Key parameters for low-position luminaires were optimized, and drivers' obstacle recognition reaction times, gaze distribution patterns and pupil diameter dynamics were tested by visual performance experiments. The results indicate that the optimal parameters for low-position lighting, when using flat light technology luminaires better adapted to low-position lighting, are as follows: lamp spacing of 6-7 m, mounting height of 1.1-1.3 m, staggered arrangement, and auxiliary lighting power of 1 W/m. Compared to high-position lighting, low-position lighting reduced the threshold increment by 47.1%, increased small target visibility by 569%, and shortened drivers' reaction times for near-roadway obstacles by 25%, significantly enhancing obstacle recognition. The pupil diameter variation rates across different lighting configurations all below 10% indicate that low-position lighting did not induce psychological states of tension or discomfort during driving. Although low-position lighting exhibited slightly lower longitudinal uniformity and longer reaction times for elevated targets, these limitations were effectively resolved by auxiliary LED strips. Overall, low-position lighting substantially improves driving safety and comfort in highway tunnels. C1 [Ren, Rui; Xiao, Zhenzhi; Wang, Yaqiong] Changan Univ, Key Lab Highway Bridge & Tunnel ShaanXi Prov, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. [Ren, Rui; Xiao, Zhenzhi; Wang, Yaqiong] Chang an Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. [Song, Xiao] Qingdao Huihe Biotechnol Co Ltd, Qingdao 266109, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Chang'an University RP Xiao, ZZ; Wang, YQ (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Key Lab Highway Bridge & Tunnel ShaanXi Prov, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. EM renrui@chd.edu.cn; xiaozhenzhi@chd.edu.cn; ys08@gl.chd.edu.cn; 1498382420@qq.com RI Wang, Yaqiong/AFH-0731-2022 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52278392, 52478385]; Key R & D Program Project of Shaanxi Province [2024SF-YBXM-654]; Shaanxi Provincial Innovation Capacity Support Program: highway tunnel intelligent operation and safety, energy conservation and environmental protection innovation team [2023-CX-TD-35] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China: smoke transport characteristics and control methods of the bifurcated tunnel fire under the effect of obstacle obstruction and personnel evacuation research (52478385) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China: study on pollutants migration characteristics and the energy-efficiency optimization control of ventilation system in spiral highway tunnel (52278392) ; National Natural Science Foundation of China: study on pollutants migration characteristics and the energy-efficiency optimization control of ventilation system in spiral highway tunnel (52278392) ; Key R & D Program Project of Shaanxi Province: research on multi-source het-erogeneous sensory data fusion-based early warning and posture prediction and control of fire in highway tunnels (2024SF-YBXM-654) ; Shaanxi Provincial Innovation Capacity Support Program: highway tunnel intelligent operation and safety, energy conservation and environmental protection innovation team (2023-CX-TD-35) . 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PD JUN PY 2025 VL 12 IS 3 BP 616 EP 638 DI 10.1016/j.jtte.2025.05.001 PG 23 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering; Transportation GA 5ET7K UT WOS:001533954700001 OA gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, YZ Ingason, H AF Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur TI Overview of research on fire safety in underground road and railway tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fire safety; Road tunnel; Railway tunnel; Underground tunnel; Design fire; Structural protection; Smoke control; Fire suppression; Fire characteristics ID HEAT RELEASE RATE; LONGITUDINAL VENTILATED TUNNEL; LAYERING FLOW LENGTH; MODEL-SCALE TUNNEL; SMOKE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; BURNING PASSENGER CAR; NATURAL VENTILATION; CRITICAL VELOCITY; VERTICAL SHAFT; WATER SPRAYS AB In the past two decades, the interest in fire safety science of tunnels has significantly increased, mainly due to the rapidly increasing number of tunnels built and the catastrophic tunnel fire incidents occurred. 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PD NOV PY 2018 VL 81 BP 568 EP 589 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.013 PG 22 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA GW5DI UT WOS:000446949500049 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xu, FQ Du, ZG Mei, JL Han, L AF Xu, Fuqiang Du, Zhigang Mei, Jialin Han, Lei TI Transmittance optimization of tunnel shading shed for maximum energy savings and traffic safety: When replacing tunnel lighting in threshold zone SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Road tunnel; Tunnel shading shed; Tunnel energy-saving; Tunnel safety; Tunnel lighting; Transmittance; Sunlight; Dialux ID ROAD PRE-TUNNELS; TENSION STRUCTURES; CONTROL-SYSTEM; METHODOLOGY; LUMINANCE; PAVEMENT; PERGOLAS AB Tunnel shading shed instead of tunnel lighting is one of the ideal ways to reduce the tremendous energy con-sumption at the entrance (section 2.1), but at present the length of tunnel shading shed and illuminance inside tunnel shading shed rarely meet the relevant technical requirements (section 2.2). Although some literature estimated the energy saving benefits of tunnel shading shed when replacing tunnel lighting in the threshold zone (section 2.2.1), there is no study on the conditions for maximum energy saving, the impact of energy saving on safety and the energy-saving efficiency in all time and all weather. To solve the above problems, suggest a multi-objective optimization condition of transmittance for maximizing energy savings improving traffic safety (section 3.3.2). In addition, propose an efficient sunlight simulation method based on finite element partitioning (section 3.3.1), derive a formula for precise energy-saving efficiency of tunnel shading shed (section 4.2.1), and analyze factors affecting energy-saving efficiency. The results show that: Suitable transmittance can simultaneously maximize the energy savings of tunnel shading shed (section 4.2.2) and improve traffic safety in the tunnel portal area (section 4.3). And the energy-saving efficiency on sunny summer days is not the greatest. It provides the theoretical and methodological support for making full use of sunlight and saving tunnel lighting electric energy. C1 [Xu, Fuqiang; Du, Zhigang; Mei, Jialin; Han, Lei] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology RP Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM fuqiangxu7@foxmail.com; zhig_du7@163.com; 1473506436@qq.com; hanleibest@whut.edu.cn OI Mei, Jialin/0000-0002-3636-0791 FU National Natural Science Founda-tion of China [52072291] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No. 52072291) . 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PD JAN PY 2024 VL 143 AR 105493 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105493 EA NOV 2023 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA Z4FX6 UT WOS:001111661300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, XX You, LH Chen, JZ Han, S AF Wang, Xiaoxia You, Linhai Chen, Jianzhong Han, Shuang TI The impact of different service states of tunnel lighting on traffic safety SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Tunnel lighting; Traffic safety; Lighting attenuation; Luminaire failure; SSA-ELM neural network ID DEPRECIATION AB The service states of tunnel lighting will directly affect the lighting conditions, which affect traffic safety. Therefore, it is imperative to evaluate and predict traffic safety accurately in different lighting states. In this research, three hundred experimental scenarios of the service states of tunnel lighting were designed and implemented to evaluate the impact of different service states of tunnel lighting on traffic safety. The evaluation was achieved through a visual identification experiment in a physical tunnel. The experimental results show higher simulated vehicle speeds pose a greater threat to traffic safety. The severity of lighting attenuation contributes to an increased risk to traffic safety. An increase in the number of luminaires failure also poses a greater threat to traffic safety. The newly proposed traffic safety factor was employed to evaluate traffic safety quantitatively in road tunnels. To improve the accuracy and comprehensiveness of the traffic safety factor prediction in different lighting service states, an advanced neural network prediction system was developed. The prediction system was constructed using the Sparrow Search Algorithm (SSA) to optimize Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) neural network, and the dataset from the experiment was used for the prediction model. The SSAELM neural network model is a reliable model that can predict the traffic safety factor comprehensively and accurately. The recommended threshold value for the traffic safety factor is 0.6. When the value falls below 0.6, it shows that the service states of tunnel lighting pose a threat to traffic safety in the tunnel. These findings can provide insights into the safe and energy-efficient maintenance of road tunnels. C1 [Wang, Xiaoxia; You, Linhai; Han, Shuang] Guangdong Univ Technol, Sch Civil & Transportat Engn, Guangzhou 511400, Peoples R China. [Chen, Jianzhong] China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & Des, Chongqing 400000, Peoples R China. C3 Guangdong University of Technology RP Chen, JZ (通讯作者)，China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & Des, Chongqing 400000, Peoples R China. EM chenjianzhongcq@163.com RI Wang, xiaoxia/HCH-6646-2022 FU National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology [2019YFB1600702]; National Natural Science Foundations of China [71801052] FX Acknowledgements This research was supported by the experiments and funds of the National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology (Project No. 2019YFB1600702) and by the National Natural Science Foundations of China (No. 71801052) . 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PD NOV PY 2023 VL 192 AR 107237 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107237 EA AUG 2023 PG 11 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA P6EU2 UT WOS:001051595200001 PM 37544041 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lu, CL Liu, DL Huang, Y Li, Y Chen, SB Liu, WJ Wang, JY AF Lu, Chunling Liu, Dingli Huang, Yao Li, Ying Chen, Shanbin Liu, Weijun Wang, Jingya TI Enhancing Fire Safety Knowledge among Underwater Road Tunnel Users: A Survey in China SO FIRE-SWITZERLAND LA English DT Article DE underwater road tunnel; questionnaire survey; fire safety literacy; tunnel safety AB In recent years, the number of underwater road tunnels in Chinese cities has increased. However, the current situation of personal fire safety literacy as it pertains to these tunnels remains unclear. To address this gap, a questionnaire survey was conducted to investigate people's awareness of escape slides, evacuation signs, and the correct evacuation paths for fire escape. A total of 1049 respondents in Changsha, China, were surveyed, with 791 valid questionnaires collected and analyzed. The findings revealed that a significant proportion of respondents (81.80%) were unaware of the presence of escape slides in underwater road tunnels, while 87.86% could not recognize them and 93.05% could not use them. Only 42.04% of respondents could identify evacuation signs in underwater road tunnels. In the event of a fire, just half of the respondents could select the appropriate escape or evacuation path. Additionally, demographic differences among respondents also influenced their level of fire safety literacy. 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C3 Changsha University of Science & Technology; Dongbei University of Finance & Economics RP Huang, Y (通讯作者)，Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Engn Res Ctr Catastroph Prophylaxis & Treatment Rd, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Minist Educ, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China.; Huang, Y (通讯作者)，Dongbei Univ Finance & Econ, Coll Management Sci & Engn, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China. EM luchunling1230@outlook.com; liudingli@csust.edu.cn; yaohuang@csust.edu.cn; liuwesley@csust.edu.cn RI Wang, Jingya/HZM-1570-2023 OI Huang, Yao/0000-0001-7699-4716; Liu, Dingli/0000-0002-9836-9871 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China; Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [2024JJ5046, 2023JJ40058]; Open Fund of the Engineering Research Center of Catastrophic Prophylaxis and Treatment of Road & Traffic Safety of the Ministry of Education (Changsha University of Science Technology) [kfj230502]; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2024MD753907]; Research Project on Teaching Reform in Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province [202401000607, HNJG-20230379]; [52204202] FX This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52204202), the Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 2024JJ5046 and 2023JJ40058), the Open Fund of the Engineering Research Center of Catastrophic Prophylaxis and Treatment of Road & Traffic Safety of the Ministry of Education (Changsha University of Science & Technology) (Grant No. kfj230502), the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2024MD753907), and the Research Project on Teaching Reform in Colleges and Universities of Hunan Province (Grant Nos. 202401000607 and HNJG-20230379). 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This study examines how tunnel lighting configurations influence driver perception and psychological responses during foggy conditions, aiming to optimize both safety and energy efficiency. A virtual reality simulation replicating authentic tunnel geometries and fog dispersion patterns was developed, incorporating five differentiated lighting scenarios with varying ambient luminance levels. Psychophysiological measurements, including safety perception evaluations and visual workload assessments, were systematically recorded from participants navigating the simulated foggy tunnel environment. Results demonstrate that fog exposure significantly degrades roadway visibility parameters, including clarity, luminance uniformity, and color rendering capacity compared to clear atmospheric conditions. Controlled increases in ambient luminance were observed to enhance visual performance metrics, exhibiting a linear correlation with perceived safety levels. Analysis identified visual field characteristics as the strongest predictor of safety evaluations, with active guidance lighting systems markedly improving situational awareness. The study proposes an adaptive lighting framework that strategically balances spectral efficiency and luminance gradient management, achieving measurable energy conservation while maintaining predefined safety thresholds. These findings advance the theoretical foundation for safe and energy-saving tunnel lighting systems in adverse weather conditions, particularly emphasizing the critical role of active visual guidance lamps in fog mitigation strategies. C1 [Liu, Tao; Zhu, Hehua; Shen, Yi; Xu, Liankun; Feng, Shouzhong] Tongji Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Dept Geotech Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. [Zhu, Hehua; Shen, Yi] Tongji Univ, State Key Lab Disaster Reduct Civil Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. C3 Tongji University; Tongji University RP Shen, Y (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Dept Geotech Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. EM shenyi@tongji.edu.cn FU Research on Key Technologies for the Planning, Design, and Construction of the S7 Shanghai-Chongming West River-Crossing Tunnel [Y202445]; Research Fund of State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering [SLDRCE19-A-14]; China Railway 14th Bureau Group Co., Ltd; Guangxi Nantian Expressway Co., Ltd FX The authors wish to acknowledge the sponsorship from the Research on Key Technologies for the Planning, Design, and Construction of the S7 Shanghai-Chongming West River-Crossing Tunnel (Y202445) and Research Fund of State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering (SLDRCE19-A-14) . The support from the China Railway 14th Bureau Group Co., Ltd and the Guangxi Nantian Expressway Co., Ltd is highly appreciated. 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Environ. PD NOV 1 PY 2025 VL 285 AR 113540 DI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2025.113540 EA AUG 2025 PN A PG 17 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 7TD5W UT WOS:001579050500002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Khoury, GA Walley, D McWilliams, D AF Khoury, G. A. Walley, D. McWilliams, D. TI New methods for road tunnel fire safety evaluation and upgrading SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-STRUCTURES AND BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE economics & finance; fire engineering; safety & hazards; tunnels & tunnelling AB A new tunnel fire safety evaluation and upgrading procedure was developed to replace the current seriously flawed 'additive' methodology. Such a procedure is necessary given the number of recent tunnel fires with serious consequences to human life, structure and the wider socio-economy. The procedure takes a holistic integrated approach and follows a critical path. The new methodology, called Upgrade, was tested for a hypothetical 'basic' example tunnel and showed its ability and flexibility in providing the risks and economic impacts for different upgrading options singly and in combination. The assessment shows clearly that it is not just safety features that are critical to results but also items such as the location of the fire and its size. The model is also applied to a 'real' alpine tunnel case to demonstrate that the smoke extraction system would have been justified by the holistic upgrading procedure. Both the development of Upgrade and the appraisal of socio-economic impact are key innovations of this work. Tunnel closure times were found to have a marked, even dominant, influence on human safety and especially the socio-economic impact. Closure times should therefore be reduced to a minimum by judicial selection of a combination of safety features that require night closures or part closure coupled with a reduced overall time for upgrading work. The work was carried out as part of the Uptun (Upgrading tunnels) 5th framework European Union (EU) project. The results of this work are aimed at assisting the EU develop a directive for road tunnel safety. C1 [Khoury, G. A.] Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London, England. [Walley, D.; McWilliams, D.] Ctr Econ & Business Res, London, England. C3 Imperial College London RP Khoury, GA (通讯作者)，Univ London Imperial Coll Sci Technol & Med, London, England. FU EU FX This work was carried out with part-funding from the EU within the Uptun 5th Framework project which is gratefully acknowledge. Appreciation is also expressed for the technical contributions to WP5 by F. Waymel (Ineris, France), I. Trijssenaar-Buhre (TNO, Netherlands), M. Molag (TNO, Netherlands), J. Fraser-Mitchell (BRE, UK), S. Jeansson (FSD, Sweden), B. van den Horn (RWS, Netherlands), C. Majorana (Padua University, Italy), R-M Faure (CETU, France), M. Cristani CPADOR-TRASTEC, Italy), H. Buvik (NPRA, Norway), K. Bergmeister (Autostrada Brennero, Italy), S. Francesconi (Autostrada Brennero, Italy), E. Ruffin (Ineris). CR BREMNER C, 2002, TIMES 0326 BRUX G, 2000, TUNNEL, V5, P55 BUVIK H, 2006, DESCRIPTIONS REAL TU, P17 *COM EUR NORM, 2004, MIN SAF REQ TUNN TRA FRASERMITCHELL J, 2007, P INT 2007 C LOND SE FRASERMITCHELL J, 2006, COMBINED SMOKE MOVEM, P95 Khoury G. A., 2005, Tunnels & Tunnelling International, V37, P46 KHOURY GA, 2003, TUNNELS TUNNELLING I KHOURY GA, 2006, GLOBAL APPROACH TUNN, P65 KHOURY GA, 2006, HOLISTIC TUNNEL FIRE MCWILLIAMS D, 2006, MANUAL UPGRADING SOC, P80 TRIJSSENAARBUHR.I, 2006, MANUAL UPGRADING RIS, P32 WAYMEL F, 2006, MANUAL UPGRADING HEA, P68 NR 13 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 16 PU THOMAS TELFORD PUBLISHING PI LONDON PA THOMAS TELFORD HOUSE, 1 HERON QUAY, LONDON E14 4JD, ENGLAND SN 0965-0911 J9 P I CIVIL ENG-STR B JI Proc. Inst. Civil Eng.-Struct. Build. PD JUN PY 2009 VL 162 IS 3 BP 183 EP 197 DI 10.1680/stbu.2009.162.3.183 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 458KJ UT WOS:000267017100005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bjelland, H Njå, O Heskestad, AW Braut, GS AF Bjelland, Henrik Nja, Ove Heskestad, Atle William Braut, Geir Sverre TI Emergency preparedness for tunnel fires - A systems-oriented approach SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire safety; Systems approach; Emergency preparedness analysis; Constraints ID RISK-ASSESSMENT; SAFETY; MANAGEMENT; FRAMEWORK AB Efficient emergency response is key to preventing major losses in tunnel fires. Our general concern in this paper is the degree to which tunnel systems are prepared and the means by which we can be prepared for a major fire in a single-tube road tunnel. Conformance to prescriptive regulations dominates existing practice in the area of emergency preparedness. Risk-based approaches exist but have little influence on emergency preparedness designs for tunnel systems. A successful emergency response to tunnel fires is dependent on many actors collaborating under serious time constraints. Safety becomes a matter of controlling critical processes necessary to keep the system in a safe state. Efficient decision-making in situations of major uncertainty is vital, to achieve safety goals. This essentially means that efficient emergency preparedness for road tunnels is a matter that needs attention in the early design phases and continuous improvements during the operational phase. To achieve high-performance emergency preparedness against tunnel fires, there is a need for radical changes to the design and operation of tunnels. In this paper, it is claimed that a system-theoretic approach is appropriate to deal with the tunnel system's complexity and to drive the design of appropriate control structures for critical processes, from the design phase to the actual emergency. It is shown how system theoretic approaches will change the safety management practices for tunnels and how this will increase consistency between potential fire scenarios and associated control actions. C1 [Bjelland, Henrik] Multiconsult Norge AS, Oslo, Norway. [Bjelland, Henrik; Nja, Ove] Univ Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway. [Heskestad, Atle William] Norwegian Railway Directorate, Oslo, Norway. [Braut, Geir Sverre] Stavanger Univ Hosp, Stavanger, Norway. C3 Universitetet i Stavanger; Stavanger University Hospital RP Bjelland, H (通讯作者)，Multiconsult Norge AS, Oslo, Norway.; Bjelland, H (通讯作者)，Univ Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway. EM henrik.bjelland@uis.no OI Heskestad, Atle William/0009-0002-0892-5713 FU Research Council of Norway (NRC) through the FORREGION research program; Capacity Boost Tunnel Safety project; NRC FX The insightful comments received from three anonymous reviewers to an earlier version of this paper are greatly appreciated. These comments led to an important process of clarifying our perspectives and arguments. Work on this paper has been partly funded by the Research Council of Norway (NRC) through the FORREGION research program and the Capacity Boost Tunnel Safety project. The financial support from NRC and the in-kind contribution from our respective organizations is gratefully acknowledged. CR Alvear D, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V34, P13, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.10.005 [Anonymous], Public Works for three posts of architect and urban engineer of the civil engineering Bettelini M., 2003, INT S CAT TUNN FIR C Bjelland H, 2015, FIRE TECHNOL, V51, P409, DOI 10.1007/s10694-014-0400-y Bjelland H, 2013, SAFETY SCI, V55, P34, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.12.012 Blockley D., 2000, DOING IT DIFFERENTLY Checkland P., 1999, System Thinking, System Practice, V2e Colombo A. G., 2001, LESSONS LEARNT TUNNE de Bono E., 1990, Lateral Thinking. A Textbook of Creativity Delemont O., 2005, Historia de la ciudad. IV. Memoria urbana, P53 Duff e, 1999, TASK FORCE TECHNICAL ESA, 2020, LETT FORM NOT NORW C EU, 2004, MIN SAF REQ TUNN TRA Fridolf K, 2013, FIRE TECHNOL, V49, P451, DOI 10.1007/s10694-011-0217-x Gehandler J., 2014, Case Studies in Fire Safety, V1, P18, DOI [10.1016/j.csfs.2014.01.002, DOI 10.1016/J.CSFS.2014.01.002] Hellebust C.R., 2012, SPE Economics & Management, V4, P115, DOI [10.2118/126422-PA, DOI 10.2118/126422-PA] Hoye A., 2019, UTVIKLING MODELL PRE Ingason H, 2006, FIRE SAFETY J, V41, P111, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.11.006 Kazaras K, 2014, J RISK RES, V17, P953, DOI 10.1080/13669877.2013.822916 Kazaras K, 2014, SAFETY SCI, V62, P233, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2013.08.013 Kazaras K, 2012, SAFETY SCI, V50, P1806, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.013 Leveson N., 2019, CAST HDB LEARN MORE Leveson NG, 2011, ENG SYST, P1 Lindoe P.H., 2018, Regulering Og Standardisering: Perspektiver Og Praksis Marsden G, 2006, TRANSPORT POLICY, V13, P191, DOI 10.1016/j.tranpol.2005.09.001 Meraner C., 2020, BRANNSIKKERHET JERNB Nævestad TO, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V41, P104, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.12.001 Nja O., 1998, Approach for assessing the performance of emergency response arrangements Nja O., 2013, EVALUERING RISIKOVUR Nja O., 2020, SOC SAFETY ANAL MANA Nja O., 2016, 7 INT S TUNN SAF SEC Nja O., 2015, Erfaringer fra redningsarbeidet og selvredningen ved brannen i Oslofjordtunnelen 23 Njå O, 2018, FIRE SAFETY J, V97, P137, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.05.005 NPRA, 2020, N500 ROAD TUNN NPRA, 2007, 200711 NPRA TS NPRA, 2016, N500 NPRA NSIA, 2017, REP FIR HEAV GOODS V NSIA, 2016, REP FIR TANK TRAIL S NSIA, 2015, REP FIR HEAV GOODS V NSIA, 2016, REP BUS FIR E16 GUDV NSIA, 2013, Report about Fire in Heavy Goods Vehicle on Rv23 Oslofjord Tunnel, June 23, 2011 NSIA, 2019, REP FIR VEH RV5 FJAE Ntzeremes P, 2019, J TRAFFIC TRANSP ENG, V6, P282, DOI 10.1016/j.jtte.2018.10.008 Ntzeremes P, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V81, P619, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.020 OAGN, 2016, OAGNS INV AUTH WORK PIARC, 2008, RISK AN ROAD TUNN Pitilakis K, 2016, TRANSP RES PROC, V14, P1335, DOI 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.206 Rasmussen J, 1997, SAFETY SCI, V27, P183, DOI 10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00052-0 Santos-Reyes J, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P359, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00059-X Schubert M., 2011, DEV BEST PRACTICE ME SD, 2007, FORSKR MIN SIKK VISS Shields J., 2005, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE TRB, 2017, 324 TRB Voeltzel A., 2004, Routes/Roads, P18 NR 54 TC 22 Z9 23 U1 2 U2 47 PU ELSEVIER PI AMSTERDAM PA RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-7535 EI 1879-1042 J9 SAFETY SCI JI Saf. Sci. PD NOV PY 2021 VL 143 AR 105408 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105408 EA JUL 2021 PG 11 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA UI1HO UT WOS:000690367600007 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, Y Liu, DL Jiang, H Chen, SB Liu, WJ Zhu, SC Wang, JY Zhou, T AF Li, Ying Liu, Dingli Jiang, Hong Chen, Shanbin Liu, Weijun Zhu, Sicheng Wang, Jingya Zhou, Tian TI Evaluating Tunnel Users' Literacy on Expressway Tunnel Fire Safety: Questionnaire Analysis and Policy Decisions SO FIRE-SWITZERLAND LA English DT Article DE expressway tunnel; fire safety literacy; pedestrian cross passage; questionnaire survey; correlation analysis ID UNDERGROUND ROAD; EXIT CHOICE AB The number of tunnel fire accidents has increased with the scale of expressway tunnel construction and traffic flow. Due to the severity of tunnel fires, improving tunnel fire safety and reducing fire accident hazards has become a societal concern. It is essential to explore and evaluate tunnel fire safety literacy among the population. In this study, an online and on-site questionnaire survey was conducted in Hunan Province, China. A total of 1990 questionnaires were collected, of which 1573 were valid. Overall statistical analysis, descriptive statistics, and correlation analysis were performed on valid questionnaires. The results show that the overall level score rate of awareness of drivers and passengers regarding tunnel fire safety was only 0.43. In total, 58.42% of people were unaware of the pedestrian cross passages in expressway tunnels, and 68.40% were unable to recognize them. Similarly, 46.47% of people were unable to recognize evacuation signs in expressway tunnels. In addition, 39.29% of people chose the wrong evacuation behavior. The percentage of people who were aware of the correct usage of firefighting facilities in expressway tunnels was below 50.00%. Correlation analysis results show that tunnel users' demographic characteristics significantly affected their cognition of expressway tunnel escape methods. This study shows that tunnel users' emergency escape knowledge regarding tunnels is relatively low. Corresponding countermeasures were proposed to guide policy decisions for enhancing tunnel fire safety. C1 [Li, Ying; Liu, Dingli; Liu, Weijun; Zhu, Sicheng; Wang, Jingya; Zhou, Tian] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Engn Res Ctr Catastroph Prophylaxis & Treatment Rd, Minist Educ, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China. [Li, Ying; Liu, Dingli; Liu, Weijun; Zhu, Sicheng; Wang, Jingya; Zhou, Tian] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China. [Jiang, Hong] Shaoyang Transportat Sch, Shaoyang 422099, Peoples R China. [Chen, Shanbin] Hunan Renren Juan Fire Safety Serv Grp Co Ltd, Changsha 410029, Peoples R China. C3 Changsha University of Science & Technology; Changsha University of Science & Technology RP Liu, DL (通讯作者)，Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Engn Res Ctr Catastroph Prophylaxis & Treatment Rd, Minist Educ, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China.; Liu, DL (通讯作者)，Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China. EM liudingli@csust.edu.cn; liuwesley@csust.edu.cn RI ; Wang, Jingya/HZM-1570-2023 OI Liu, Dingli/0000-0002-9836-9871; FU National Natural Science Foundation of China FX No Statement Available CR Bae B, 2022, TRANSPORT POLICY, V126, P336, DOI 10.1016/j.tranpol.2022.08.006 Caliendo C, 2022, APPL SCI-BASEL, V12, DOI 10.3390/app12073357 Chen LF, 2023, INT J THERM SCI, V185, DOI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2022.108072 de Silva D, 2022, FIRE SAFETY J, V134, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2022.103697 Feng X.T., 2021, Modern Social Survey Method, V6, P76 Gu XC, 2020, SAFETY SCI, V122, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104532 Guo B., 2023, WATER RESOUR HYDROPO, V54, P327, DOI [10.3973/j.issn.2096-4498.2020.08.002, DOI 10.3973/J.ISSN.2096-4498.2020.08.002] Haddad RK, 2023, FIRE-BASEL, V6, DOI 10.3390/fire6020065 Halawa T, 2021, J THERM SCI ENG APPL, V13, DOI 10.1115/1.4047523 [洪开荣 Hong Kairong], 2020, [中国公路学报, China Journal of Highway and Transport], V33, P62, DOI 10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.2020.12.005 Hua N, 2021, TRANSPORT RES REC, V2675, P279, DOI 10.1177/0361198120987228 Jonsson A, 2022, J SAFETY RES, V82, P68, DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2022.04.007 Kirytopoulos K, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V63, P244, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.002 Król A, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V109, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103751 Król A, 2020, FIRE SAFETY J, V111, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102942 Lee JY, 2022, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V172, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106690 Leone V, 2023, FIRE-BASEL, V6, DOI 10.3390/fire6040133 Li BL, 2023, FIRE-BASEL, V6, DOI 10.3390/fire6080324 Li MH, 2022, J ADV TRANSPORT, V2022, DOI 10.1155/2022/2555350 Li XT, 2023, TRANSPORT RES A-POL, V167, DOI 10.1016/j.tra.2022.11.017 Li YZ, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V81, P568, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.013 Lin CL, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V113, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103944 Lombardi M, 2023, FIRE-BASEL, V6, DOI 10.3390/fire6050213 Lovreglio R, 2016, TRANSPORT RES A-POL, V92, P59, DOI 10.1016/j.tra.2016.06.018 Malmqvist J, 2019, INT J QUAL METH, V18, DOI 10.1177/1609406919878341 Na W, 2022, FIRE-BASEL, V5, DOI 10.3390/fire5020048 Nævestad TO, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V41, P104, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.12.001 Ntzeremes P, 2020, ENVIRON RES, V189, DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109895 Ntzeremes P, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V81, P619, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.020 Pervez A, 2022, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V178, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106835 Porzycki J, 2018, PLOS ONE, V13, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0201732 Ren R, 2019, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V83, P452, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.10.008 Ronchi E, 2018, FIRE SAFETY J, V97, P126, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.06.002 Schmidt-Polonczyk N, 2021, BUILDINGS-BASEL, V11, DOI 10.3390/buildings11040146 Seike M, 2017, SAFETY SCI, V94, P116, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2017.01.005 Shi CL, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V109, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103784 Tan TT, 2021, FIRE SAFETY J, V120, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103136 Tang F, 2020, SAFETY SCI, V130, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104901 Tao HW, 2022, FIRE-BASEL, V5, DOI 10.3390/fire5040090 Utriainen R, 2018, TRANSPORT POLICY, V66, P138, DOI 10.1016/j.tranpol.2018.02.012 Vidmar P, 2022, THERM SCI, V26, P1435, DOI 10.2298/TSCI201108174V [王羽尘 Wang Yuchen], 2019, [中国安全生产科学技术, Journal of Safety Science and Technology], V15, P38 Xu L, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V136, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105105 Zhang YX, 2024, FIRE TECHNOL, V60, P859, DOI 10.1007/s10694-022-01357-5 Zhang YX, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V107, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103608 Zhejiang Emergency Management Department (ZEMD), Investigation report on "8.27" large truck fire accident in Maoliling tunnel of G15 Shen-hai expressway Zhou J., 2014, Fire Sci. Technol, V33, P814 Zhou ZC, 2021, J SAFETY RES, V77, P105, DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.02.008 NR 48 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 25 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2571-6255 J9 FIRE-BASEL JI Fire-Switzerland PD DEC PY 2023 VL 6 IS 12 AR 458 DI 10.3390/fire6120458 PG 17 WC Ecology; Forestry WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA DF1Y7 UT WOS:001130536000001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Dai, XY Wang, GB Ye, M Zhang, YQ AF Dai, Xianyao Wang, Guobin Ye, Ming Zhang, Yongquan TI Safety Evaluation of Crossing Tunnel Engineering: A Case Study SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE road-related projects; tunnel excavation; safety assessment ID CAVERN AB With the growing demand for transportation, there has been a significant increase in road-related projects, leading to potential risks in the safety of existing structures. This paper presents a study on the influence of new tunnel construction on the stability of an adjacent existing tunnel and provides valuable insights for the safety technology evaluation of similar tunnel crossing projects. In order to evaluate the influence of tunnel excavation on adjacent tunnels, the excavation process of a new tunnel near the original tunnel is simulated using the finite element software Midas GTS. This analysis includes the evaluation of static and dynamic responses. The results indicate that the horizontal and vertical displacements caused by the excavation of the railway tunnel are minimal. Furthermore, during the blasting excavation of the railway tunnel, the vibration velocity experienced by the highway tunnel remains below the safe allowable limit. These findings demonstrate that in this project, the influence of blasting excavation for the railway tunnel on the highway tunnel is both safe and manageable. C1 [Dai, Xianyao; Wang, Guobin; Ye, Ming] Hubei Commun Planning & Design Inst Co Ltd, Wuhan 430051, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Yongquan] China Univ Geosci Wuhan, Badong Natl Observat & Res Stn Geohazards, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. C3 China University of Geosciences RP Dai, XY (通讯作者)，Hubei Commun Planning & Design Inst Co Ltd, Wuhan 430051, Peoples R China. EM 17307486463@163.com FU Science and Technology Project of Transportation Department of Hubei Province [2020-2-5-3]; National Natural Science Foundation of China' Youth Foundation Project [41807263] FX This research was funded by the Science and Technology Project of Transportation Department of Hubei Province (2020-2-5-3) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China' Youth Foundation Project (41807263). CR Ahangari K, 2015, SOILS FOUND, V55, P737, DOI 10.1016/j.sandf.2015.06.006 Armaghani DJ, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V63, P29, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.009 Ashrafi SB, 2019, J PETROL SCI ENG, V175, P604, DOI 10.1016/j.petrol.2018.12.013 Asker K, 2021, MIN MINER DEPOSITS, V15, P75, DOI 10.33271/mining15.01.075 Bian K., 1988, C ENG BLASTING, P199 Bouayad D, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V68, P142, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.03.011 Choi YH, 2022, APPL SCI-BASEL, V12, DOI 10.3390/app12146851 Dong YC, 2023, APPL SCI-BASEL, V13, DOI 10.3390/app13127305 Elbaz K, 2021, ENGINEERING-PRC, V7, P238, DOI 10.1016/j.eng.2020.02.016 Fan Haobo, 2016, Journal of PLA University of Science and Technology (Natural Science Edition), V17, P209, DOI 10.12018/j.issn.1009-3443.20150712001 Fekete S, 2010, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V25, P614, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2010.04.008 Feng LY, 2021, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V205, DOI 10.1016/j.ress.2020.107228 Huang F, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V35, P207, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.06.014 Kiani M, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V51, P108, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.10.005 Kohestani V R., 2017, J. 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Sci.-Basel PD AUG PY 2023 VL 13 IS 16 AR 9459 DI 10.3390/app13169459 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA Q3EN7 UT WOS:001056379600001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, XX Wen, RP Cheng, K Yang, M AF Wang, Xiaoxia Wen, Rupeng Cheng, Kun Yang, Meng TI Evaluation and analysis of tunnel lighting service status based on driving safety SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Tunnel lighting; service status; safe driving; driving safety factor ID SIMULATION AB ObjectiveThe service status of tunnel lighting has an important impact on driving safety. Existing research mainly discussed the impact of a single evaluation indicator of lighting service status on driving safety and paid less attention to the impact of multiple evaluation indicators on driving safety.MethodsIn this research, field tests of tunnels in three speed scenarios and 52 service scenarios are completed. DIALux software was selected to simulate more intensive illuminance, which could be used to calculate U-0, U-1, q(c), and C. Using U-0, U-1, q(c), and C as explanatory variables, and applying the normalized visual recognition results as explained variables, ordinary least squares regression (OLS) was performed to calculate the influence weight of each explanatory variable on driving safety.ResultsThe results show that the four independent variables occupied different weights under different working conditions. However, on the whole, U-0 and U-1 occupied a greater weight. The weight of C lies between q(c) and U-0, and U-1 and q(c) occupied the smallest weight in all scenarios. Locally, U-0 was greater than U-1, with the exception when the illumination attenuation value was 70%.ConclusionsThe influence of the total uniformity of the road surface luminance and longitudinal uniformity of the road centerline luminance on driving safety was significantly greater than the influence of the contrast revealing coefficient and luminance contrast C on driving safety. When the luminous flux was attenuated to 70% or less and when the number of failed lamps was at least four, the lighting quality would be significantly reduced, which would substantially affect driving safety. C1 [Wang, Xiaoxia; Wen, Rupeng] Guangdong Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [Cheng, Kun] Guangdong Commun Planning & Design Inst Grp Co Ltd, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [Yang, Meng] China Merchants Chongqing Transportat Res & Design, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Guangdong University of Technology RP Yang, M (通讯作者)，China Merchants Chongqing Transportat Res & Design, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM 1826444768@qq.com OI , Meng Yang/0009-0008-7350-7239 FU National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology [2019YFB1600702] FX This research was supported by the experiments and funds of National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology (The project No. is 2019YFB1600702). CR Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 [Anonymous], 2010, CIE TECH REP, V189, P1 [Anonymous], 2014, JTG/T D70/2-01 [丁浩 Ding Hao], 2020, [重庆交通大学学报. 自然科学版, Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University. 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Prev. PD JUL 4 PY 2023 VL 24 IS 5 BP 436 EP 444 DI 10.1080/15389588.2023.2204986 EA APR 2023 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA G8OH7 UT WOS:000978614900001 PM 37126603 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, M Lu, SF Ding, H Chen, JZ AF Yang, Meng Lu, Shanfeng Ding, Hao Chen, Jianzhong TI Traffic safety assessment method of the immersed tunnel based on small target visual recognition image SO FRONTIERS IN PHYSICS LA English DT Article DE immersed tunnel; deep learning; luminaire failure; traffic safety; safety assessment AB The quality of lighting installation performance has a direct impact on the traffic safety of immersed tunnels. To effectively investigate and judge the traffic safety of immersed tunnels having different lighting installations, a traffic safety assessment method for immersed tunnels based on lighting performance degradation was put forward in this study by using big data technology. Numerical simulation was used to simulate the lighting environment in an immersed tunnel under different conditions of lighting performance degradation, conduct the small target recognition test in a physical tunnel, and calculate the traffic safety factor; then, a real-time kinematic assessment model of traffic safety in immersed tunnels was built in combination with the key index factors influencing lighting installations in immersed tunnels. The test results showed that the performance degradation of lighting installations positively correlated with the visual cognition of drivers and passengers. long short-term memory neural network model can effectively assess the traffic safety of immersed tunnels, and the root mean square error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination of the model were separately 1.029 and 0.95, which were superior to the RMSE and coefficient of determination of random forest and recurrent neural network model, and the running time was often less than 1min, complying with the rea; -time assessment requirements; the boundary value of the traffic safety factor of immersed tunnels was 0.6304, and if a value was less than the boundary value, it indicated that the performance of lighting installations was not good and might pose a threat to traffic safety. The research results provided a new perspective for the status assessment of lighting installations in immersed tunnels and also offered a theoretical basis for fine maintenance and repairs of lighting installations. C1 [Yang, Meng; Ding, Hao; Chen, Jianzhong] China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & Des, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Yang, Meng; Ding, Hao; Chen, Jianzhong] Natl Engn Res Ctr Highway Tunnel, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Lu, Shanfeng] Guangxi Xinhengtong Expressway Co Ltd, Nanning, Guangxi, Peoples R China. RP Ding, H; Chen, JZ (通讯作者)，China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & Des, Chongqing, Peoples R China.; Ding, H; Chen, JZ (通讯作者)，Natl Engn Res Ctr Highway Tunnel, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM dinghao@cmhk.com; chenjianzhong@cmhk.com FU National Key R&D Program of China [2019YFB1600702] FX Funding The present work was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (No.2019YFB1600702). 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Physics PD MAR 8 PY 2023 VL 11 AR 1159531 DI 10.3389/fphy.2023.1159531 PG 11 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Physics GA A2XO8 UT WOS:000953815600001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kazaras, K Kirytopoulos, K Rentizelas, A AF Kazaras, Konstantinos Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos Rentizelas, Athanasios TI Introducing the STAMP method in road tunnel safety assessment SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Road tunnels; Safety assessment; STAMP; Systems theory; Quantitative Risk Assessment ID RISK-ASSESSMENT; ACCIDENT; MANAGEMENT; RAILWAY AB After the tremendous accidents in European road tunnels over the past decade, many risk assessment methods have been proposed worldwide, most of them based on Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA). Although QRAs are helpful to address physical aspects and facilities of tunnels, current approaches in the road tunnel field have limitations to model organizational aspects, software behavior and the adaptation of the tunnel system over time. This paper reviews the aforementioned limitations and highlights the need to enhance the safety assessment process of these critical infrastructures with a complementary approach that links the organizational factors to the operational and technical issues, analyze software behavior and models the dynamics of the tunnel system. To achieve this objective, this paper examines the scope for introducing a safety assessment method which is based on the systems thinking paradigm and draws upon the STAMP model. The method proposed is demonstrated through a case study of a tunnel ventilation system and the results show that it has the potential to identify scenarios that encompass both the technical system and the organizational structure. However, since the method does not provide quantitative estimations of risk, it is recommended to be used as a complementary approach to the traditional risk assessments rather than as an alternative. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kazaras, Konstantinos; Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos; Rentizelas, Athanasios] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Sect Ind Management & Operat Res, Zografos 15780, Greece. C3 National Technical University of Athens RP Kazaras, K (通讯作者)，Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Sect Ind Management & Operat Res, Zografou Campus,Heroon Polytechniou 9, Zografos 15780, Greece. EM kkaz@central.ntua.gr; kkir@mail.ntua.gr; arent@central.ntua.gr RI Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/H-1348-2018; RENTIZELAS, ATHANASIOS/AAN-7002-2021 OI Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/0000-0001-7675-6785; RENTIZELAS, ATHANASIOS/0000-0002-5110-2467 CR [Anonymous], Aven v. 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Sci. PD NOV PY 2012 VL 50 IS 9 BP 1806 EP 1817 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.013 PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 983TQ UT WOS:000307142000011 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, HL AF Liu, Hailin TI Safety state evaluation method of the highway tunnel structure SO HELIYON LA English DT Article DE Tunnel structure; Possibility theory; Prospect theory; Prospect value; Safety evaluation ID PROSPECT-THEORY AB This study proposes an evaluation method for the structural safety of expressway tunnels utilizing possibility and prospect theories to address the influence of multiple indicators on the structural safety of expressway tunnels and the imprecision of human-bounded rationality in assessing results. It constructs the probability distribution of safety level by determining the safety level of the highway tunnel structure. 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Tian Rui-rui TI New methods of safety evaluation for rock/soil mass surrounding tunnel under earthquake SO JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY LA English DT Article DE tunnel; rock or soil mass surrounding tunnel; earthquake stability; safety evaluation ID STABILITY ANALYSIS; SHALLOW TUNNELS AB The objective of this work is to obtain the seismic safety coefficient and fracture surface and proceed with the seismic safety evaluation for the rock mass or soil mass surrounding a tunnel, and the limitation of evaluating seismic stability is considered using the pseudo-static strength reduction. By using the finite element software ANSYS and the strength reduction method, new methods of seismic safety evaluation for the rock mass or soil mass surrounding a tunnel are put forward, such as the dynamic finite element static shear strength reduction method and dynamic finite element shear strength reduction method. In order to prove the feasibility of the proposed methods, the results of numerical examples are compared with that of the pseudo-static strength reduction method. The results show that 1) the two methods are both feasible, and the plastic zone first appears near the bottom corners; 2) the safety factor of new method II is smaller than that of new method I but generally, and the difference is very small. Therefore, in order to ensure the safety of the structure, two new methods are proposed to evaluate the seismic stability of the rock mass or soil mass surrounding a tunnel. A theoretical basis is provided for the seismic stability of the rock mass or soil mass and the lining surrounding a tunnel and also provided for the engineering application. C1 [Cheng Xuan-sheng; Tian Rui-rui] Lanzhou Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Lanzhou 730050, Peoples R China. [Cheng Xuan-sheng; Dowding, Charles H.] Northwestern Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Evanston, IL 60208 USA. [Cheng Xuan-sheng] Beijing Univ Technol, Educ Minist, Key Lab Urban Secur & Disaster Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. C3 Lanzhou University of Technology; Northwestern University; Beijing University of Technology RP Cheng, XS (通讯作者)，Lanzhou Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Lanzhou 730050, Peoples R China. EM cxs702@126.com RI Dowding, Charles/B-6936-2009 FU State Key Program for Basic Research of China [2011CB013600]; Education Ministry Doctoral Tutor Foundation of China [20136201110003]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [51368039]; Program of Science and Technology Research in Lanzhou City, China [2013-4-94] FX Foundation item: Project(2011CB013600) supported by State Key Program for Basic Research of China; Project(20136201110003) supported by the Education Ministry Doctoral Tutor Foundation of China; Project(51368039) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China; Project(2013-4-94) supported by the Program of Science and Technology Research in Lanzhou City, China CR CHEN G X, 2007, GEOTECHNICAL EARTHQU, P30 CHEN G X, 1995, J HARBIN U CIVIL ENG, V28, P16 [陈立伟 CHEN Liwei], 2007, [长安大学学报. 自然科学版, Journal of Chang'An University. Natural Science Edition], V27, P34 GAO F, 2001, J LANZHOU RAILWAY U, V20, P12 GU Z Q, 1994, UNDERGROUND TUNNEL E, P10 JIANG Q, 2009, ROCK SOIL MECH, V5, P291 Li SC, 2007, ROCK SOIL MECH, V28, P549 QIU C Y, 2009, J UNDERGROUND SPACE, V5, P291 [单小麟 SHAN Xiao-lin], 2009, [自然灾害学报, Journal of Natural Disasters], V18, P146 SHI L, 2005, LOESS TUNNEL SEISMIC Sterpi D, 2004, ROCK MECH ROCK ENG, V37, P277, DOI 10.1007/s00603-003-0021-0 Yang XL, 2009, J CENT SOUTH UNIV T, V16, P1001, DOI 10.1007/s11771-009-0166-4 YANG Z, 2009, CHINESE J UNDERGROUN, V5, P283 ZARETSKIIL Y K, 2004, SOIL MECH FOUND ENG, V41, P45 Zhang H., 2009, Chin. J. Undergr. Space Eng., V5, P297 Zhang LM, 2007, ROCK SOIL MECH, V28, P97 ZHENG Y R, 2007, ENG TREATMENT SLOPE, P20 ZHENG Y R, 2008, J ROCK MECH ENG, V27, P254 [郑颖人 Zheng Yingren], 2006, [中国工程科学, Engineering science], V8, P39 NR 19 TC 15 Z9 16 U1 0 U2 49 PU JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIV PI HUNAN PA EDITORIAL OFF, CHANGSHA, CHINA MAINLAND, HUNAN 410083, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 2095-2899 EI 2227-5223 J9 J CENT SOUTH UNIV JI J. Cent. South Univ. PD JUL PY 2014 VL 21 IS 7 BP 2935 EP 2943 DI 10.1007/s11771-014-2260-5 PG 9 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA AN3DF UT WOS:000340464600050 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lu, F Li, LL Chen, ZY Liu, MY Li, PP Gao, XQ Ji, CJ Gong, L AF Lu, Feng Li, Linlong Chen, Zhenyu Liu, Maoyi Li, Pinpin Gao, Xinqiang Ji, Changjun Gong, Lun TI Risk analysis and countermeasures of TBM tunnelling over the operational tunnel SO FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE TBM tunnel; adjacent construction; risk analysis; structural safety; control countermeasures ID TWIN TUNNELS; EXISTING TUNNEL; SUBWAY TUNNELS; CONSTRUCTION; EXCAVATION; DRIVEN; ADJACENT AB To study the risk and control countermeasures of the TBM tunnel construction adjacent to the operational railway tunnel, based on the TBM tunnel project of Chongqing Rail Transit Line 5, this paper first evaluates the quality health degree of the operational tunnel lining (OTL) structure according to the on-site structural inspection. Then, the displacement, internal force, and proximity influence scope influenced by the metro TBM tunnel construction are studied using numerical simulation. Finally, the corresponding control countermeasures are proposed. The results show that: (1) The adjacent construction of the upper TBM tunnel will lead to the uplift deformation trend of the lower operational tunnel, and the uplift deformation of the vault is greater than that of the ballast bed. The influence scope is roughly a parallelogram, with the long axis parallel to the operational tunnel and the short axis parallel to the new TBM subway tunnel. (2) TBM tunnelling over the operational tunnel will cause the transformation of the mechanical mode of the OTL structure from the small eccentric compression mode to the large eccentric compression mode. The OTL structure between the left and right lines of TBM is unfavorable. (3) The longitudinal curve of the bending moment and axial force of the OTL fluctuates greatly within the influence range. The bending moment and axial force are reduced in operational tunnel construction joints. Based on field evaluation and numerical analysis, this paper puts forward some risk control countermeasures, such as TBM tunnelling parameters control, pea-gravel backfilling, backfill grouting, and bottom grouting, which can effectively solve the risk of the operational tunnel structure in the adjacent construction. This study has important reference value for risk control and safety assessment of tunnel in complex adjacent tunnel construction. C1 [Lu, Feng; Li, Linlong; Chen, Zhenyu] Xihua Univ, Sch Emergency Management, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China. [Lu, Feng; Gao, Xinqiang] Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, State Key Lab Mech Behav & Syst Safety Traff Engn, Shijiazhuang, Peoples R China. [Lu, Feng; Li, Pinpin; Gong, Lun] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Minist Educ, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China. [Liu, Maoyi] Chongqing Urban Construct Investment Grp Co Ltd, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Ji, Changjun] Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geomech, Beijing, Peoples R China. C3 Xihua University; Shijiazhuang Tiedao University; Southwest Jiaotong University; China Geological Survey; Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences; Institute of Geomechanics, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences RP Gao, XQ (通讯作者)，Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, State Key Lab Mech Behav & Syst Safety Traff Engn, Shijiazhuang, Peoples R China.; Ji, CJ (通讯作者)，Chinese Acad Geol Sci, Inst Geomech, Beijing, Peoples R China. EM gxqgaoxinqiang@163.com; jichangjun2007@sina.com FU Open project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures [KF 2022-08]; Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan [2022NSFSC1025]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [51991395] FX This work is supported by the Open project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures (KF 2022-08), Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan (2022NSFSC1025), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (51991395). 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Earth Sci. PD JAN 20 PY 2023 VL 11 AR 1103405 DI 10.3389/feart.2023.1103405 PG 17 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Geology GA 8O4LK UT WOS:000925807000001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jiao, FT Du, ZG Shi, ZW Li, PF Yan, Y Sun, F AF Jiao, Fangtong Du, Zhigang Shi, Zhenwei Li, Pingfan Yan, Yong Sun, Feng TI Traffic safety comprehensive evaluation of urban tunnel visual guiding system based on extension matter-element model: a case study in tunnel curves SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Transportation engineering; traffic safety; urban tunnel; visual guiding; traffic injury prevention ID IMPACT AB ObjectiveThe visual guiding system, as a tunnel traffic safety improvement method by using visual guiding facilities to actively guide driving safely, has been widely used in countries with many tunnels, in recent years. This paper aims to quantitatively study the comprehensive evaluation of traffic safety of the visual guiding system in tunnels, which has certain engineering application value and can provide support for the quantitative evaluation and optimal design of tunnel traffic safety.MethodsBased on the analysis of the relevant factors of urban tunnel traffic safety, a multi-factor comprehensive evaluation system with 5 upper-level indicators and 12 basic-level indicators was proposed. Considering the independent and incompatible indicators, a comprehensive evaluation method of traffic safety of the visual guiding system in urban tunnels was constructed by using the extension matter-element model. Taking the scene of 4 types of tunnel curves, such as no facilities, horizontal stripe, chevron alignment sign, and LED arch, as examples, the comprehensive evaluation of various schemes were carried out by using simulation tests.ResultsThe traffic safety comprehensive evaluation system of visual guiding system in urban tunnels can be analyzed from five aspects: perception reaction, guidance ability, driver factor, driving task, and facility appearance. The results demonstrated significant the comprehensive evaluation result of the target level of scene 1 was L4, scene 2 was L3, scene 3 was L2, and scene 4 was L1. That is, the final results of the comprehensive evaluation of the four scenes were poor, medium, good, and very good, respectively.ConclusionsIn the scheme of visual guiding system for urban tunnel curves, the effectiveness of the three types of designs, from high to low, was the LED arch, chevron alignment sign, and horizontal stripe, and the safety of the scene without facilities was the lowest. Hence, setting the LED arch in the urban tunnel curve has a good effect in the aspects of guidance ability, sight distance, and sight zone, and is conducive to the driver's perception reaction and driving task. C1 [Jiao, Fangtong; Shi, Zhenwei; Sun, Feng] Shandong Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Vehicle Engn, 266 Xincunxi Rd, Shandong 255000, Zibo, Peoples R China. [Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Li, Pingfan; Yan, Yong] Minist Publ Secur, Traff Management Res Inst, Minist Publ Secur Rd Traff Safety, Key Lab, Wuxi, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. C3 Shandong University of Technology; Wuhan University of Technology; Ministry of Public Security (China) RP Sun, F (通讯作者)，Shandong Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Vehicle Engn, 266 Xincunxi Rd, Shandong 255000, Zibo, Peoples R China. EM sunfeng@sdut.edu.cn RI Li, Pingfan/O-3387-2017; shi, zhenwei/HTO-3035-2023 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52302437]; Open Project of Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Security for Road Traffic Safety [2023ZDSYSKFKT11]; Doctoral Scientific Research Start-up Foundation of Shandong University of Technology [422049]; High-tec SMEs Innovation Capacity Improvement Project of the Shandong Province [2022TSGC2279] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [No. 52302437], the Open Project of Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Security for Road Traffic Safety [2023ZDSYSKFKT11], the Doctoral Scientific Research Start-up Foundation of Shandong University of Technology [No. 422049], the High-tec SMEs Innovation Capacity Improvement Project of the Shandong Province [No. 2022TSGC2279]. 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Natural Science Edition], V30, P72 Zhang Qi, 2020, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, V741, DOI [10.1088/1757-899x/741/1/012084, 10.1088/1757-899X/741/1/012084] Zhao HR, 2013, MATH PROBL ENG, V2013, DOI 10.1155/2013/913212 Zhao XH, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V127, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104591 Zhao XH, 2020, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V145, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105708 Zhao XH, 2015, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V75, P226, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2014.12.004 Zheng ZJ, 2017, SAFETY SCI, V95, P75, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2017.02.006 Zhou JB, 2014, J TRANSP SAF SECUR, V6, P93, DOI 10.1080/19439962.2013.817494 NR 31 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 10 U2 52 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1538-9588 EI 1538-957X J9 TRAFFIC INJ PREV JI Traffic Inj. Prev. PD OCT 2 PY 2024 VL 25 IS 7 BP 993 EP 1001 DI 10.1080/15389588.2024.2359629 EA MAY 2024 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA G4V6I UT WOS:001248652700001 PM 38875466 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, XX He, QH You, LH Wang, LQ AF Wang, Xiaoxia He, Qinghao You, Linhai Wang, Luqi TI Research on the impact of the locations of luminaire failure on traffic safety in highway tunnels SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnel traffic safety; tunnel lighting; luminaire failures; visual recognition experiment ID PARAMETERS AB ObjectiveThe safety of highway tunnels hinges heavily on proper lighting infrastructure, yet luminaire failures pose an ongoing challenge. The study aims at assessing the impact of the locations of luminaire failures on highway tunnels safety.MethodsThe research involved conducting 300 on-site scenarios with 29 participants, with simulated drives in visual recognition experiments. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was applied to assess the individual effects of luminaire failures, luminous flux maintenance rates, and driving speeds on safety, as well as the between-group variability of these effects. Furthermore, Bonferroni tests were conducted to perform post hoc analyses, which determine the specific pairs of group means that differed significantly. Additionally, paired t-tests were used to analyze the impact of the failure locations.ResultsThe results show that luminaire failures were the most significant factor affecting safety. Failures near the driver's side had a more pronounced effect, and symmetric position of failures caused the most significant impact when the same number of luminaire failures occurred. The study also found that the distance between failed luminaires, rather than their specific positions, was the primary determinant of safety impact. Concentrated luminaire failures were more detrimental than scattered ones.ConclusionsThe study concludes that concentrated luminaire failures present a significant threat to tunnel safety, emphasizing the urgency of accelerated maintenance to address such failures and uphold safety standards. C1 [Wang, Xiaoxia; He, Qinghao; You, Linhai; Wang, Luqi] Guangdong Univ Technol, Sch Civil & Transportat Engn, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [You, Linhai] Chenxi Cty Highway Construct & Maintenance Ctr, Dept Highway Maintenance, Huaihua, Peoples R China. C3 Guangdong University of Technology RP You, LH (通讯作者)，Chenxi Cty Highway Construct & Maintenance Ctr, 066 East Dongfeng Rd, Huaihua 419500, Hunan, Peoples R China. EM linhai_you@163.com FU National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology [2019YFB1600702]; Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation [2022A1515010106]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [72204058]; Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project [GD23YGL13] FX This work was supported by the National Engineering Laboratory for Highway Tunnel Construction Technology under Grant No. 2019YFB1600702, Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation under Grant No. 2022A1515010106, National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 72204058, and Guangdong Provincial Philosophy and Social Science Planning Project under Grant No. GD23YGL13. CR Al-Ahmadi HM, 2023, ARAB J SCI ENG, V48, P5493, DOI 10.1007/s13369-022-07473-2 Buzon LG, 2021, TRANSP DEV ECON, V8, DOI 10.1007/s40890-021-00139-y Cengiz MS, 2019, LIGHT ENG, V27, P75, DOI 10.33383/2018-115 Chen JZ, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V134, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105001 Cie, 2004, Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses, CIE:88-2004 Feng SZ, 2024, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V146, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105641 He SY, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V67, P52, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.020 Kang C, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V140, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105282 Kimura M., 2014, J LIGHT VISUAL ENV, V38, P66, DOI DOI 10.2150/JLVE.IEIJ120000487 Liu HW, 2019, RESULTS PHYS, V12, P361, DOI 10.1016/j.rinp.2018.11.001 Peña-García A, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V119, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104227 Raghavendra GS, 2022, J FOOD QUALITY, V2022, DOI 10.1155/2022/2197717 Sacchi E., 2018, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V120, P114 [唐正光 Tang Zhengguang], 2020, [重庆交通大学学报. 自然科学版, Journal of Chongqing Jiaotong University. Natural Science], V39, P25 Teng TC, 2017, APPL OPTICS, V56, P2604, DOI 10.1364/AO.56.002604 Wang XX, 2023, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V192, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107237 Wang XX, 2023, TRAFFIC INJ PREV, V24, P436, DOI 10.1080/15389588.2023.2204986 Yang M, 2023, FRONT PHYS-LAUSANNE, V11, DOI 10.3389/fphy.2023.1159531 Zang Y., 2023, Green transportation and low carbon mobility safety, P481, DOI [DOI 10.1007/978-981-19-5615-7_33, DOI 10.1007/978-981-19-5615-733] Zhang Z., 2021, ENERGY CONSERVATION, V17, P119 NR 20 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 4 U2 12 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1538-9588 EI 1538-957X J9 TRAFFIC INJ PREV JI Traffic Inj. Prev. PD JUL 4 PY 2025 VL 26 IS 5 BP 587 EP 595 DI 10.1080/15389588.2024.2434496 EA DEC 2024 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA 4HV0I UT WOS:001392810800001 PM 39787036 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xing, YY Lu, J Lu, LJ Jiang, CM Cai, XN AF Xing, Yingying Lu, Jian Lu, Linjun Jiang, Chenming Cai, Xiaonan TI COMPREHENSIVE SAFETY ASSESSMENT MODEL OF ROAD LONG TUNNEL BASED ON VISSIM SO INTELLIGENT AUTOMATION AND SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE Long tunnel; Traffic safety; Speed variation; Traffic simulation; Evaluation model ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AB In recent years, the large number and long length of long road tunnels with wide structure dimensions in China attract the attention of the world. The traffic safety problems of long tunnels caused by complex construction technology and management difficulties are becoming more and more significant. Nevertheless, there are no systematic studies on the "Traffic" safety of long tunnels. This paper makes use of speed variance index in place of the accident rate to analyze factors that have influence on tunnel safety by VISSIM, including lane number of tunnel, tunnel traffic volume, traffic composition, tunnel curve radius, tunnel slope gradient, and so on. Tunnel length is also one of the factors that have great effect on tunnel safety. Then, the studies try to model the relationship between the speed variation and some other selected traffic parameters related to the road tunnel traffic safety and build up a tunnel traffic safety assessment model. Finally, an application example is given to validate the feasibility and effectiveness of the model. C1 [Xing, Yingying; Lu, Jian; Lu, Linjun; Jiang, Chenming; Cai, Xiaonan] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Naval Architecture Ocean & Civil Engn, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China. [Lu, Jian] Univ South, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. C3 Shanghai Jiao Tong University; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida RP Lu, J (通讯作者)，Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Naval Architecture Ocean & Civil Engn, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China. EM jlu2@usf.edu RI Lu, Linjun/L-6856-2019; Jiang, Chenming/HTR-2205-2023 OI Jiang, Chenming/0000-0002-4960-4580 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51078232/E0807] FX The authors wish to express their sincerest thanks to the editors and referees for their constructive comments and suggestions on this paper. This research was supported in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (51078232/E0807). CR Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 [Anonymous], J JILIN U Bendelius AG, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V17, P159, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00019-6 GAO L P., 2008, Jiaotong Yunshu Xitong Gongcheng Yu Xinxi/ Journal of Transportation Systems Engineering and Information Technology, V8, P63 Jiang CZ, 2012, INTELL AUTOM SOFT CO, V18, P627, DOI 10.1080/10798587.2012.10643272 Lee C, 2003, CAN J CIVIL ENG, V30, P1034, DOI 10.1139/L03-040 Lemke K, 2000, TRANSPORT RES REC, P170 Liao TY, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V27, P123, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2011.08.004 Lidström M, 1998, TRANSPORT RES REC, P51, DOI 10.3141/1615-07 Lin FB, 2009, TRANSPORT RES REC, P101, DOI 10.3141/2130-13 Ma ZL, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P350, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.004 Mashimo H, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V17, P145, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00017-2 Oh C., 2001, 80 ANN M TRANSPORTAT [裴玉龙 Pei Yulong], 2004, [中国公路学报, China Journal of Highway and Transport], V17, P74 Stevanovic A, 2007, TRANSPORT RES REC, P59, DOI 10.3141/2035-07 Upchurch J, 2002, TRANSPORT RES REC, P9, DOI 10.3141/1801-02 VISSIM PTV, 2006, 4 20 US MAN Wang H., 2009, HIGHWAY, V11, P144 Wu Z.-Z., 2005, P 37 C WINT SIM WINT Yang C, 2012, PROCD SOC BEHV, V43, P148, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.04.087 [张生瑞 ZHANG Shengrui], 2007, [长安大学学报. 自然科学版, Journal of Chang'An University Natural Science Edition], V27, P63 Zhao W., 2011, HIGHW AUTOMOT APPL, P48 NR 22 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 66 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1079-8587 EI 2326-005X J9 INTELL AUTOM SOFT CO JI Intell. 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PD DEC PY 2014 VL 20 IS 4 BP 501 EP 514 DI 10.1080/10798587.2014.934595 PG 14 WC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Automation & Control Systems; Computer Science GA AP3PZ UT WOS:000341990500004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, JR Yan, ZJ Ma, JC Deng, QH Liu, JM Feng, JM Wang, ZY AF Zhang, Junru Yan, Zhijian Ma, Jianchi Deng, Qihua Liu, Jiaming Feng, Jimeng Wang, Zhiyong TI Safety control of blasting vibration in new tunnel excavation adjacent to existing tunnel SO BULLETIN OF ENGINEERING GEOLOGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Adjacent tunnel; Blasting vibration; Numerical simulation; Safety criteria; Test well; Vibration damping technology ID CRITERION; ROCK AB The blasting excavation of the new tunnel will adversely affect the adjacent existing tunnel structure, to ensure the safe operation of the busy existing tunnel, the study of blasting vibration safety control is critical. In this study, based on the Xiamen New Damaoshan Tunnel No.1 project, the conversion relationship between the input energy of blasting vibration and the elastic strain energy and kinetic energy of concrete mass unit is analyzed according to the principle of conservation of energy. The estimation method of " twice the peak kinetic energy of the peak vibration velocity instead of the maximum elastic strain energy" is proposed, and verified by numerical simulation method. On this basis, the safe control of the vibration velocity of the existing tunnel in this project was derived by combining it with the energy criterion of concrete damage. Secondly, the blasting vibration damping control test is carried out using a test well and on-site monitoring, and the relationship between the blasting distance and the peak vibration velocity and damping efficiency is obtained for the three control techniques of the Single hole blasting, Preset damping holes, and Rope saw cutting, and the results show that the damping effect of the control technique of the Rope saw cutting is the best, and the damping effect of the Preset damping holes is second to the control technique of the damping. Finally, according to the adaptive range of different vibration control techniques for engineering application, through the peak vibration velocity monitoring of the existing tunnel, the peak vibration velocity is less than the safe vibration velocity control value proposed in this study and is in a safe state. C1 [Zhang, Junru; Yan, Zhijian; Ma, Jianchi; Liu, Jiaming; Feng, Jimeng] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Minist Educ, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Junru; Yan, Zhijian; Ma, Jianchi; Liu, Jiaming; Feng, Jimeng] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. [Deng, Qihua] China Railway 22nd Bur Grp Corp Ltd, Beijing 100043, Peoples R China. [Wang, Zhiyong] China Railway Design Corp, Tianjin 300308, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University; Southwest Jiaotong University RP Yan, ZJ (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Minist Educ, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China.; Yan, ZJ (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. EM yzjian@my.swjtu.edu.cn RI ; liu, jiaming/KVA-6603-2024 OI Ma, Jianchi/0009-0003-8804-5173; FU Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province [2022NSFSC1153]; Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province (2022NSFSC1153). 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Eng. Geol. Environ. PD FEB PY 2025 VL 84 IS 2 AR 79 DI 10.1007/s10064-025-04112-6 PG 14 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Geology GA T5M3B UT WOS:001405437600004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kong, C Gao, XQ AF Kong, Chao Gao, Xinqiang TI Zoning of mutual influence of approach rock tunnels based on a safety factor SO ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE approach tunnels; safety factor; strengthen reduction method; influence zone ID SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES; STRENGTH; STABILITY; ULTIMATE AB For multiple approach tunnels, the construction of the new tunnel near the existing tunnel modifies the state of stresses and movements around the existing tunnel in an area called the "influence zone". 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This work proposed a novel method using computer vision for assessing the real-time tunnel fire risk and evacuation safety by considering the classification and entry flow of vehicles. The proposed system utilizes YOLOv7 and DeepSORT for vehicle detection, classification, and tracking to enable a real-time digital twin for tunnel fire safety management. Vehicles are divided into 10 categories, in terms of their size, usage, number of passengers, fuel load, and peak fire HRR. After monitoring the vehicle flow at the tunnel portals, the real-time vehicle and fire load distribution are predicted. Then, the realtime tunnel fire scenarios and the safety of the evacuation process are evaluated based on the distribution of vehicles. The system is demonstrated in real road tunnels with traffic video cameras and exhibits a robust performance. The proposed vision-based real-time tunnel fire risk evaluation enables intelligent daily fire safety management and supports fire emergency response and decision-making. C1 [Zhang, Xiaoning; Chen, Xinghao; Ding, Yifei; Zhang, Yuxin; Wang, Zilong; Shi, Jihao; Huang, Xinyan] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Res Ctr Fire Safety Engn, Dept Bldg Environm & Energy Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Xiaoning; Johansson, Nils] Lund Univ, Dept Fire Safety Engn, Lund, Sweden. [Zhang, Yuxin] Tongji Univ, State Key Lab Disaster Reduct Civil Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. C3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Lund University; Tongji University RP Johansson, N (通讯作者)，Lund Univ, Dept Fire Safety Engn, Lund, Sweden.; Zhang, YX; Huang, XY (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Environm & Energy Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM yx.zhang@polyu.edu.hk; nils.johansson@brand.lth.se; xy.huang@polyu.edu.hk RI DING, Yifei/JMQ-4326-2023; Wang, Zilong/ACR-7037-2022; Johansson, Nils/F-8262-2015; SHI, JIHAO/OTG-5588-2025; Zhang, Xiaoning/ACC-9563-2022; Huang, Xinyan/A-3825-2010 OI Wang, Zilong/0000-0002-7728-2056; Johansson, Nils/0000-0001-9861-936X; SHI, JIHAO/0000-0002-2639-8972; Zhang, Xiaoning/0000-0002-7845-2950; Huang, Xinyan/0000-0002-0584-8452 FU Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme [T22 -505/19-N]; Natural Science Foundation of China [52204232]; MTR Research Funding Scheme [PTU-23005] FX This work is funded by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme (T22 -505/19-N) , Natural Science Foundation of China (52204232) , and MTR Research Funding Scheme (PTU-23005) . 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TI Risk Assessment of Operation Safety in Freeway Tunnels: An Evaluation Approach Using Multiple Safety Indices SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY & SECURITY LA English DT Article DE tunnel engineering; multiple safety indices; Delphi method; index weight; decision making AB The freeway tunnel accidents in China over the last decade have attracted more attention on the operation safety in freeway tunnels. To explore the safety of the traffic driving environment, a risk-assessment approach based on Multiple Safety Indices (MSI) has been proposed. First, the MSI were built upon road, traffic operation, traffic engineering facilities, and weather environment. Then, the Delphi method was used to execute a sensitivity analysis for MSI, so as to improve their rationality. Second, to derive the weights of indices, the knowledge of experts and the implied information on data were taken into account. Moreover, for the sake of revealing the subjectivity of evaluation levels and objectivity of measured data, the weights were contributed in depth by synthesizing the result of analytic hierarchy process and entropy method. Finally, the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation was involved to assess the operation safety in freeway tunnels. In particular, the operation security levels were determined by the maximum fuzzy membership. By taking the example of LiuWu Freeway Tunnel Groups, the research results suggest that the method in this article can provide a good theoretical guidance for the analysis and risk assessment of traffic safety. C1 [Zhou, J. -B.; Chen, H.; Yan, B.] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, 902 Transportat Sci & Tech Bldg, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. [Shi, X.] Changan Univ, Sch Informat Engn, Xian, Peoples R China. [Li, X. -W.] Xian Univ Architecture & Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Xian, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Chang'an University; Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology RP Zhou, JB (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Highway, 902 Transportat Sci & Tech Bldg, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. EM zhoubiao666@gmail.com RI li, xiaowei/AAK-2990-2020 OI li, xiaowei/0000-0001-6947-4448; Zhou, Ji-biao/0000-0001-5396-6587 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51208051]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [CHD2011ZD014] FX This article is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51208051) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (CHD2011ZD014). The authors wish to acknowledge the contribution of all the expert groups and other team members including Associate Professor Yong-Gang Wang, Professor Jian-Jun Wang, Associate Professor Hai-Peng Shao, Dr. Long-Fei Wang, and Dr. Wei Feng. The authors also wish to express their gratitude to the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments and suggestions to an earlier version of the article. Special gratitude is extended to those construction academics and industry practitioners who have responded to and contributed their valuable input to complete the survey questionnaires. CR Anguera R, 2006, TRANSPORT RES A-POL, V40, P291, DOI 10.1016/j.tra.2005.08.009 Arends BJ, 2005, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V90, P217, DOI 10.1016/j.ress.2005.01.007 Betta V, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P164, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.06.002 Borchiellini R, 2009, FIRE SAFETY J, V44, P612, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.12.007 Caliendo C, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V31, P33, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.04.004 Colella F, 2010, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V25, P423, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2010.02.007 [戴忧华 Dai Youhua], 2010, [同济大学学报. 自然科学版, Journal of Tongji University. 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PY 2014 VL 6 IS 2 BP 93 EP 116 DI 10.1080/19439962.2013.817494 PG 24 WC Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Transportation GA V45LH UT WOS:000209817600001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ren, BF Hu, SB Hu, M Chen, Z Lin, H AF Ren, Bafeng Hu, Shengbin Hu, Min Chen, Zhi Lin, Hang TI Safety Risk Assessment of Double-Line Tunnel Crossings Beneath Existing Tunnels in Complex Strata SO BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE shield tunnel; crossing; existing tunnel; numerical simulation; deformation monitoring ID SHIELD; CONSTRUCTION; SETTLEMENT; BRIDGE AB With the acceleration of urbanization, the development of urban rail transit networks has become an essential component of modern urban transportation. The construction of new urban rail transit lines often involves crossing existing operational lines, posing significant safety risks and technical challenges. This paper presents a comprehensive study on the safety risk assessment and control measures for the construction of new double-line shield tunnels crossing beneath existing tunnels in complex strata, using the project of Line 5 of the Nanning Urban Rail Transit crossing beneath the existing Line 2 interval tunnel as a case study. This study employs methods such as status investigation, numerical simulation, and field measurement to analyze the construction risks. Key findings include the successful identification and control of major risk sources through refined risk assessment and comprehensive technical measurement. The maximum settlement of the existing tunnel was effectively controlled at -2.55 mm, well within the deformation monitoring control values. This study demonstrates that optimized shield machine selection, improved lining design, interlayer soil reinforcement, the dynamic adjustment of shield parameters, and the precise measurement of shield posture significantly enhance the efficiency of shield tunneling and construction safety. The results provide a valuable reference for the settlement and deformation control of similar projects. C1 [Ren, Bafeng; Chen, Zhi] Nanning Rail Transit Co Ltd, Nanning 530029, Peoples R China. [Hu, Shengbin; Lin, Hang] Cent South Univ, Sch Resources & Safety Engn, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China. [Hu, Min] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Changsha 410114, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; Changsha University of Science & Technology RP Lin, H (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Resources & Safety Engn, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China. EM renbafeng@nngdjt.com; 235501008@csu.edu.cn; hum07@lzu.edu.cn; chenz@nngdjt.com; hanglin@csu.edu.cn RI Lin, Hang/E-3318-2013 FU Project (2021) of Study on Flood Disaster Prevention Model of Nanning Rail Transit [2021]; Flood Disaster Prevention Model of Nanning Rail Transit FX This paper received funding from Project (2021) of Study on Flood Disaster Prevention Model of Nanning Rail Transit. 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Eymann, L. Regeffe, M. TI Limit-Based Fire Hazard Model for Evaluating Tunnel Life Safety SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire safety; Fire dynamics; Fire hazards; Evacuation; Risk analysis; ASET/RSET ID HEAT RELEASE RATE; LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION AB Despite the simple one-dimensional symmetry of a tunnel with a longitudinal ventilation flow, risk analysis often comprises resource intensive and complex calculations. The purpose of this article is to present a simple yet precise limit-based model for assessing the possibility for a safe tunnel evacuation. To estimate the model uncertainty, fire dynamics calculations were compared to experimental data. The calculations performed well compared to experimental test data, showing an average difference between 5 and 40% in predicting the time available for evacuation, when criteria for visibility, air temperature, CO, CO2 and O-2 concentration and heat flux were calculated. For steadily growing fires, visibility showed a low sensitivity to variability in input parameters with a relative difference at 9% compared to experimental data. Due to several factors it was not possible to estimate the accuracy of HCN calculations. Visualizing the hazards in a time-distance diagram revealed visibility to be the key indicator for calculating ASET for a broad set of plausible input parameters. This resulted in a simple expression for calculating ASET and consequently a simple condition for evaluating life safety. C1 [Gehandler, J.] SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. [Eymann, L.; Regeffe, M.] Ecole Mines Ales, F-30319 Ales, France. C3 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden; IMT - Institut Mines-Telecom; IMT Mines Ales RP Gehandler, J (通讯作者)，SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Box 857, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM jonatan.gehandler@sp.se OI Gehandler, Jonatan/0000-0001-8548-657X FU SP:s centre of excellence on tunnels and underground facilities (SP Tunnel) FX This study was funded as part of SP:s centre of excellence on tunnels and underground facilities (SP Tunnel). The first author would like to thank his colleges Haukur Ingason, Anders Lonnermark, Per Blomqvist and Ying Zhen Li, and supervisor Hakan Frantzich for valuable comments and support. CR AMENDOLA A, 1986, NUCL ENG DES, V93, P215, DOI 10.1016/0029-5493(86)90221-9 [Anonymous], SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC [Anonymous], LIF THREAT COMP FIR Babrauskas V, 2010, FIRE MATER, V34, P341, DOI 10.1002/fam.1025 Bal N, 2013, FIRE SAFETY J, V61, P36, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.08.015 Beard AN, 1997, FIRE SAFETY J, V28, P117, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(96)00082-3 Blomqvist P, 2007, INT 2007 LOND UK 3 5 Blomqvist P, 2005, 1030 LUND U Blomqvist P, 2007, FIRE MATER, V31, P495, DOI 10.1002/fam.946 Carvel, 2012, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE, DOI [10.1680/htfs.41530.309, DOI 10.1680/HTFS.41530.309] Carvel RO, 2004, FIRE TECHNOL, V40, P5, DOI 10.1023/B:FIRE.0000003313.97677.c5 Carvel RO, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P569, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00010-8 Colella F, 2011, COMPUT FLUIDS, V51, P16, DOI 10.1016/j.compfluid.2011.06.021 Colella F, 2011, FIRE TECHNOL, V47, P221, DOI 10.1007/s10694-010-0144-2 Contini S, 1991, BENCHMARK EXERCISE M, V1 COOPER LY, 1983, FIRE SAFETY J, V5, P135, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(83)90006-1 DARTS, 2004, DUR REL TUNN STRUCT Fabbri L, 2009, J HAZARD MATER, V162, P1465, DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.06.071 Ferkl L, 2011, 14 INT S AER VENT TU Fischhoff Baruch., 1981, Acceptable Risk Forster C, 2012, P 5 INT S TUNN SAF S Hadjisophocleous G, 2009, FIRE TECHNOL, V45, P163, DOI 10.1007/s10694-008-0075-3 Ingason H, 2005, P2145905 RADDN Ingason H, 2005, SP Report Ingason H, 2011, SP Report 2011:55 Ingason H., 2008, Fire Saf. 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PD MAY PY 2015 VL 51 IS 3 BP 585 EP 614 DI 10.1007/s10694-014-0406-5 PG 30 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA CF9AU UT WOS:000352854700009 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lin, XH Yan, ZG Shen, Y Shao, YX Zhu, HH AF Lin, Xihao Yan, Zhiguo Shen, Yi Shao, Yinxu Zhu, Hehua TI Systematic review of fire safety for long railway tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Long railway tunnel; Fire safety; Ventilation; Evacuation; Extinguishment ID WATER MIST; CRITICAL VELOCITY; LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; SMOKE TEMPERATURE; CROSS-SECTION; MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE; EVACUATION SPEED; SLOPING TUNNEL; METRO TRAIN; FLOW-RATE AB Many challenges to fire safety for long railway tunnels remain, hindering the systematic design and operation, and are rarely discussed. Therefore, we analyze the hotspots and frontiers in this research field through a systematic literature review. As the topic is novel, this review organizes the identified keywords by mapping knowledge domains. Combining the results, we identify 11 important keywords clusters and classify them to four main domains, i.e., fire characteristics, ventilation, evacuation, and fire prevention and extinguishment. These four themes are elaborated to identify the deficiencies in current research and propose future trends. What is now needed is a cross-national study involving the comprehensive effect of multiple factors. More broadly, research is also needed to integrate the multi-source data and introduce artificial intelligent methods. Further investigation and experimentation into optimizing the design of rescue station platforms also is strongly recommended. This study hopes to bring awareness to the researchers and engineers of the need for a deeper exchange of fire safety measures in any future research efforts in the under construction or as-built long railway tunnels. C1 [Lin, Xihao; Yan, Zhiguo; Shen, Yi; Zhu, Hehua] Tongji Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Dept Geotech Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. [Yan, Zhiguo; Shen, Yi; Zhu, Hehua] Tongji Univ, State Key Lab Disaster Reduct Civil Engn, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. [Shao, Yinxu] CHINA RAILWAY, Shanghai Hangzhou Railway Passenger Line Co Ltd, Shanghai 200070, Peoples R China. C3 Tongji University; Tongji University RP Yan, ZG; Shen, Y (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Dept Geotech Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. EM yanzguo@tongji.edu.cn; evanedinburgh@163.com RI Shen, Yi/ABC-4776-2021 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52208401]; Science and technology research and development program of China National Railway Group Co., Ltd. [K2023G002]; Research Fund of State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering [SLDRCE19-A-14] FX The authors wish to acknowledge the sponsorship from National Natural Science Foundation of China (52208401), Science and technology research and development program of China National Railway Group Co., Ltd (K2023G002) and the Research Fund of State Key Laboratory for Disaster Reduction in Civil Engineering (SLDRCE19-A-14). 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD OCT PY 2025 VL 164 AR 106833 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2025.106833 EA JUL 2025 PG 24 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 4YG1O UT WOS:001529521700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Van Maele, K Merci, B AF Van Maele, Karim Merci, Bart TI Fire safety case study of a railway tunnel: Smoke evacuation SO THERMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tunnel fire safety; smoke control; simulation; fire dynamics simulator AB When afire occurs in a tunnel, it is of great importance to assure the safety of the occupants of the tunnel. This is achieved by creating smoke-free spaces in the tunnel through control of the smoke gases. In this paper, results are presented of a study concerning the fire safety in a real scale railway tunnel test case. Numerical simulations are performed in order to examine the possibility of natural ventilation of smoke in inclined tunnels. Several aspects are taken into account: the length of the simulated tunnel section, the slope of the tunnel and the possible effects of external wind at one portal of the funnel. The Fire Dynamics Simulator of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA, is applied to perform the simulations. The simulations show that for the local behaviour of the smoke during the early stages of the fire, the slope of the tunnel is of little importance. Secondly, the results show that external wind and/or pressure conditions have a large effect on the smoke gases inside the tunnel. Finally, some idea for the value of the critical ventilation velocity is given. The study also shows that computational fluid dynamics calculations are a valuable tool for large scale, real life complex fire cases. C1 [Van Maele, Karim; Merci, Bart] Univ Ghent, Fac Engn, Dept Flow Heat & Combust Mech, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. C3 Ghent University RP Van Maele, K (通讯作者)，Univ Ghent, Fac Engn, Dept Flow Heat & Combust Mech, Sint Pietersnieuwstr 41, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium. EM VanMaele@UGent.be RI Merci, Bart/AGL-3849-2022 OI Van Maele, Karim/0009-0003-5950-0501 CR [Anonymous], 1995, EU499FIRETUN EUREKA JOHNSON P, 2005, P C FIR SAF TERR PAS, P61 MCGRATTAN K, 2005, FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULA, V1018 NR 3 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 0 U2 18 PU VINCA INST NUCLEAR SCI PI BELGRADE PA MIHAJLA PETROVICA-ALASA 12-14 VINCA, 11037 BELGRADE. POB 522, BELGRADE, 11001, SERBIA SN 0354-9836 J9 THERM SCI JI Therm. Sci. PY 2007 VL 11 IS 2 BP 207 EP 222 DI 10.2289/TSCI0702207M PG 16 WC Thermodynamics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics GA 294IU UT WOS:000255400500015 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Tian, LL Jiang, JC Tian, L AF Tian, Lingling Jiang, Juncheng Tian, L. TI Safety analysis of traffic flow characteristics of highway tunnel based on artificial intelligence flow net algorithm SO CLUSTER COMPUTING-THE JOURNAL OF NETWORKS SOFTWARE TOOLS AND APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Freeway tunnel; Traffic flow; FCM; Safety data ID EMISSION FACTORS; FLEET AB With the increasing development of traffic nowadays, traffic safety has become the focus of current research. Among them, highway tunnel is a special geographical obstacle on freeway, so it is very important to analyze its traffic flow security. Based on this, his paper studies the characteristics of highway tunnel traffic safety from the angle of artificial intelligence network algorithm; the improvements were made on the basis the classic FCM clustering algorithm in artificial intelligence net according to the unique complexity of highway tunnel; and an improved FCM clustering algorithm was proposed; then indexes, data and traffic flow clustering in freeway tunnel were studied in detail. Based on the actual traffic flow data, an example is given. According to the improved FCM clustering algorithm, the safety data of expressway tunnel was obtained, which was used to divide the safety area for highway tunnel. To sum up, the research in this paper can provide a strong theoretical basis for the safety characteristics of freeway tunnel traffic flow, and it is of great significance. C1 [Tian, Lingling] Nanjing Univ Technol, Sch Safety Sci & Engn, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Jiang, Juncheng] Nanjing Univ Technol, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Tian, L.] York Univ, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada. C3 Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing Tech University; York University - Canada RP Jiang, JC (通讯作者)，Nanjing Univ Technol, Nanjing 21000, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. 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PD JAN PY 2019 VL 22 SU 1 BP 573 EP 582 DI 10.1007/s10586-017-1340-3 PG 10 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Computer Science, Theory & Methods WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science GA IQ3LM UT WOS:000480653200051 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ntzeremes, P Kirytopoulos, K Filiou, G AF Ntzeremes, Panagiotis Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos Filiou, Georgia TI Quantitative Risk Assessment of Road Tunnel Fire Safety: Improved Evacuation Simulation Model SO ASCE-ASME JOURNAL OF RISK AND UNCERTAINTY IN ENGINEERING SYSTEMS PART A-CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Road tunnel; Safety; Quantitative-risk-assessment; Simulation; Decision-making ID HUMAN-BEHAVIOR; MANAGEMENT; DESIGN; USERS AB With a view to enhance road network's safety, it is crucial to focus primarily on its critical infrastructures, one part of which is tunnels. Fire safety of tunnels concerned intensely the public opinion after the disastrous trans-Alpine accidents in Europe in the late 1990s. Therefore, risk assessment was officially introduced for ensuring the tunnels' level of safety. Bearing in mind that trapped-users' performance can strongly determine a tunnel's level of safety, this paper proposes an evacuation simulation model for increasing the efficiency of quantitative risk assessment. The model aims at acting as an add-in to the traditional computational fluid dynamics models by linking their results with trapped-users' evacuation. The model structure is twofold. Initially, through estimating potential losses among trapped-users, the effectiveness of important parameters for the safety of the tunnel system is measured. Subsequently, if needed, the performance of additional to standard safety measures is examined. The model aids safety analysts in making better-informed decisions regarding a tunnel's level of safety. An application example is presented to illustrate the utilization of the model. (C) 2019 American Society of Civil Engineers. C1 [Ntzeremes, Panagiotis] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Sect Ind Management & Operat Res, 9 Heroon Polytech St,Bldg E,1st Floor,Off 101, Athens 15780, Greece. [Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos] Univ South Australia, Sch Nat & Built Environm, City East Campus BJ3-10, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. [Filiou, Georgia] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens 15780, Greece. C3 National Technical University of Athens; Adelaide University; University of South Australia; National Technical University of Athens RP Ntzeremes, P (通讯作者)，Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Sect Ind Management & Operat Res, 9 Heroon Polytech St,Bldg E,1st Floor,Off 101, Athens 15780, Greece. 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Risk. Uncertain. Eng. Syst. Part A.-Civ. Eng. PD MAR PY 2020 VL 6 IS 1 AR 04019020 DI 10.1061/AJRUA6.0001029 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering GA LW9VE UT WOS:000539489300004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ceccato, V Ioannidis, I Felson, M AF Ceccato, Vania Ioannidis, Ioannis Felson, Marcus TI Tunnels in the urban fabric: balancing connectivity and safety SO URBAN, PLANNING AND TRANSPORT RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Tunnel; pedestrian paths; GIS; Poisson regression; sustainability ID CRIME CONCENTRATION; TRANSPORTATION; NEIGHBORHOODS; CRIMINOLOGY; WALKING; SCHOOL; LAW AB This study explores the balance between connectivity and safety in urban tunnels, analysing their criminogenic characteristics using Geographical Information Systems (GIS), regression models, and police data from Stockholm, Sweden. The findings reveal that 86% of police-recorded incidents in tunnels are concentrated in 2% of the tunnels, and these mostly involve vandalism. Inner-city tunnels and those near metro stations are the most crime-prone, except for cycleway tunnels, while violence is concentrated in tunnels near sports arenas. Designing short tunnels, encouraging community participation in reporting criminal activities, and reinforcing maintenance efforts are essential for promoting tunnel safety. C1 [Ceccato, Vania; Ioannidis, Ioannis] KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Urban Planning & Environm, UCS Urban & Community Safety Res Grp, Stockholm, Sweden. [Felson, Marcus] Texas State Univ, Sch Criminal Justice & Criminol, San Marcos, TX USA. C3 Royal Institute of Technology; Texas State University System; Texas State University San Marcos RP Ceccato, V (通讯作者)，KTH Royal Inst Technol, Dept Urban Planning & Environm, UCS Urban & Community Safety Res Grp, Stockholm, Sweden. EM vania.ceccato@abe.kth.se RI Ceccato, Vania/L-1168-2015 FU Svenska Forskningsrdet Formas [2020-01999]; Boverket - the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning; Formas [2020-01999] Funding Source: Formas FX The work was supported by the Svenska Forskningsradet Formas [grant number 2020-01999]; Boverket - the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building, and Planning. CR Adams W, 2015, CRIME PREV SECUR MAN, P181 Beck C. M., 2016, Understanding graffiti, P123, DOI [https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315416137, DOI 10.4324/9781315416137] Bowers K, 2014, J QUANT CRIMINOL, V30, P389, DOI 10.1007/s10940-013-9208-z BRA B. 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Res. PD DEC 31 PY 2025 VL 13 IS 1 AR 2431514 DI 10.1080/21650020.2024.2431514 PG 21 WC Regional & Urban Planning; Transportation; Urban Studies WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Public Administration; Transportation; Urban Studies GA W3241 UT WOS:001639488100001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YZ Du, ZG Jiao, FT Pan, FQ AF Yang, Yongzheng Du, Zhigang Jiao, Fangtong Pan, Fuquan TI Analysis of EEG Characteristics of Drivers and Driving Safety in Undersea Tunnel SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article DE undersea tunnel; illuminance; longitudinal slope; EEG; correlation; driving safety ID HIGHWAY; ENTRANCE; SECTIONS; PORTALS; IMPACT AB To study the influence of the driving environment of an undersea tunnel on driver EEG (electroencephalography) characteristics and driving safety, a real vehicle experiment was performed in the Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Tunnel. The experimental data of the drivers' real vehicle experiment were collected using an illuminance meter, EEG instrument, video recorder and other experimental equipment. The undersea tunnel is divided into different areas, and the distribution law of driving environment characteristics, EEG characteristics and vehicle speed characteristics is analyzed. The correlations between the driving environment characteristics, EEG characteristics and vehicle speed characteristics model the variables that pass the correlation test. The driving safety evaluation model of an undersea tunnel is established, and the driving safety in different areas of the undersea tunnel is evaluated. The results show that there are obvious differences in illumination, EEG power change rate, vehicle speed and other variables in different areas of the undersea tunnel. The driving environment characteristics are highly correlated with the beta wave power change rate. The driving safety of different areas of the undersea tunnel from high to low is: upslope area, downslope area, exit area and entrance area. The study will provide a theoretical basis for the safe operation of the undersea tunnel. C1 [Yang, Yongzheng; Du, Zhigang; Jiao, Fangtong] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan 430063, Peoples R China. [Jiao, Fangtong] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore. [Pan, Fuquan] Qingdao Univ Technol, Sch Mech & Automot Engn, Qingdao 266520, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; Nanyang Technological University; Qingdao University of Technology RP Pan, FQ (通讯作者)，Qingdao Univ Technol, Sch Mech & Automot Engn, Qingdao 266520, Peoples R China. EM yyongzheng@yeah.net; zhig_du7@163.com; jiaofangtong@126.com; fuquanpan@yeah.net RI yang, yongzheng/LJL-0203-2024; Pan, Fuquan/LXW-7691-2024 OI yang, yongzheng/0000-0001-6681-2237; Jiao, Fangtong/0000-0002-1184-8184; FU Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2020-YB-018]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291]; Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [ZR2020MG021] FX This research was funded by Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, grant number 2020-YB-018, National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 52072291, and Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number ZR2020MG021. 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Tunn. Tech., V50, P8, DOI 10.13807/j.cnki.mtt.2013.04.005 [赵晓华 Zhao Xiaohua], 2020, [中国公路学报, China Journal of Highway and Transport], V33, P29 Zheng ZJ, 2017, SAFETY SCI, V95, P75, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2017.02.006 Zhou H, 2020, AUTOMAT CONSTR, V111, DOI 10.1016/j.autcon.2019.103050 NR 38 TC 26 Z9 27 U1 5 U2 94 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA MDPI AG, Grosspeteranlage 5, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 1660-4601 J9 INT J ENV RES PUB HE JI Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health PD SEP PY 2021 VL 18 IS 18 AR 9810 DI 10.3390/ijerph18189810 PG 18 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA UX3IY UT WOS:000700738100001 PM 34574749 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhao, XH Ju, YJ Li, HJ Zhang, CF Ma, JM AF Zhao, Xiaohua Ju, Yunjie Li, Haijian Zhang, Changfen Ma, Jianming TI Safety of Raised Pavement Markers in Freeway Tunnels Based on Driving Behavior SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE raised pavement markers; RPMs; driving behavior; tunnel safety ID SPEED REDUCTION MARKINGS; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; ROAD; DESIGN; MODEL; GUIDE; RISK; FOG AB Raised pavement markers (RPMs) are among the common safety features of roads, playing an important role in preventing and reducing traffic crashes. RPMs are regarded as an effective measure for reducing the high crash rate and mortality in freeway tunnels in China. In this study, a driving simulator experiment was conducted to investigate the safety of RPMs in a freeway tunnel. Two different RPM layouts were designed and compared to a control with no RPMs, and 32 drivers participated in the driving simulator experiments. The speed, relative speed difference, lateral position, accelerator power, acceleration, and pupil area were used as indicators of the response characteristics of drivers to RPMs, and the interaction of tunnel length, tunnel zone, and RPM alternatives was discussed. The results indicate that a significant interaction effect exists between tunnel length, tunnel zone, and RPM alternatives. RPMs could help reduce driver anxiety, boredom, and fatigue caused by the dark and monotonous tunnel driving environment, and improve driver alertness and consciousness of speed. Also, the driving risk increases with increasing tunnel length (1800 m to 3500 m). C1 [Zhao, Xiaohua; Li, Haijian] Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Ju, Yunjie; Zhang, Changfen] Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing Engn Res Ctr Urban Transportat Operat Gua, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Ma, Jianming] Texas Dept Transportat, Austin, TX 78701 USA. C3 Beijing University of Technology; Beijing University of Technology RP Li, HJ (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM zhaoxiaohua@bjut.edu.cn; 850673362@qq.com; lihaijian@bjut.edu.cn; 1099746855@qq.com; jianming.ma@txdot.gov RI Ma, Jianming/OYF-4372-2025 FU International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China [2017YFE0134500]; Beijing Municipal Road and Bridge Group FX This work was supported by International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China (Grant number 2017YFE0134500) and the Project Supported by Beijing Municipal Road and Bridge Group (August 2018). 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Anal. Prev. PD SEP PY 2020 VL 145 AR 105708 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105708 PG 15 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA NT3XW UT WOS:000572879000001 PM 32781174 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, XN Jiang, YS Wu, XQ Nan, ZJ Jiang, YQ Shi, JH Zhang, YX Huang, XY Huang, GGQ AF Zhang, Xiaoning Jiang, Yishuo Wu, Xiqiang Nan, Zhuojun Jiang, Yaqiang Shi, Jihao Zhang, Yuxin Huang, Xinyan Huang, George G. Q. TI AIoT-enabled digital twin system for smart tunnel fire safety management SO DEVELOPMENTS IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fires; Deep learning; AIoT; Digital twin; Fire safety management ID TEMPERATURE; BIM; UPSTREAM AB High traffic flow in a confined tunnel makes fire safety a critical issue. This paper proposed a digital twin framework for tunnel fire safety management in real-time, driven by dynamic sensor data and AIoT technologies. A deep learning model trained by the Transformer network and simulation dataset is used to predict real-time fire location and size. Then, the AI model is integrated into a 3D digital twin platform developed by the game engine Unity 3D. The performance of the proposed digital twin framework is demonstrated using numerical experiments and large-scale tunnel fire tests. Results show that the established AI model achieved promising accuracy in predicting fire location and power for both numerical and experimental data. The digital twin platform can also visualize the 3D fire scene that supports evacuation, firefighting, and emergency rescue. This research demonstrates the feasibility of using a 3D environment and digital twin in real-time fire safety management. C1 [Zhang, Xiaoning; Wu, Xiqiang; Nan, Zhuojun; Shi, Jihao; Zhang, Yuxin; Huang, Xinyan] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Environm & Energy Engn, Res Ctr Fire Safety Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Jiang, Yishuo; Huang, George G. Q.] Univ Hong Kong, Dept Ind & Mfg Syst Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Wu, Xiqiang] Southeast Univ, Sch Transportat, Nanjing, Peoples R China. [Huang, George G. Q.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Ind & Syst Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Jiang, Yaqiang] Minist Emergency Management, Sichuan Fire Res Inst, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China. C3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University; University of Hong Kong; Southeast University - China; Hong Kong Polytechnic University RP Wu, XQ; Huang, XY (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Environm & Energy Engn, Res Ctr Fire Safety Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM wuxiqiang@seu.edu.cn; xy.huang@polyu.edu.hk RI SHI, JIHAO/OTG-5588-2025; Nan, Zhuojun/MZQ-2812-2025; Zhang, Xiaoning/ACC-9563-2022; Wu, Xiqiang/AAX-3888-2020; Huang, Xinyan/A-3825-2010 OI SHI, JIHAO/0000-0002-2639-8972; Nan, Zhuojun/0000-0001-8189-5448; Jiang, Yishuo/0009-0006-2779-0913; Zhang, Xiaoning/0000-0002-7845-2950; Wu, Xiqiang/0000-0003-2614-0530; Huang, Xinyan/0000-0002-0584-8452 FU Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme -based Research Scheme [T22 -505/19-N]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52108480] FX This work is funded by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme -based Research Scheme (T22 -505/19-N) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC grant no. 52108480) . 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Built Environ. PD APR PY 2024 VL 18 AR 100381 DI 10.1016/j.dibe.2024.100381 EA MAR 2024 PG 17 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA OD9Z8 UT WOS:001205454400001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Guo, T Lu, S AF Guo, Tao Lu, Sen TI The application of SD model and 4M1E method in safety management of subway tunnels SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Early Access DE tunnel construction; safety management; risk assessment; system dynamics; construction safety ID DEFORMATION AB The construction of subway tunnels has always been a key link in urban infrastructure construction. However, it is also accompanied by various construction risks and safety challenges. A safety management technology for subway tunnel construction is proposed to address the safety management issues of subway tunnels. By deploying real-time monitoring systems and integrating historical data, descriptive and inferential statistical analysis of safety performance is conducted. Failure mode impact analysis is used to identify potential risks, and the analytic hierarchy process is applied to comprehensively evaluate safety management factors. The technical logic of the research emphasizes data-driven, systematic analysis, and predictive prevention, and improves the adaptability of management measures through dynamic adjustment mechanisms, providing scientific basis and practical guidance for tunnel safety management. In the calculation time test, the calculation time of the research method was maintained at 296 ms for 100 engineering projects. When calculating the expected implementation cost, the highest implementation cost of the research method was only 2468K pesos when it reached 320 days. In the project progress analysis of safety management, the maximum completion time of the research method was only 435 days. This indicates that the research method can effectively manage the safety of subway tunnels. It has better implementation results and lower negative impacts on the construction period. C1 [Guo, Tao; Lu, Sen] Xuzhou Ts Rail Transportat Ind Inst Co Ltd, Room 905,126-9 Heping Ave, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. RP Guo, T (通讯作者)，Xuzhou Ts Rail Transportat Ind Inst Co Ltd, Room 905,126-9 Heping Ave, Xuzhou 221000, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. EM taoguoxz@163.com FU Xuzhou City Policy Guidance Program (Industry University Research Cooperation) Project [KC22467] FX The research is supported by Xuzhou City Policy Guidance Program (Industry University Research Cooperation) Project (Project No.KC22467). 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Comput. Methods Sci. Eng. PD 2025 SEP 6 PY 2025 DI 10.1177/14727978251376183 EA SEP 2025 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA 7YU6I UT WOS:001582880900001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ma, S Hu, JB Ma, ES Li, WC Wang, RH AF Ma, Sen Hu, Jiangbi Ma, Ershun Li, Weicong Wang, Ronghua TI Cluster Analysis of Freeway Tunnel Length Based on Naturalistic Driving Safety and Comfort SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Article DE tunnel length; tunnel classification; driving workload; naturalistic driving experiment ID ROAD TUNNEL; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; TIME PRESSURE; HEART-RATE; SIMULATOR; SPEED AB The tunnel is an important component of freeway operation safety, and its classification method is the foundation of a refined management of operation safety. At present, the impact of different categories of tunnels on driver safety, comfort, and driving behavior under naturalistic driving conditions is not clear, and there is a lack of classification methods for tunnels of different lengths in their operation stages. This paper was based on the driving workload, which effectively expresses the safety and comfort of drivers. In this context, naturalistic driving experiments in 13 freeways and 98 tunnels with 36 participants were carried out. The DDTW+K-Means++ algorithm, which is suitable for drivers' driving workload time series data, was used for a clustering analysis of the tunnels. According to the length of the tunnel, the operation-stage tunnels were divided into three categories: short tunnels (<450 m), general tunnels (450 similar to 4000 m), and long tunnels (>4000 m). The length of the tunnel had a positive correlation with the drivers' driving workload, while there was a negative correlation with the vehicle running speed, and the range of changes in the drivers' driving workload and operation safety risks in general tunnels and long tunnels was higher than that in short tunnels. Road and environmental conditions are important factors affecting the driving workload. The entrance area, the exit area of tunnels, and the middle area of long tunnels are high-risk sections in the affected area of the tunnel. These research results are of great significance for the operation safety management of freeway tunnels. C1 [Ma, Sen; Hu, Jiangbi; Wang, Ronghua] Beijing Univ Technol, Fac Architecture Civil & Transportat Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Ma, Ershun; Li, Weicong] Shenzhen Zhongshan Bridge Management Ctr, Zhongshan 528400, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing University of Technology RP Hu, JB (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Fac Architecture Civil & Transportat Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM masen@emails.bjut.edu.cn; hujiangbi@bjut.edu.cn; maershun@shenzhonglink.com; liweicong@shenzhonglink.com; wangrh@bjut.edu.cn RI Wang, Ronghua/HTO-8566-2023 OI Wang, Ronghua/0000-0003-3968-8212 CR Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 Baldassi C, 2022, IEEE T EVOLUT COMPUT, V26, P991, DOI 10.1109/TEVC.2022.3144134 British Standards Institution, 2008, 548922003A12008 BS Calvi A, 2012, PROCD SOC BEHV, V53, P1099, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.959 Chen JZ, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V134, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105001 Chen X., 2010, TECHNOL HIGHW TRANSP, V90, P121 Choi KH, 2017, PSYCHIAT RES, V251, P192, DOI 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.02.025 D'Amico F., 2013, ADV TRANSPORTATION S, V30, P59, DOI DOI 10.4399/97888548611764 Du ZG, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V110, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103813 Feng ZX, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V81, P525, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.032 Fu XS, 2020, J ADV TRANSPORT, V2020, DOI 10.1155/2020/7630681 Jiao FT, 2021, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V13, DOI 10.3390/su13095224 Jung S, 2022, TRANSPORT RES REC, V2676, P1, DOI 10.1177/03611981221095749 Keogh E.J., 2001, P 2001 SIAM INT C DA Kim H.K., 2008, P 3 INT S TUNN SAF S Kirytopoulos K, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V63, P244, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.002 Lee JY, 2022, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V172, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106690 Lee YM, 2017, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V45, P43, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2016.11.011 Serrano GL, 2022, P I CIVIL ENG-TRANSP, V175, P43, DOI 10.1680/jtran.18.00043 Ma S, 2023, APPL SCI-BASEL, V13, DOI 10.3390/app13020851 Ma ZL, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P350, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.004 Mashimo H, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V17, P145, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00017-2 Meng J, 2023, APPL SCI-BASEL, V13, DOI 10.3390/app13084736 Meng Q, 2012, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V48, P254, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2012.01.025 Ministry of Transport of the Peoples Republic of China, 2019, 337012018 JTG Paparrizos J, 2016, SIGMOD REC, V45, P69, DOI 10.1145/2949741.2949758 Pawar NM, 2022, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V89, P29, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2022.06.004 Peña-García A, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V119, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104227 Qi WW, 2020, J ADV TRANSPORT, V2020, DOI 10.1155/2020/5215479 Qin PC, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V114, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103990 Rakthanmanon Thanawin, 2012, KDD, V2012, P262, DOI 10.1145/2339530.2339576 Rendon-Velez E, 2016, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V41, P150, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2016.06.013 Sun H, 2019, ADV CIV ENG, V2019, DOI 10.1155/2019/4536414 Wang CL, 2022, INFORM SCIENCES, V610, P204, DOI 10.1016/j.ins.2022.07.166 Wang K, 2023, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V15, DOI 10.3390/su15064865 Wang SS, 2020, TRAFFIC INJ PREV, V21, P539, DOI 10.1080/15389588.2020.1821196 Wang XX, 2023, TRAFFIC INJ PREV, V24, P436, DOI 10.1080/15389588.2023.2204986 Wei WY, 2023, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V94, P151, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2023.02.004 Wen HY, 2018, J ADV TRANSPORT, DOI 10.1155/2018/6964828 Xu XL, 2022, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V14, DOI 10.3390/su142315736 Yang YQ, 2020, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V146, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105705 Yang YQ, 2020, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V68, P67, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2019.11.008 Yang YZ, 2021, INT J ENV RES PUB HE, V18, DOI 10.3390/ijerph18189810 NR 43 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 9 U2 58 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA MDPI AG, Grosspeteranlage 5, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2071-1050 J9 SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL JI Sustainability PD AUG PY 2023 VL 15 IS 15 AR 11914 DI 10.3390/su151511914 PG 20 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA O7PB1 UT WOS:001045674700001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, L Li, SQ Hui, B AF Wang, Lu Li, Shuqi Hui, Bing TI Simulation Analysis of the Distance Between Tunnels at the Bridge-Tunnel Junction of Mountainous Expressway on Driving Safety Under Crosswinds SO IEEE ACCESS LA English DT Article DE Safety; Aerodynamics; Force; Accidents; Junctions; Indexes; Roads; Crosswind; bridge-tunnel junction; Carsim; the minimum safety spacing AB To analyze the influence of the distance between tunnels at the bridge-tunnel junction in the mountainous area on the driving safety under crosswind, a vehicle dynamics model is established by Carsim software. Under the conditions of different driving speeds (60km/h, 80km/h and 100km/h), different wind scales (level 6-9) and three alignment combinations of the tunnels (tunnel-straight road-tunnel, tunnel-curving road-tunnel, tunnel-the combination of straight and curves road-tunnel), the vehicle's lateral offset and lateral force coefficient are used as evaluation indexes to study the influence of distance between tunnels on driving safety. When the distance is small, the lateral offset and lateral force coefficient of vehicle driving on the bridge-tunnel junction increase firstly and then decrease as the distance increases. But the changes of the lateral offset and lateral force coefficient are not synchronized, and the peak value of the lateral force coefficient occurs earlier than the lateral offset. Finally, the minimum safety spacing of each condition and speed limits for different distances are proposed. Under the condition of the straight-tunnel, 20m distance between tunnels cannot ensure the driving safety when the wind scale reaches level 9, and the road should be closed. Under the conditions of the curve and the combination of straights and curves, driving safety cannot be maintained at each spacing at wind scale level 8 and 9, and the road should be closed. However, when the wind speed is level 6 or 7, speed limits can be adopted to ensure driving safety. The results suggest that vehicles' lateral offset and lateral force coefficient can be effectively reduced by reducing the driving speed or increasing the distance between tunnels, so the risk of accidents caused by the crosswind can be reduced. C1 [Wang, Lu] Changan Univ, Coll Transportat Engn, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. [Li, Shuqi; Hui, Bing] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Chang'an University RP Li, SQ (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. EM shuqi310@foxmail.com RI Hui, Bingyu/PGA-3968-2026 FU China National Key Research and Development Program During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period [2017YFC0803906]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ministry of Education of China [300102219111]; Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi [2019JQ-146] FX This work was supported in part by the China National Key Research and Development Program During the 13th Five-Year Plan Period under Grant 2017YFC0803906, in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Ministry of Education of China under Grant 300102219111, and in part by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi under Grant 2019JQ-146. 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M., HIGHWAY ENG, V39, P212 Zhongxiang F., 2019, J HEFEI U TECHNOL NA, V42, P145 Zhou B, 2020, IEEE ACCESS, V8, P153849, DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3018183 Zhu Zhandong, 2010, Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development, V27, P123 NR 45 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 52 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 2169-3536 J9 IEEE ACCESS JI IEEE Access PY 2021 VL 9 BP 28514 EP 28524 DI 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3054069 PG 11 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA QL9DV UT WOS:000621381300001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Pan, QJ Dias, D AF Pan, Qiujing Dias, Daniel TI Safety factor assessment of a tunnel face reinforced by horizontal dowels SO ENGINEERING STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE Tunnel face; Reinforcement; Dowels; Kinematic upper-bound approach; Safety factor ID STABILITY ANALYSIS; HOMOGENIZATION METHOD; BOLT; SOIL; STRESS; DISPLACEMENT; CRITERION; DESIGN; SHIELD; DRIVEN AB The use of dowels as a reinforcement technique has been successfully applied to improve the tunnel face stability during excavation, for the sake of safety and for the construction speed. The conventional tunneling, e.g. the New Austrian Tunneling Method, promotes the use of such techniques in design for a maximum optimization of the tunnel support. In this work, the kinematic approach in combination with the strength reduction technique is employed to evaluate the safety factor of a reinforced tunnel face. The discretization technique is extended to generate the failure mechanism for a realistic tunnel face shape (non-circular shape). An interaction zone with finite thickness is used to model the interaction between the soils and the dowels. The width of the interaction zone introduces a new parameter in the optimization process. In order to validate the implemented method, the results are compared with those of numerical analysis, which shows that the developed approach is an efficient design tool for the safety factor assessment of a reinforced tunnel face. Several charts are provided for parametric analysis to discuss the influence of the bolt length, the bolt density and the soil shear strength. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Pan, Qiujing; Dias, Daniel] Grenoble Alpes Univ, Lab 3SR, CNRS, UMR 5521, Grenoble, France. C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS); CNRS - Institute for Engineering & Systems Sciences (INSIS) RP Dias, D (通讯作者)，Grenoble Alpes Univ, Lab 3SR, CNRS, UMR 5521, Grenoble, France. EM daniel.dias@ujf-grenoble.fr RI ; dias, daniel/E-9612-2011 OI PAN, QIUJING/0000-0002-6864-828X; dias, daniel/0000-0003-2238-7827 FU China Scholarship Council FX The first author is supported by the China Scholarship Council with a PhD Scholarship for his research work. This support is greatly appreciated. The authors also wish to thank anonymous reviewers for their thoughtful suggestions that contribute to an important improvement to this work. 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Struct. PD JUL 1 PY 2017 VL 142 BP 56 EP 66 DI 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.03.056 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA EU7MO UT WOS:000401219100005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Saccomanno, F Haastrup, P AF Saccomanno, F Haastrup, P TI Influence of safety measures on the risks of transporting dangerous goods through road tunnels SO RISK ANALYSIS LA English DT Article DE safety measures; transportation; dangerous goods; road tunnel; risk AB Quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models are used to estimate the risks of transporting dangerous goods and to as;ass the merits of introducing alternative risk reduction measures for different transportation scenarios and assumptions. A comprehensive QRA model recently was developed in Europe for application to road tunnels. This model can assess the merits of a limited number of "native safety measures." In this article, we introduce a procedure for extending its scope to include the treatment of a number of important "normative safety measures" of interest to tunnel operators and decisionmakers. Nonnative safety measures were not included in the original model specification. The suggested procedure makes use of expert judgment and Monte Carlo simulation methods to model uncertainty in the revised risk estimates. The results of a case study application are presented that involve the risks of transporting a given volume of flammable liquid through a 10-km road tunnel. C1 Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Syst Informat & Safety, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy. C3 European Commission Joint Research Centre; EC JRC ISPRA Site RP Haastrup, P (通讯作者)，Commiss European Communities, Joint Res Ctr, Inst Syst Informat & Safety, TP 290, I-21020 Ispra, VA, Italy. 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PD DEC PY 2002 VL 22 IS 6 BP 1059 EP 1069 DI 10.1111/1539-6924.00273 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Social Sciences, Mathematical Methods WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Mathematics; Mathematical Methods In Social Sciences GA 630DW UT WOS:000180093100006 PM 12530779 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kirytopoulos, K Kazaras, K Papapavlou, P Ntzeremes, P Tatsiopoulos, I AF Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos Kazaras, Konstantinos Papapavlou, Panagiotis Ntzeremes, Panagiotis Tatsiopoulos, Ilias TI Exploring driving habits and safety critical behavioural intentions among road tunnel users: A questionnaire survey in Greece SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Safety; Road tunnel; Behaviour; Risk; Users ID SOCIAL-INFLUENCE; INFORMATION; PERCEPTION; DESIGN AB With a view to enhance the safety of the road transport system, it is crucial to focus primarily on its key elements, one of which is tunnels. The significance of tunnels is based on an endogenous problem, which is the severity of accidents that may occur. Several studies and aftermaths from disastrous accidents have shown that correct users' behaviour may smooth the adverse outcomes of a potential accident. Therefore, information campaigns are requested to be conducted. Before designing such a campaign, it is vital to have explored users' current state of knowledge on the issue. This paper presents an internetmediated questionnaire survey conducted in Greece aiming to explore road tunnel users' awareness and to identify potential knowledge gaps that should be managed for the upcoming information campaigns. The results revealed that users have several misconceptions concerning the recommended behaviour both in normal and critical situations. Taking into account that users consist in the cornerstone of tunnel safety parameters, it is important to note that even a little improvement on their performance may greatly benefit the overall safety of the system. Hence, aspects highlighted in this paper could be taken into consideration by the upcoming information campaigns on the issue. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos; Kazaras, Konstantinos; Papapavlou, Panagiotis; Ntzeremes, Panagiotis; Tatsiopoulos, Ilias] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens, Greece. [Ntzeremes, Panagiotis] Heroon Polytech 9 Bldg E,1st Floor, Zografos 15780, Greece. C3 National Technical University of Athens RP Ntzeremes, P (通讯作者)，Heroon Polytech 9 Bldg E,1st Floor, Zografos 15780, Greece. EM ntzery@mail.ntua.gr RI Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/H-1348-2018 OI Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/0000-0001-7675-6785 FU Greek General Secretariat for Research and Technology under the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) programme; Greek General Secretariat for Research and Technology under Operational Programme "Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship" regarding Transportation FX This study has been partially funded from the Greek General Secretariat for Research and Technology under the National Strategic Reference Framework (NSRF) programme and specially the Operational Programme "Competitiveness and Entrepreneurship" regarding Transportation. The relevant project has been undertaken by the companies SIEBEN, MEDIASCAPE and SYNERGIA with the NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS as a scientific consultant-subcontractor. The authors would also like to acknowledge the valuable support of Professor N. Marmaras, Assist. Professor D. Nathanael, Mr A. Tsantsanoglou and Dr A. Saramourtsis considering the setting up of the survey, along with the numerous tunnel safety officers that validated the initial questionnaire. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD MAR PY 2017 VL 63 BP 244 EP 251 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.002 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA EL5BI UT WOS:000394636200020 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Machado, DV Delegrego, V Konrath, AC Nakamura, LR de Vargas, VDC AF Machado, Daniel Vieira Delegrego, Victor Konrath, Andrea Cristina Nakamura, Luiz Ricardo de Vargas, Vera do Carmo Comparsi TI Road safety in road tunnels: Statistical study of the BR-101 in Santa Catarina SO REVISTA DE TRANSPORTE Y TERRITORIO LA Portuguese DT Article DE ACCIDENT; ROAD TUNNELS; STATISTICS, SAFETY ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AB The construction of road tunnels is one of the most adequate solutions when road sec-tions are steep and brings multiple environmental and economic benefits. The topic of road tunnel safety and incident analysis is still under development in the field of traffic engineering. The main goal of this paper is to present the results of statistical analyses conducted over Brazilian road traffic accidents data in tunnel sections, comparing them with the results obtained for open sections at the same roadway, more specifically in BR-101 in Santa Catarina. It is intended that the information can provide a solid basis to foster and justify traffic solutions which may bring greater safety to the users, keeping in mind also the comparison with international results. C1 [Machado, Daniel Vieira; Delegrego, Victor] Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Ctr Tecnol CTC, Programa Pos Graduacao Engn Transportes, Florianopolis, Brazil. [Konrath, Andrea Cristina] Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Informat & Estat, Ctr Tecnol CTC, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil. [Nakamura, Luiz Ricardo; de Vargas, Vera do Carmo Comparsi] Univ Fed Lavras, Inst Ciencias Exatas & Tecnol ICET, Dept Estat, Lavras, MG, Brazil. Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Dept Informat & Estat, Ctr Tecnol CTC, Florianopolis, Brazil. C3 Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC); Universidade Federal de Lavras; Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina (UFSC) RP Machado, DV (通讯作者)，Univ Fed Santa Catarina, Ctr Tecnol CTC, Programa Pos Graduacao Engn Transportes, Florianopolis, Brazil. EM danielvm.eng@gmail.com; victordelegrego@hotmail.com; andreack@gmail.com; luiz.nakamura@ufla.br; veradocarmo@gmail.com RI ; Nakamura, Luiz R/Y-5582-2019; Konrath, Andrea/AAZ-9578-2020 OI Machado, Daniel Vieira/0000-0002-8087-6090; Nakamura, Luiz R/0000-0002-7312-2717; Comparsi de Vargas, Vera do Carmo/0000-0002-1961-9546; Delegrego, Victor/0000-0002-4807-7432 CR ABNT, 2021, ABNT NBR 15661. Protecao contra incendio em tuneis rodoviarios e urbanos Amundsen F. 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V. M., 2021, 5 C BRAS TUN ESTR SU Vieira S, 2018, Bioestatistica: topicos avancados: testes nao parametricos, testes diagnosticos, medidas de associacao e concordancia, V4th Xie BC, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V97, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103250 Yeung JS, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V38, P534, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.09.002 Zhang YX, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V107, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103608 Zhao EZ, 2020, INT J ENV RES PUB HE, V17, DOI 10.3390/ijerph17051566 NR 33 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 2 PU UNIV BUENOS AIRES, INST GEOGRAFIA PI BUENOS AIRES PA PUAN 480 PISO 4, BUENOS AIRES, 1406, ARGENTINA SN 1852-7175 J9 REV TRANSP TERRIT JI Rev. Transp. Territ. PD JUL-DEC PY 2023 IS 29 BP 232 EP 248 DI 10.34096/rtt.i29.12415 PG 17 WC Transportation WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Transportation GA FP1R8 UT WOS:001146958600004 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, B Tian, ZH Chen, ZS Zhang, ZC Sun, WJ AF Chen, Bin Tian, Zhanghua Chen, Zeng-shun Zhang, Zhi-cheng Sun, Wenjiang TI Structural Safety Evaluation of In-Service Tunnels Using an Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System SO JOURNAL OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE In-service tunnel; Structural safety evaluation; Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS); Safety evaluation system ID ANFIS AB This study investigated structural safety evaluation of in-service tunnels. Considering the factors that affect the safety of in-service tunnels, the indices and grading standards for structural safety evaluations of concrete tunnels were first introduced. Subsequently, a safety evaluation system was established based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS). Taking a concrete tunnel as an example, according to structural characteristics of the tunnel and a Chinese specification, the indices and grading standards for the structural safety evaluation of the tunnel were determined, and a safety evaluation system for the tunnel was established. In the safety evaluation system, the effect of data size on the training results of the system was analyzed based on the theory of statistics and the Delphi method that are used for data inspection. The results show that the evaluation system has good learning and application ability. By using the field measured data of an in-service tunnel, after learning, the system can effectively imitate experts to do nonlinear fuzzy inference. C1 [Chen, Bin] Zhejiang Univ City Coll, Dept Civil Engn, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Chen, Bin; Tian, Zhanghua] Yangtze Delta Inst Urban Infrastruct, Inst Transportat Infrastruct, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Chen, Zeng-shun] Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Zhi-cheng; Sun, Wenjiang] Zhejiang Univ, Coll Civil Engn & Architecture, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. C3 Hangzhou City University; Hong Kong University of Science & Technology; Zhejiang University RP Chen, ZS (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM jeetchen_123@hotmail.com; 79215399@qq.com; zchenba@ust.hk; 94643330@qq.com; wenjiangsun13@163.com OI zengshun, chen/0000-0001-5916-1165 CR Cabalar AF, 2012, COMPUT GEOTECH, V40, P14, DOI 10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.09.008 Hosoz M, 2011, EXPERT SYST APPL, V38, P14148, DOI 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.225 Hyun KC, 2015, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V49, P121, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.04.007 Jalalifar H, 2011, COMPUT GEOTECH, V38, P783, DOI 10.1016/j.compgeo.2011.04.005 JANG JSR, 1993, IEEE T SYST MAN CYB, V23, P665, DOI 10.1109/21.256541 Kawamura K, 2003, ENG STRUCT, V25, P1455, DOI 10.1016/S0141-0296(03)00112-3 Li N, 2016, J AEROSPACE ENG, V29, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000514 Manca D, 2011, TRANSPORT POLICY, V18, P657, DOI 10.1016/j.tranpol.2010.12.003 Ministry of Communications of the PRC, 1997, JTJ07396 PRC MIN COM Sun W.B., 2013, THESIS Vidal LA, 2011, EXPERT SYST APPL, V38, P5388, DOI 10.1016/j.eswa.2010.10.016 [杨则英 Yang Zeying], 2006, [土木工程学报, China Civil Engineering Journal], V39, P16 Zadeh EE, 2016, EUR PHYS J PLUS, V131, DOI 10.1140/epjp/i2016-16167-6 Zhang W, 2014, COMPUT-AIDED CIV INF, V29, P676, DOI 10.1111/mice.12091 NR 14 TC 23 Z9 24 U1 3 U2 78 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0893-1321 EI 1943-5525 J9 J AEROSPACE ENG JI J. Aerosp. Eng. PD SEP PY 2018 VL 31 IS 5 AR 04018073 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000883 PG 8 WC Engineering, Aerospace; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA GN9RA UT WOS:000439542900015 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ma, YQ Lu, LJ Lu, JJ AF Ma, Yingqi Lu, Linjun Lu, Jian John TI Safety evaluation model of urban cross-river tunnel based on driving simulation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INJURY CONTROL AND SAFETY PROMOTION LA English DT Article DE urban cross-river tunnel; driving simulation; safety evaluation; analytic hierarchy process; accident rate; driving risk ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; DESIGN CONSISTENCY; UTILITIES AB Currently, Shanghai urban cross-river tunnels have three principal characteristics: increased traffic, a high accident rate and rapidly developing construction. Because of their complex geographic and hydrological characteristics, the alignment conditions in urban cross-river tunnels are more complicated than in highway tunnels, so a safety evaluation of urban cross-river tunnels is necessary to suggest follow-up construction and changes in operational management. A driving risk index (DRI) for urban cross-river tunnels was proposed in this study. An index system was also constructed, combining eight factors derived from the output of a driving simulator regarding three aspects of risk due to following, lateral accidents and driver workload. Analytic hierarchy process methods and expert marking and normalization processing were applied to construct a mathematical model for the DRI. The driving simulator was used to simulate 12 Shanghai urban cross-river tunnels and a relationship was obtained between the DRI for the tunnels and the corresponding accident rate (AR) via a regression analysis. The regression analysis results showed that the relationship between the DRI and the AR mapped to an exponential function with a high degree of fit. In the absence of detailed accident data, a safety evaluation model based on factors derived from a driving simulation can effectively assess the driving risk in urban cross-river tunnels constructed or in design. C1 [Ma, Yingqi; Lu, Linjun] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Naval Architecture Ocean & Civil Engn, Dept Transportat & Shipping, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Lu, Jian John] Tongji Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. C3 Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Tongji University RP Lu, LJ (通讯作者)，Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Naval Architecture Ocean & Civil Engn, Dept Transportat & Shipping, Shanghai, Peoples R China. EM linjunlu@sjtu.edu.cn RI Lu, Linjun/L-6856-2019 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [E080701/51508325] FX National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [grant number E080701/51508325]; Study on Alignment Safety Design Method of Urban Water-Crossing Tunnels. 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J. Inj. Control Saf. Promot. PY 2017 VL 24 IS 3 BP 293 EP 302 DI 10.1080/17457300.2016.1170044 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA FC4BQ UT WOS:000406783900003 PM 27165860 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, WB Liu, HT Chen, Y Chen, XS Xu, T Bai, JS Zhao, LS AF Chen, Wei-Bin Liu, Hai-Tong Chen, Yue Chen, Xiang-Sheng Xu, Tao Bai, Jing-Song Zhao, Lin-Shuang TI Field data-based safety assessment and probabilistic deformation prediction of existing metro tunnels under adjacent excavation SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Existing metro tunnel; Adjacent excavation; Safety assessment; Probabilistic prediction ID SHIELD TUNNEL; SETTLEMENT AB The stratum disturbance caused by excavation will threaten the structural integrity and operational safety of the existing metro tunnels. The data-driven approach proposed in this study mainly focuses on the safety assessment and probabilistic deformation prediction of existing metro tunnels under adjacent excavation operations. In deformation prediction, comparison of the Elman neural network, extreme gradient boosting, support vector machine, and random forest model shows the extreme gradient boosting achieves excellent accuracy and captures convergence variation patterns robustly. For safety assessment, principal component analysis fuses three key deformation indices to generate a comprehensive parameter Q. After normality tests confirm Q approximates a normal distribution, the "68-95 rule" classifies tunnel safety into 4 levels. For the left tunnel line, the 180-day forecast shows that the deployment of monitoring points under slightly enhanced Level 3 frequency can be moderately expanded. For the right tunnel line, the proportion of high/enhanced-frequency monitoring points can be proportionally reduced. In probabilistic deformation prediction, K-means clustering identifies two optimal clusters for both tunnel lines. Larger Bootstrap sampling enhances the statistical stability of the expendance percentage distribution. Left-line Cluster 2 shows persistently high expendance percentages while right-line Cluster 1 carries higher risk, likely owing to greater burial depth and in-situ stress. Level 1 high-frequency monitoring supplemented by multi-source data is recommended for both high-risk clusters. The proposed risk assessment framework is expected to promote the transformation from empirical thresholds to statistical thresholds and from static risk mapping to dynamic risk mapping. C1 [Chen, Wei-Bin; Liu, Hai-Tong; Chen, Xiang-Sheng; Xu, Tao] Shenzhen Univ, Coll Civil & Transportat Engn, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Chen, Wei-Bin; Liu, Hai-Tong; Chen, Xiang-Sheng; Xu, Tao] Shenzhen Univ, Underground Polis Acad, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Chen, Wei-Bin; Liu, Hai-Tong; Chen, Xiang-Sheng; Xu, Tao] Shenzhen Univ, Key Lab Coastal Urban Resilience Infrastruct, Minist Educ, Shenzhen, Peoples R China. [Chen, Wei-Bin; Liu, Hai-Tong; Chen, Xiang-Sheng; Xu, Tao] Natl Engn Res Ctr Deep Shaft Construction, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Chen, Yue; Bai, Jing-Song] Cent Res Inst Bldg & Construct Co Ltd, MCC Grp, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Zhao, Lin-Shuang] Shantou Univ, Coll Engn, Shantou, Peoples R China. C3 Shenzhen University; Shenzhen University; Shenzhen University; MCC Capital Engineering & Research Incorporation Limited; Shantou University RP Xu, T (通讯作者)，Shenzhen Univ, Coll Civil & Transportat Engn, Shenzhen, Guangdong, Peoples R China. EM wbchen@szu.edu.cn; 2177633160@qq.com; ychen_9109@outlook.com; xschen@szu.edu.cn; taoxu-hit@hotmail.com; bjs0072004@163.com; lshzhao@stu.edu.cn FU National Key Research and Development Program of China [2023YFC3009303, 2023YFC3807502]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52308361, 42561160093]; Shenzhen Science and Technology Program [JCYJ20250604182632043] FX Financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2023YFC3009303, 2023YFC3807502) , National Natural Science Foundation of China (52308361, 42561160093) and Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (JCYJ20250604182632043) are greatly acknowledged. CR Cao WX, 2025, SADHANA-ACAD P ENG S, V50, DOI 10.1007/s12046-025-02849-0 Chen XH, 2025, EUR J ENVIRON CIV EN, V29, P3608, DOI 10.1080/19648189.2025.2525454 EFRON B, 1979, SIAM REV, V21, P460, DOI 10.1137/1021092 Galarnyk M., 2018, Towards data science Gan XL, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V120, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104317 Guo PP, 2021, GEOFLUIDS, V2021, DOI 10.1155/2021/5548817 Hong CY, 2023, GONDWANA RES, V123, P16, DOI 10.1016/j.gr.2022.05.015 Huang HW, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V67, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.05.005 Jallow A, 2019, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V88, P221, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.02.021 Janda T, 2018, INT J NUMER ANAL MET, V42, P1765, DOI 10.1002/nag.2810 Liang RZ, 2024, INT J NUMER ANAL MET, V48, P2493, DOI 10.1002/nag.3745 Liu B, 2024, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V147, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105704 Liu WW, 2022, EUR J ENVIRON CIV EN, V26, P2008, DOI 10.1080/19648189.2020.1744482 Lu Y, 2023, Urban Lifeline, V1, DOI [10.1007/s44285-023-00009-6, 10.1007/s44285-023-00009-6, DOI 10.1007/S44285-023-00009-6] MACKIEWICZ A, 1993, COMPUT GEOSCI, V19, P303, DOI 10.1016/0098-3004(93)90090-R MacQueen J., 1967, 5-th Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability, DOI DOI 10.1007/S11665-016-2173-6 Manchao H, 2015, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V45, P190, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.09.006 Mu BG, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V113, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103870 Mu LL, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V131, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104793 Peck R.B., 1969, P 7 INT C SOIL MECH, P225, DOI DOI 10.1201/B12748-79 Qian WP, 2019, J ROCK MECH GEOTECH, V11, P88, DOI 10.1016/j.jrmge.2018.04.014 Quan Y, 2023, ADV CIV ENG, V2023, DOI 10.1155/2023/8897139 SAPUTRA D M., 2020, Effect of Distance Metrics in Determining K-Value in K-Means Clustering Using Elbow and Silhouette Method, V172, P341, DOI DOI 10.2991/AISR.K.200424.051 Shadabfar M, 2020, RESULTS ENG, V5, DOI 10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100075 Tabaroei A, 2025, SCI REP-UK, V15, DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-11477-x Takano YH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P303 Tian W, 2021, ADV CIV ENG, V2021, DOI 10.1155/2021/8833473 Wang DY, 2025, J ROCK MECH GEOTECH, V17, P6915, DOI [10.1016/j.jrmge.2024.11.025, 10.1016/j.jrmge.2024.11.025] Wang J, 2025, SCI PROGRESS-UK, V108, DOI 10.1177/00368504251349975 Wang SC, 2024, BUILDINGS-BASEL, V14, DOI 10.3390/buildings14061674 Wang ZC, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V30, P85, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.010 Xu DL, 2019, P I CIVIL ENG-MUNIC, V172, P218, DOI 10.1680/jmuen.18.00029 Yuan Y, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V27, P72, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2011.07.002 Zhang HL, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V140, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105342 Zhang XH, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V131, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104770 Zhao HL, 2023, APPL SCI-BASEL, V13, DOI 10.3390/app13179726 Zhou ML, 2021, ASCE-ASME J RISK U A, V7, DOI 10.1061/AJRUA6.0001170 Zhu CY, 2025, BUILDINGS-BASEL, V15, DOI 10.3390/buildings15142561 NR 38 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 8 U2 8 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 EI 1878-4364 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD MAY PY 2026 VL 171 AR 107443 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2026.107443 EA JAN 2026 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA CR2YM UT WOS:001672553700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, K Chen, YC Wang, HR Xie, H Liu, ZW AF Liu, Kang Chen, Yongcan Wang, Haoran Xie, Hui Liu, Zhaowei TI Reducing inconsistencies of FAHP in structural safety assessment of diversion tunnels SO APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE Fuzzy analytic hierarchy process; Structural safety assessment; Expert weight; Diversion tunnel ID GROUP DECISION-MAKING; FUZZY AHP; RISK-ASSESSMENT; WEIGHTS; CONSISTENCY; MAKERS; TOPSIS; AGGREGATION; SELECTION; CRITERIA AB The Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is an effective method for assessing risks and has great potential for assessing the structural safety of diversion tunnels. However, this type of professional assessment can become more complicated due to the presence of multiple factors that influence the safety of the tunnel. This complexity not only necessitates the establishment of a comprehensive index system but also introduces uncertainties related to inconsistencies in expert judgments and unknown expert weights in group decision-making process. To address these issues, this study proposed an improved FAHP method for the structural safety assessment of diversion tunnels. This method incorporates a proposed comprehensive index system and incorporates a preceding ordering process before pairwise comparisons in the questionnaire to enhance the consistency in expert judgment. The consistency and compatibility of expert judgment matrices are quantified using a distance vector rather than a single number, and a reasonable comprehensive weight is calculated based on the Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory. We applied this method to the structure safety assessment of the Houziyan hydropower station diversion tunnel and found an overall low risk for the tunnel, but significant issues were identified regarding lining crack. Furthermore, we conducted a comparative evaluation of the proposed method against other related methods, thereby demonstrating its high quality. The study contributes an improved FAHP method for the structural safety analysis of diversion tunnels and encourages the wider application of FAHP in more complicated systems.& COPY; 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Liu, Kang; Chen, Yongcan; Liu, Zhaowei] Tsinghua Univ, State Key Lab Hydrosci & Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Chen, Yongcan] Southwest Petr Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Geomatics, Chengdu, Peoples R China. [Wang, Haoran; Xie, Hui] Tsinghua Univ, Sichuan Energy Internet Res Inst, Chengdu, Peoples R China. C3 Tsinghua University; Southwest Petroleum University; Tsinghua University RP Liu, ZW (通讯作者)，Tsinghua Univ, State Key Lab Hydrosci & Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China. EM liu-k21@mails.tsinghua.edu.cn; chenyc@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn; thuwhr@163.com; xiexieh@163.com; liuzhw@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn RI Liu, Zhaowei/R-9970-2016; Liu, Kang/JXN-2578-2024 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [U21A20157, 51979142, 52009064]; Open Research Fund Program of State Key Laboratory of Hydroscience and Engineer- ing, People's Republic of China [sklhse-2019-B-06] FX The authors are thankful to the associated editor and anony- mous reviewers for their constructive comments. This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO. 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Soft. Comput. PD OCT PY 2023 VL 146 AR 110642 DI 10.1016/j.asoc.2023.110642 EA JUL 2023 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science GA P4WY7 UT WOS:001050694200001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Guerrieri, M Dinnella, N AF Guerrieri, Marco Dinnella, Nicola TI IMPROVING TRAFFIC SAFETY IN EXISTING AND NEW ROAD TUNNELS WITH THE NOVEL NDBA CONCRETE SAFETY BARRIER SO TRANSPORT AND TELECOMMUNICATION JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE concrete safety barriers; "NDBA Tunnel" barrier; full-scale crash test; EN 1317 regulation ID CRASH TESTS; GUARDRAIL; ACCIDENTS AB Two main elements are essential in terms of road traffic safety. The first element is accident prevention and the second is the minimization of accident severity once a crash has occurred. Concrete safety barriers have very good anti-collision performance against roadside obstacles, relatively modest construction and maintenance costs, and low dynamic deflection and therefore are widely used in tunnels. Thanks to their characteristic redirective profile these barriers can redirect errant vehicles into their original lane after collisions. However insufficient research has been done for increasing the performance of concrete barriers purposely designed for tunnel installations. This research presents the new "NDBA Tunnel" concrete safety barrier designed and constructed by the Italian Road Operator ANAS indicated to be installed in road tunnel sections for safety improvements. In Europe, road safety barriers must be designed in compliance with the European Standard EN 1317. Therefore, the barrier "NDBA Tunnel" was subject to the TB11 and TB81 full-scale crash tests according to the European EN 1317 regulation. The results prove the barrier's ability to absorb impact loads of light and heavy vehicles with a working width W2. Therefore, the NDBA concrete barrier can be installed on existing or new tunnels at a distance less than or equal to 70 cm from the facing of the tunnel wall. C1 [Guerrieri, Marco] Univ Trento, DICAM, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy. [Dinnella, Nicola] ANAS SpA, Via Marsala 27, I-00185 Rome, Italy. C3 University of Trento RP Guerrieri, M (通讯作者)，Univ Trento, DICAM, Via Mesiano 77, I-38123 Trento, Italy. EM marco.guerrieri@unitn.it; n.dinnella@stradeanas.it RI Guerrieri, Marco/AAG-2815-2019 OI Guerrieri, Marco/0000-0002-0813-1799 FU Italian Ministry of Universities and Research (MUR) [L232/2016] FX The second author acknowledges the Italian Ministry of Universities and Research (MUR), in the framework of the project DICAM-EXC (Departments of Excellence 2023-2027, grant L232/2016) CR Amundsen F.H., 2009, An analysis on traffic accidents in road tunnels 2001-2006 Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 AMUNDSEN FH, 1994, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V9, P9, DOI 10.1016/0886-7798(94)90004-3 [Anonymous], 2004, Italian Road safety barriers guidelines [Anonymous], 2013, ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences [Anonymous], 2010, EN 1317-1 [Anonymous], 2003, NCHRP Report 492 [Anonymous], 2010, EN 1317-2 Borovinsek M, 2007, ENG FAIL ANAL, V14, P1711, DOI 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.11.068 Bruski D, 2019, ENG FAIL ANAL, V104, P227, DOI 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2019.05.023 Caliendo C, 2024, INT J CIV ENG, V22, P505, DOI 10.1007/s40999-023-00903-8 Chell J, 2019, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V133, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2019.07.015 Coon BA, 2006, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V38, P1, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2005.06.016 Dinnella N., 2019, Patent (PCT), Patent No. [IB2019/058588, 2019058588] Dinnella N, 2020, ENG FAIL ANAL, V115, DOI 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2020.104660 EUPAVE, 2012, Concrete Safety Barriers: A Safe and Sustainable Choice European Commission, 2004, Directive 2004/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on Minimum Safety Requirements for Tunnels in the Trans-European Road Network 2004 Grzebieta R.H., 2005, P 19 INT TECHN C ENH Guerrieri M, 2020, SCI TOTAL ENVIRON, V727, DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138521 Guerrieri M, 2021, INT J INTELL TRANSP, V19, P429, DOI 10.1007/s13177-021-00255-4 Hallquist J.O., 2006, LS DYNA THEORY MANUA, V3, P25 Jiang S., 2019, CHIN J UNDERGROUND S, V15, P460 Li Z, 2021, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V159, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106286 Luo Q., 2023, Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology, P132 Montella A, 2001, TRANSPORT RES REC, P104, DOI 10.3141/1743-14 Pireddu A., 2022, WIT Transactions on the Built Environment, V214, P71 Ren R, 2019, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V83, P452, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.10.008 Tischer M., 2014, LS DYNA FORUM Trajkovski J, 2018, STROJ VESTN-J MECH E, V64, P753, DOI 10.5545/sv-jme.2018.5290 Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, 2003, Interactive Highway Safety Design Midel: Getting Started Guide Xing RR, 2023, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V15, DOI 10.3390/su151310730 Yang J, 2019, ENG STRUCT, V182, P459, DOI 10.1016/j.engstruct.2018.12.090 NR 32 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 6 PU SCIENDO PI WARSAW PA BOGUMILA ZUGA 32A, WARSAW, MAZOVIA, POLAND SN 1407-6160 EI 1407-6179 J9 TRANSP TELECOMMUN J JI Transp. Telecommun. J. PD JUN 15 PY 2024 VL 25 IS 3 BP 251 EP 265 DI 10.2478/ttj-2024-0018 PG 15 WC Transportation Science & Technology WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Transportation GA WG4T4 UT WOS:001253710600004 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Hou, QZ Tarko, AP Meng, XH AF Hou, Qinzhong Tarko, Andrew P. Meng, Xianghai TI Analyzing crash frequency in freeway tunnels: A correlated random parameters approach SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Tunnel traffic safety; Correlated random parameters model; Negative binomial model; Tunnel design; Pavement condition ID NEGATIVE BINOMIAL MODEL; ROAD TUNNELS; SPATIAL HETEROGENEITY; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; SAFETY; COEFFICIENTS; HIGHWAYS; DESIGN AB The majority of past road safety studies focused on open road segments while only a few focused on tunnels. Moreover, the past tunnel studies produced some inconsistent results about the safety effects of the traffic patterns, the tunnel design, and the pavement conditions. The effects of these conditions therefore remain unknown, especially for freeway tunnels in China. The study presented in this paper investigated the safety effects of these various factors utilizing a four-year period (2009-2012) of data as well as three models: 1) a random effects negative binomial model (RENB), 2) an uncorrelated random parameters negative binomial model (URPNB), and 3) a correlated random parameters negative binomial model (CRPNB). Of these three, the results showed that the CRPNB model provided better goodness-of-fit and offered more insights into the factors that contribute to tunnel safety. The CRPNB was not only able to allocate the part of the otherwise unobserved heterogeneity to the individual model parameters but also was able to estimate the cross-correlations between these parameters. Furthermore, the study results showed that traffic volume, tunnel length, proportion of heavy trucks, curvature, and pavement rutting were associated with higher frequencies of traffic crashes, while the distance to the tunnel wall, distance to the adjacent tunnel, distress ratio, International Roughness Index (IRI), and friction coefficient were associated with lower crash frequencies. In addition, the effects of the heterogeneity of the proportion of heavy trucks, the curvature, the rutting depth, and the friction coefficient were identified and their inter-correlations were analyzed. C1 [Hou, Qinzhong; Meng, Xianghai] Harbin Inst Technol, Sch Transportat Sci & Engn, Harbin 150090, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China. [Hou, Qinzhong; Tarko, Andrew P.] Purdue Univ, Lyles Sch Civil Engn, Ctr Rd Safety, W Lafayette, IN 47907 USA. C3 Harbin Institute of Technology; Purdue University System; Purdue University RP Meng, XH (通讯作者)，Harbin Inst Technol, Sch Transportat Sci & Engn, Harbin 150090, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China. EM houqinzhong@126.com; tarko@purdue.edu; mengxianghai100@126.com FU Center for Road Safety of Purdue University; China Scholarship Council (CSC); Guangdong Provincial Department of Transportation; Liaoning Provincial Department of Transportation FX This study was supported by Guangdong Provincial Department of Transportation and Liaoning Provincial Department of Transportation. The authors also thank the Center for Road Safety of Purdue University and the China Scholarship Council (CSC) for supporting the first author's research. 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PD FEB PY 2018 VL 111 BP 94 EP 100 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.018 PG 7 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA FU9MG UT WOS:000424179400010 PM 29195130 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU He, SY Liang, B Pan, GB Wang, F Cui, LL AF He, Shiyong Liang, Bo Pan, Guobing Wang, Feng Cui, Lulu TI Influence of dynamic highway tunnel lighting environment on driving safety based on eye movement parameters of the driver SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnel lighting environment; Eye movement parameters; Traffic safety; Sidewall luminance ID ROAD TUNNELS; ATTENTION; ADAPTATION; SPEED AB In this study, the non-intrusive eye-tracking system Smart Eye Pro was used to record eye movement parameters while drivers were driving through a highway tunnel with two types of lighting environments. The driving safety of the drivers was studied by analyzing the recorded eye movement parameters. The results indicated that the sharp decrease in luminance would result in the change in the position and duration of the fixation point of the driver. The driver performed continuous visual exploration of the unknown highway tunnel lighting environment; this reflects a strong sense of tension. The decreasing luminance, its lower uniformity, and the flicker effect in the tunnel interior zone, resulted in the increase in the pupil diameter of the driver, and the visual load of the driver increased with the change in the rate of increase in the pupil diameter. The eye movement parameters were more stable in a lighting environment with higher luminance on the tunnel sidewall; the optimization of the spatial luminance distribution of the lighting environment and the use of open sun-screens in the entrance portal are recommended for energy saving and traffic safety in highway tunnels. C1 [He, Shiyong; Liang, Bo; Pan, Guobing] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Liang, Bo; Pan, Guobing; Cui, Lulu] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Breeding Base Mt Bridge & Tunnel En, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Wang, Feng] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Coll Mat Sci & Engn, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP He, SY (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. EM he-sy@hotmail.com RI He, Shiyong/AGR-8932-2022 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51678096]; Chongqing Municipal Education Commission [KJ1500505]; Department of transportation of Yunnan Province [2014(A)17]; China Scholarship Council (CSC); Finnish Government Scholarship (CIMO) FX This work was supported by the Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 51678096), the Scientific and Technological Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (grant number KJ1500505), and the Science and technology program of Department of transportation of Yunnan Province (2014(A)17). The present research work was also supported by the China Scholarship Council (CSC) and the Finnish Government Scholarship (CIMO). 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PD AUG PY 2017 VL 67 BP 52 EP 60 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.020 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA EX8PZ UT WOS:000403514000005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, C Kang, C Ye, L Weng, JJ Huang, ZY Wu, K AF Zhang, Chi Kang, Cheng Ye, Lei Weng, Jiajun Huang, Zhiyi Wu, Ke TI The influence of dimming-induced luminance change on driving safety in tunnels SO HELIYON LA English DT Article DE Tunnel lighting; Threshold zone of the tunnel; Dimming; Luminance change rate; Driving safety ID VISUAL PERFORMANCE; CONTROL-SYSTEM AB Although dimming the light in tunnels brings salient benefits to energy saving, the effects of dimming-induced luminance changes on driving safety have been rarely explored. Adopting the visual performance experiment, the present study investigated the impacts of the dimminginduced luminance change rate (V) on the safety of driver's perception, judgment, and operation in the threshold zone of the tunnel under different seasons and weather conditions. The results show that the reaction times (RTs), pupil area change rate (vp), and blink frequency (fb), increased with the increase of V. When the luminance before the beginning of dimming (L) was higher, drivers reacted faster and stood a lower level of the mental load and fatigue. Compared with decreasing the luminance through dimming, when increasing the luminance through dimming, the present study found that each of the visual performance indices was about 10% lower, and the changes with V became smaller. Based on the safety thresholds of RT, vp, and fb, the present study obtained the thresholds of V which can meet the safety requirements of driver's perception, judgment, and operation. Finally, a theoretical model between the thresholds of V and L was developed, and this model will shed light on the control of V in the threshold zone of the tunnel under different seasons and weather conditions. C1 [Zhang, Chi; Kang, Cheng; Weng, Jiajun; Huang, Zhiyi; Wu, Ke] Zhejiang Univ, Key Lab Offshore Geotech & Mat Zhejiang Prov, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Chi; Kang, Cheng; Weng, Jiajun; Huang, Zhiyi; Wu, Ke] Zhejiang Univ, Ctr Balance Architecture, 148 Tianmushan Rd, Hangzhou 310007, Peoples R China. [Ye, Lei] Zhejiang Prov Dept Transport, Dept Construct Management, Meihuabei 4, Hangzhou 310009, Peoples R China. [Huang, Zhiyi; Wu, Ke] Zhejiang Univ, Engn Res Ctr Ocean Sensing Technol & Equipment, Minist Educ, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, Peoples R China. C3 Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University; Zhejiang University RP Wu, K (通讯作者)，Zhejiang Univ, Key Lab Offshore Geotech & Mat Zhejiang Prov, 866 Yuhangtang Rd, Hangzhou 310058, Peoples R China. EM wuke@zju.edu.cn OI WU, ke/0000-0003-2313-3124 FU Transportation science and technology planning project of Ningbo [202113]; Department of Transportation of Zhejiang Province [2022-GCKY-02]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [226-2022-00101, 226-2022-00096] FX Dr. ke WU was supported by Transportation science and technology planning project of Ningbo [202113] , Department of Transportation of Zhejiang Province [2022-GCKY-02] , Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [226-2022-00101, 226-2022-00096] . 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Team, 2021, 11 R C TEAM R FDN ST Schreuder D.A., 1964, LIGHTING VEHICULAR T, DOI [10.6100/IR88368, DOI 10.6100/IR88368] Treat J.R., 1979, STANSIFER HUME CASTE Zhang D., 1998, ENVIRON INT, V11, P109, DOI [10.19721/j.cnki.1001-7372.1998.01.017, DOI 10.19721/J.CNKI.1001-7372.1998.01.017] Zhao JD, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V109, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103768 Zhao L, 2020, OPTIK, V213, DOI 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.164388 Zhao L, 2019, OPTIK, V180, P419, DOI 10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.11.123 NR 41 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 3 U2 32 PU CELL PRESS PI CAMBRIDGE PA 50 HAMPSHIRE ST, FLOOR 5, CAMBRIDGE, MA 02139 USA EI 2405-8440 J9 HELIYON JI Heliyon PD JAN PY 2023 VL 9 IS 1 AR e12928 DI 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e12928 EA JAN 2023 PG 11 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA D4QJ5 UT WOS:000968591300001 PM 36704284 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Heo, I Darkhanbat, K Lee, D Jeong, H Kim, KS Choi, SH AF Heo, Inwook Darkhanbat, Khaliunaa Lee, Doohee Jeong, Hoseong Kim, Kang Su Choi, Seung-Ho TI Performance-based egress safety assessment of underground tunnels: simulation and artificial neural network approaches SO ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE underground tunnel; fire simulation; egress simulation; egress safety; artificial neural network AB In this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) model was proposed to evaluate the egress safety of underground tunnels during fire. Fire simulations were carried out using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) for underground tunnels with a general cross-section, considering fire size as a key variable. In addition, egress simulations were performed using the Pathfinder program, with the spacing of cross-passage and the width of fire doors set as variables. Through this process, the available safe egress time (ASET), required safe egress time (RSET) and the number of casualties were derived for each variable, and the egress safety characteristics of underground tunnels under various parameter combinations were analysed in detail. Based on the derived data, an ANN model was developed to derive the ASET, RSET and survival rate in underground tunnels during fire incidents. The proposed ANN model is expected to efficiently evaluate the egress safety of underground tunnels with general dimensions without the need to perform additional fire and egress simulations. The ANN-based prediction model achieved coefficients of determination (R-2) of 0.99 for ASET, 0.99 for RSET and 0.98 for survival rate, with average error rates of 1.72%, 1.36% and 2.31%, respectively, demonstrating very high accuracy. C1 [Heo, Inwook; Lee, Doohee] Univ Seoul, Urban Disaster Safety Res Inst, Seoul, South Korea. [Darkhanbat, Khaliunaa; Jeong, Hoseong] Univ Seoul, Dept Architectural Engn, Seoul, South Korea. [Kim, Kang Su] Univ Seoul, Dept Architectural Engn, Seoul, South Korea. [Kim, Kang Su] Univ Seoul, Smart City Interdisciplinary Major Program, Seoul, South Korea. [Choi, Seung-Ho] Univ Seoul, Dept Disaster Management & Fire Safety Engn, Seoul, South Korea. C3 University of Seoul; University of Seoul; University of Seoul; University of Seoul; University of Seoul RP Choi, SH (通讯作者)，Univ Seoul, Dept Disaster Management & Fire Safety Engn, Seoul, South Korea. EM inwookheo@uos.ac.kr; khaliunaa@uos.ac.kr; dooheelee@uos.ac.kr; besc3217@uos.ac.kr; kangkim@uos.ac.kr; ssarmilmil@uos.ac.kr RI Jeong, Hoseong/JGM-1658-2023 FU National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant - Korea government (MSIT) [RS-2023-00220019]; University of Seoul FX This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT) (No. RS-2023-00220019) for Inwook Heo, Darkhanbat Khaliunaa and Kang Su Kim. This study was also supported by the 2023 Advanced Facility Fund of the University of Seoul (2023) for Seung-Ho Choi. 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Architecture Plann., V610, P133, DOI DOI 10.3130/AIJA.71.1332 Statistics Korea, 2022, POP CENS Thunderhead Engineering, 2021, Version 2021.3 Wang K, 2023, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V15, DOI 10.3390/su15064865 Xie BC, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V97, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103250 Yum SG, 2020, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V12, DOI 10.3390/su12198026 Zhang YX, 2024, FIRE TECHNOL, V60, P859, DOI 10.1007/s10694-022-01357-5 Zhang ZY, 2024, CHAOS SOLITON FRACT, V187, DOI 10.1016/j.chaos.2024.115434 NR 37 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU ROYAL SOC PI LONDON PA 6-9 CARLTON HOUSE TERRACE, LONDON SW1Y 5AG, ENGLAND SN 2054-5703 J9 ROY SOC OPEN SCI JI R. Soc. Open Sci. PD DEC 17 PY 2025 VL 12 IS 12 AR 251278 DI 10.1098/rsos.251278 PG 25 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA DO3WF UT WOS:001688219800031 OA gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lu, JF Xue, XQ AF Lu, Junfu Xue, Xiaoqiang TI RESEARCH ON THE CLASSIFICATION OF LIFE-CYCLE SAFETY MONITORING LEVELS OF SUBSEA TUNNELS SO POLISH MARITIME RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Subsea tunnel; Life-cycle; Safety monitoring; Monitoring level; Disaster warning AB As a traffic engineering project across straits or gulfs, subsea tunnel is one of the oceaneering with great construction difficulties, and the key to the success of subsea tunnel engineering lies in timely and accurate assessment of the structure safety of subsea tunnel engineering construction and life-cycle. Xiang'an Xiamen subsea tunnel is China's first subsea tunnel which crosses complex formation conditions, engineering accidents such as collapse, sudden inflow of water or mud might occur during tunnel construction and operation. Therefore, the concept of subsea tunnel life-cycle monitoring is proposed aiming at the particularity of subsea tunnels. The variation forms of subsea tunnel mainly include large deformation, collapse, primary support cracking, water leakage, water pressure increase, steel arch corrosion, concrete corrosion, longitudinal differential settlement, etc., and classification of the life-cycle safety monitoring levels of the subsea tunnel is conducted based on risk assessment theory and risk level management benchmark to determine the possible variation forms in the monitoring level segments. The research results will provide reference for the subsea tunnel life-cycle monitoring, disaster warning as well as risk management under construction or to be built at home and abroad. C1 [Lu, Junfu; Xue, Xiaoqiang] Chengdu Univ Technol, State Key Lab Geohazard Prevent & Geoenvironm Pro, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, Peoples R China. C3 Chengdu University of Technology RP Xue, XQ (通讯作者)，Chengdu Univ Technol, State Key Lab Geohazard Prevent & Geoenvironm Pro, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, Peoples R China. EM lujunfu@126.com FU national natural science foundation of china [51208069]; State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection [SKLGP2012Z005, SKLGP2016Z010] FX This work was supported by the national natural science foundation of china (51208069), and the State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (SKLGP2012Z005, SKLGP2016Z010). 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S., 1980, CANADIAN BUILDING DI [苏木标 SU MUbiao], 2007, [铁道学报, Journal of the China Railway Society], V29, P71 Sumitro S, 2001, P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS, V4337, P517, DOI 10.1117/12.435628 Wang M.L., 2004, WORKSH BAS STRUCT HL, P13 Wu ZS, 2003, STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AND INTELLIGENT INFRASTRUCTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2, P153 NR 19 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 45 PU GDANSK UNIV TECHNOLOGY PI GDANSK PA FAC OCEAN ENGINEERING & SHIP TECHNOLOGY, UL NARUTOWICZA 11-12, GDANSK, 80-952, POLAND SN 1233-2585 J9 POL MARIT RES JI Pol. Marit. Res. PD AUG PY 2017 VL 24 SI 2 BP 125 EP 132 DI 10.1515/pomr-2017-0074 PG 8 WC Engineering, Marine WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA FH8XY UT WOS:000411490000017 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Suban, A Petelin, S Vidmar, P AF Suban, Ales Petelin, Stojan Vidmar, Peter TI Effect of Gusty Wind on Road Tunnel Safety SO STROJNISKI VESTNIK-JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE road tunnel; Kastelec tunnel; longitudinal ventilation; wind gusts; the Bora wind; CFD simulations AB This article deals with the effect of wind with its characteristics on the longitudinal ventilation of a road tunnel as a key segment of fire safety. Using CFD simulations, the influence of wind gusts, which differ and is more difficult to define than the influence of a constant wind on tunnel ventilation, is researched in more detail. On the basis of the simulation results, which have been validated with real measures, the findings are presented regarding the importance of taking into account the characteristics of non-stationary wind to ensure the adequate safety of tunnel users in the event of a fire, as well as of fire-fighting units during intervention. C1 [Suban, Ales; Petelin, Stojan; Vidmar, Peter] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transport, SI-6320 Portoroz, Slovenia. C3 University of Ljubljana RP Suban, A (通讯作者)，Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transport, Pot Pomorscakov 4, SI-6320 Portoroz, Slovenia. 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Mech. Eng. PD JUL-AUG PY 2015 VL 61 IS 7-8 BP 421 EP 431 DI 10.5545/sv-jme.2015.2433 PG 11 WC Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA CN9GL UT WOS:000358755200001 OA gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhou, J Xu, WX Guo, X Liu, XM AF Zhou, Jin Xu, Weixiang Guo, Xin Liu, Xumin TI A hierarchical network modeling method for railway tunnels safety assessment SO PHYSICA A-STATISTICAL MECHANICS AND ITS APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Network theory; Railway tunnels safety assessment; Data mining; Apriori algorithm; Fuzzy set theory ID ASSOCIATION RULES; ACCIDENT ANALYSIS; EXPLORE; RISK AB Using network theory to model risk-related knowledge on accidents is regarded as potential very helpful in risk management. A large amount of defects detection data for railway tunnels is collected in autumn every year in China. It is extremely important to discover the regularities knowledge in database. In this paper, based on network theories and by using data mining techniques, a new method is proposed for mining risk-related regularities to support risk management in railway tunnel projects. A hierarchical network (HN) model which takes into account the tunnel structures, tunnel defects, potential failures and accidents is established. An improved Apriori algorithm is designed to rapidly and effectively mine correlations between tunnel structures and tunnel defects. Then an algorithm is presented in order to mine the risk-related regularities table (RRT) from the frequent patterns. At last, a safety assessment method is proposed by consideration of actual defects and possible risks of defects gained from the RRT. This method cannot only generate the quantitative risk results but also reveal the key defects and critical risks of defects. This paper is further development on accident causation network modeling methods which can provide guidance for specific maintenance measure. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhou, Jin; Xu, Weixiang; Guo, Xin] Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China. [Guo, Xin] Beijing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Rail Traff Control & Safety, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China. [Liu, Xumin] Capital Normal Univ, Coll Informat Engn, Beijing 100048, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing Jiaotong University; Beijing Jiaotong University; Capital Normal University RP Xu, WX (通讯作者)，Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China. EM wxxu317@126.com RI xu, weixiang/H-1744-2012 OI Guo, Xin/0000-0002-5563-6060 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [61272029, 61672002]; China Scholarship Council; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2016YJS076] FX This research has been sponsored and supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61272029 and 61672002), China Scholarship Council and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2016YJS076). CR Agrawal R., P 20 INT C VERY LARG Chen SM, 2001, FUZZY SET SYST, V118, P75, DOI 10.1016/S0165-0114(99)00103-7 Conrow EdmundH., 2003, EFFECTIVE RISK MANAG, V2nd Gao C, 2013, PHYSICA A, V392, P5490, DOI 10.1016/j.physa.2013.06.059 Giudici P., 2005, Applied data mining: Statistical methods for business and industry Han J, 2012, MOR KAUF D, P1 Hu P, 2015, PHYSICA A, V429, P169, DOI 10.1016/j.physa.2015.02.002 Jin WX, 2015, PHYSICA A, V427, P302, DOI 10.1016/j.physa.2015.02.035 Karimi S, 2013, PHYSICA A, V392, P287, DOI 10.1016/j.physa.2012.07.077 Leveson N, 2004, SAFETY SCI, V42, P237, DOI 10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X Li AS, 2015, PHYSICA A, V436, P878, DOI 10.1016/j.physa.2015.05.039 Mirabadi A, 2010, SAFETY SCI, V48, P1427, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2010.06.006 Montella A, 2011, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V43, P1451, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.023 Rasmussen J, 1997, SAFETY SCI, V27, P183, DOI 10.1016/S0925-7535(97)00052-0 Shappell S., 2012, HUMAN ERROR APPROACH Tang JJ, 2013, PHYSICA A, V392, P4192, DOI 10.1016/j.physa.2013.05.012 Underwood P, 2014, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V68, P75, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2013.07.027 Underwood P, 2013, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V55, P154, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.041 Waterson P.E., 2015, IET INTELL TRANSP SY Waterson P, 2014, APPL ERGON, V45, P133, DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2013.07.017 Weng JX, 2016, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V92, P43, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2016.03.017 Xin M, 2013, CHINESE PHYS B, V22, DOI 10.1088/1674-1056/22/8/087804 Yen KK, 1999, FUZZY SET SYST, V106, P167, DOI 10.1016/S0165-0114(97)00269-8 Zhang WX, 2014, INT J SIMUL MODEL, V13, P458, DOI 10.2507/IJSIMM13(4)CO16 Zhou J, 2015, PHYSICA A, V437, P263, DOI 10.1016/j.physa.2015.05.112 Zhou J, 2015, INT J MOD PHYS B, V29, DOI 10.1142/S0217979215500381 Zhou ZP, 2014, SAFETY SCI, V64, P127, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2013.11.029 NR 27 TC 7 Z9 7 U1 1 U2 72 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0378-4371 EI 1873-2119 J9 PHYSICA A JI Physica A PD FEB 1 PY 2017 VL 467 BP 226 EP 239 DI 10.1016/j.physa.2016.10.026 PG 14 WC Physics, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Physics GA EE2BU UT WOS:000389389500023 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Hu, JB Gao, XJ Wang, RH Xu, PF Miao, GY AF Hu, Jiangbi Gao, Xiaojuan Wang, Ronghua Xu, Pengfei Miao, Guangying TI Safety evaluation index on daytime lighting of tunnel entrances SO ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Color temperature; luminance reduction coefficient; tunnel entrance; lighting safety appraisal AB A large luminance difference between outside and inside the entrance of a tunnel, with inappropriate lighting, could result in short-term visual impairment and other hidden dangers. At present, almost all countries use one luminance reduction coefficient index to evaluate the daytime lighting at the tunnel entrance, and their standard values vary. Studies have shown that light sources have three important characteristics: color temperature, color rendering, and luminous intensity, which all play significant roles in driving recognition efficiency. Based on the analysis of driving recognition safety, this article determines the mathematical relationship between recognition distance and luminance reduction coefficient under different color temperatures using experimental data from real vehicles, and studies the difference in recognition demand under different color temperatures. The gray target recognition experiment involved 12 drivers in 36 light environments combined with different color temperatures, luminance levels, and color rendering index of 70 at the tunnel entrance, with good alignment elements and sight distance at the speed of 80 km/h. The results indicate that recognition demands are different under different color temperature conditions and it is more efficient to use both luminance reduction coefficient and color temperature than only luminance index in the appraisal of daytime tunnel entrance lighting. C1 [Hu, Jiangbi; Gao, Xiaojuan; Wang, Ronghua; Xu, Pengfei] Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Architecture & Civil Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Miao, Guangying] Qinghai Highway Construct Adm Bur, Xining, Qinghai, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing University of Technology RP Gao, XJ (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Architecture & Civil Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM gxj1027@emails.bjut.edu.cn RI ; Xu, Pengfei/JJE-9122-2023; WANG, Ronghua/HTO-8566-2023 OI HU, jiangbi/0000-0001-5626-162X; Gao, Xiaojuan/0000-0002-8622-3322 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [61531005] FX The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 61531005). CR [Anonymous], D202017 JTG [Anonymous], Z91161990 JIS [Anonymous], 143802006 FD CENCR [Anonymous], 548922003 BS [Anonymous], D702012014 JTGT CIE UK, 2004, GUID LIGHT ROAD TUNN [邓敏 Deng Min], 2016, [重庆大学学报, Journal of Chongqing University], V39, P140 Gibreel GM, 1999, J TRANSP ENG, V125, P305, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1999)125:4(305) Jiangbi H, 2015, J SHANGHAI JIAOTONG, V49, P464 Lulu C, 2008, STUDY LIGHT COLOR TU Yamamoto J, 2007, P 26 SESS CIE BEIJ C, pP430 Yang Y, 2015, SPECTROSC SPECT ANAL, V35, P2686, DOI 10.3964/j.issn.1000-0593(2015)10-2686-05 Zhang XL, 2017, IEEE PHOTONICS J, V9, DOI 10.1109/JPHOT.2017.2648640 NR 13 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 42 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1687-8132 EI 1687-8140 J9 ADV MECH ENG JI Adv. Mech. Eng. PD MAY PY 2019 VL 11 IS 5 AR 1687814019854568 DI 10.1177/1687814019854568 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA IA8CI UT WOS:000469784800001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, YZ Ingason, H AF Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur TI Influence of upstream blockage on smoke control in tunnel fires SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Critical velocity; Backlayering; smoke control; Blockage; Medium scale tunnel ID BACK-LAYERING LENGTH; CRITICAL VELOCITY; BACKLAYERING LENGTH; SUBWAY TUNNEL; FLOW; PREDICTION; SYSTEMS; RATIO AB Smoke control in a longitudinally ventilated tunnel with various blockage conditions was investigated experimentally. A total of 28 tests were conducted with a focus on single blockage with a short distance from the fire source, although continuous blockage and semicontinuous blockage were also discussed. Both gas and pool fires were used. The aim was to understand the influence of upstream blockage on critical velocity and babcklayering length. The results confirm that blockage ratio is a critical parameter when determining the critical velocity and backlayering length. The longitudinal location of the blockage in relation to the fire source also influences the values of critical velocity and backlayering length. The experiments presented are in scale 1 to 3.3, representing a medium sized tunnel. The focus was on free flow conditions and blockage ratios of regular sizes. For the various tested scenarios with single blockage, the reduction ratio of critical velocity appears to be slightly less than the blockage ratio. However, when the blockage is attached to the upstream side of the fire source, the reduction ratio of critical velocity approximately equals the blockage ratio. C1 [Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Fire & Safety, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Fire & Safety, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) FX This work was financially supported by the Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) , which is gratefully acknowledged. 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J. PD JUL PY 2024 VL 147 AR 104197 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104197 EA JUN 2024 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA XE5L7 UT WOS:001260020200001 OA Green Submitted, hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ronchi, E Colonna, P Berloco, N AF Ronchi, Enrico Colonna, Pasquale Berloco, Nicola TI Reviewing Italian Fire Safety Codes for the analysis of road tunnel evacuations: Advantages and limitations of using evacuation models SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 1st International Conference in Safety and Crisis Management in the Construction, Tourism and SME Sectors (CoSaCM) CY JUN 24-28, 2011 CL European Univ Cyprus, Engomi, CYPRUS HO European Univ Cyprus DE Emergency evacuation; Tunnel safety; Evacuation modelling; Italian Fire Safety Code; Performance-Based Design AB The severe consequences of road tunnel fires have led researchers to investigate the best safety design methodology. Italy has the main tunnel network in Europe and consequently the importance of a definition of the optimal design standard is a key issue. This paper reviews the design of the means of egress from tunnels within the Italian Codes (analysing both prescriptive and performance-based approaches). The paper presents an in depth analysis of how Italian Codes tackle the problems related to tunnel evacuation processes in the case of the Performance-Based Design approach (i.e. the calculation of the RSET Required Safe Egress Time). This need comes from the fact that the analysis of the RSET has not been object of the same amount of studies as the ASET - Available Safe Egress Time due to the implicit challenging nature of RSET. A set of evacuation models among the most used by practitioners (FDS+Evac, STEPS, Simulex, Pathfinder) has been reviewed with the scope of testing their applicability within Italian Fire legislation for tunnel safety. Among the problems affecting the reliability of model results, two fundamental points have been analysed: (1) the ability of the models to reproduce the fire conditions affecting the evacuation process; (2) the lack of data regarding Human Behaviour and the way it can affect the reliability of the results. Solutions to take into account the model limitations have been suggested. Possible future Research developments as well as improvements within the evacuation models and the existing Legislation are also provided. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ronchi, Enrico; Colonna, Pasquale; Berloco, Nicola] Politecn Bari, Dipartimento Vie & Trasporti, Fac Ingn, I-70100 Bari, Italy. C3 Politecnico di Bari RP Ronchi, E (通讯作者)，Politecn Bari, Dipartimento Vie & Trasporti, Fac Ingn, Via Orabona 4, I-70100 Bari, Italy. EM enronc@poliba.it RI COLONNA, Pasquale/JKI-5263-2023; BERLOCO, Nicola/E-9189-2017; Ronchi, Enrico/H-7130-2019 OI BERLOCO, Nicola/0000-0001-6191-6272; Ronchi, Enrico/0000-0002-2789-6359 CR ANAS Condirezione Generale Tecnica, 2009, LIN GUID PROG SIC NE [Anonymous], 2011, 502 NFPA [Anonymous], 2007, 13571 ISO Averill J.D., 2008, 7 INT C PERF BAS FIR Boer L.C., 2002, BEHAV DRIVERS TUNNEL, P213 Carvel R., 2005, The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety, P1 Colonna P., 2007, P 1 INT C PSYCH Duffe P., 1999, Task force for technical investigation of the 24 March 1999 fire in the Mont Blanc vehicular tunnel Frantzich H., 2003, 3126 LUND U DEP FIR Fridolf K., 2011, FIRE TECHNOLOGY Gandit M, 2009, SAFETY SCI, V47, P105, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2008.01.001 Gwynne S., 2010, PROC C INTERFLAM2010, P1473 Ingason H, 2006, FIRE SAFETY J, V41, P111, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.11.006 Jin T., 1970, B JAPAN ASS FIRE SCI, V19, P1, DOI DOI 10.11196/KASAI.19.2.1 Korhonen T., 2010, VTT WORKING PAPERS Kuligowski ED, 2010, A Technical Note 1680 Loffredo F., 2006, INTERTUNNEL2006 Lord J, 2005, 06886 NIST GCR Machado Tavares R., 2009, FIRE SAFETY J McGrattan K., 2008, NATL I STANDARDS TEC, V1018-5 Mott MacDonald Simulation Group, 2010, SIM TRANS EV PED MOV Nilsson D., 2009, Disseration Nilsson D., 2009, FIRE SAFETY J, V44, P458 Purser D., 2009, P FIR PROT LIF SAF B, P23 Purser D.A., 2008, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC, V4th Ronchi E, 2012, FIRE TECHNOLOGY Ronchi E., 2010, P 12 INT INT 2010 C, P837 Ronchi E, 2009, P FIR PROT LIF SAF B, P349 Ronchi E., 2011, P ADV RES WORKSH EV Ronchi E, 2012, Ph.D. Thesis Ronchi E., 2012, TUNNELLING UNDERGROU Ronchi E., 2011, ADV RES WORKSH EV HU, P145 SANTOS G, 2004, P NIST WORKSH BUILD THOMPSON PA, 1995, FIRE SAFETY J, V24, P131, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(95)00019-P Thunderhead Engineering, 2011, PATHF 2011 VERS TECH Van Hees P., 2010, 3147 LUND U DEP FIR NR 36 TC 22 Z9 29 U1 0 U2 76 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-7535 EI 1879-1042 J9 SAFETY SCI JI Saf. Sci. PD FEB PY 2013 VL 52 SI SI BP 28 EP 36 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.03.015 PG 9 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 076AE UT WOS:000313928100004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chatzimichailidou, MM Dokas, IM AF Chatzimichailidou, Maria Mikela Dokas, Ioannis M. TI RiskSOAP: Introducing and applying a methodology of risk self-awareness in road tunnel safety SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE RiskSOAP; EWaSAP; Risk SA provision capability; Situation Awareness; STPA; Tunnel safety AB Complex socio-technical systems, such as road tunnels, can be designed and developed with more or less elements that can either positively or negatively affect the capability of their agents to recognise imminent threats or vulnerabilities that possibly lead to accidents. This capability is called risk Situation Awareness (SA) provision. Having as a motive the introduction of better tools for designing and developing systems that are self-aware of their vulnerabilities and react to prevent accidents and losses, this paper introduces the Risk Situation Awareness Provision (RiskSOAP) methodology to the field of road tunnel safety, as a means to measure this capability in this kind of systems. The main objective is to test the soundness and the applicability of RiskSOAP to infrastructure, which is advanced in terms of technology, human integration, and minimum number of safety requirements imposed by international bodies. RiskSOAP is applied to a specific road tunnel in Greece and the accompanying indicator is calculated twice, once for the tunnel design as defined by updated European safety standards and once for the 'as-is' tunnel composition, which complies with the necessary safety requirements, but calls for enhancing safety according to what EU and PIARC further suggest. The derived values indicate the extent to which each tunnel version is capable of comprehending its threats and vulnerabilities based on its elements. The former tunnel version seems to be more enhanced both in terms of it risk awareness capability and safety as well. Another interesting finding is that despite the advanced tunnel safety specifications, there is still room for enriching the safe design and maintenance of the road tunnel. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Chatzimichailidou, Maria Mikela; Dokas, Ioannis M.] Democritus Univ Thrace, Dept Civil Engn, Vassilissis Sofias 12, GR-67100 Xanthi, Greece. C3 Democritus University of Thrace RP Chatzimichailidou, MM (通讯作者)，Democritus Univ Thrace, Dept Civil Engn, Vassilissis Sofias 12, GR-67100 Xanthi, Greece. EM mikelachatzimichailidou@gmail.com OI Dokas, Ioannis/0000-0002-3765-5217 CR Chatzimichailidou M.M, 2015, ERGONOMICS, P1 Chatzimichailidou MM, 2015, SAFETY SCI, V79, P126, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2015.05.012 Dokas IM, 2013, SAFETY SCI, V58, P11, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2013.03.013 Leveson NG, 2011, ENG SYST, P1 Piarc, 2008, PIARC Technical Committee C3.3 PIARC, 2007, INT APPR ROAD TUNN S PIARC, 2008, RISK AN ROAD TUNN Walker GH, 2008, THEOR ISS ERGON SCI, V9, P479, DOI 10.1080/14639220701635470 Zhang B., 2003, P JCIS INT C COMP VI, V1 NR 9 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 23 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0001-4575 EI 1879-2057 J9 ACCIDENT ANAL PREV JI Accid. Anal. Prev. PD MAY PY 2016 VL 90 BP 118 EP 127 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2016.02.005 PG 10 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA DI5KE UT WOS:000373536900012 PM 26938583 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yan, Y Zhang, Y Yuan, HZ Wan, L Ding, HL AF Yan, Ying Zhang, Yu Yuan, Huazhi Wan, Li Ding, Hongliang TI Safety effect of tunnel environment self-explaining design based on situation awareness SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Traffic safety; Tunnel environment; Environment self-explaining design; Drivers ' situation awareness ID ROAD ENVIRONMENT; WORKLOAD; CRASHES; PORTALS AB The aim of this study was to investigate the safety effect of environment self-explaining design from drivers' situation awareness. First, a situation awareness model was developed based on drivers' situation awareness status and the schema proposed in this study. Subsequently, simulation experiment environments were developed using 3D Max software. A total of 30 driver volunteers were recruited to perform driving simulation experiments under different tunnel environment self-explaining design scenes. Notably, the information on drivers' eye movement and driving behaviors was collected using eye trackers and a driving simulator. Last, the situation awareness level of drivers was estimated utilizing the situation awareness model. The results indicated that drivers' situation awareness varied with tunnel environment self-explaining design scenes. The visual illusion marking colored pavement and light-colored decorated sidewall in tunnels provided greater self-explaining performance and significantly enhanced driver cognition of the driving environment. Moreover, the optimal outcomes were achieved, including the scheme of inclined slope pattern, longitudinal marking colored pavement, and blue-white decorated sidewall in tunnels. As revealed by the findings of this study, tunnel environment self-explaining design takes on a critical significance in improving tunnel driving environment and safety. C1 [Yan, Ying; Zhang, Yu] Changan Univ, Coll Transportat, Xian 710064, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. [Yuan, Huazhi] Lanzhou Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, Peoples R China. [Wan, Li] Shandong Transportat Planning & Design Inst Grp Co, Jinan 250031, Peoples R China. [Ding, Hongliang] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Inst Smart City & Intelligent Transportat, Inst Urban Rail Transportat, Chengdu 611756, Sichuan, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Lanzhou University of Technology; Southwest Jiaotong University RP Yuan, HZ (通讯作者)，Lanzhou Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Lanzhou 730050, Gansu, Peoples R China.; Ding, HL (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Inst Smart City & Intelligent Transportat, Inst Urban Rail Transportat, Chengdu 611756, Sichuan, Peoples R China. EM yanying2199@chd.edu.cn; zhangyu3881@163.com; yuanhz@lut.edu.cn; 120898981@qq.com; hongliang.ding@swjtu.edu.cn RI Yu, Bin/AAJ-4048-2021; zhang, yu/PDX-0206-2025 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51978069]; Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province [2021KWZ-09]; Science and Technology Project of Shandong Transportation Depart-ment [2019B55-1]; Science and Technology Project of Shandong Transportation Department [2022-KJ-044]; "Hongliu Excellent Young" Talents Support Program of Lanzhou University of Technology; Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges of Chang'an University [300102342202] FX The work described in this paper was supported by the grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51978069) , Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province (2021KWZ-09) , Science and Technology Project of Shandong Transportation Depart-ment (2019B55-1) , Science and Technology Project of Shandong Transportation Department (2022-KJ-044) , "Hongliu Excellent Young" Talents Support Program of Lanzhou University of Technology, and Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges of Chang'an University (300102342202) . 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JAN PY 2024 VL 143 AR 105486 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105486 EA OCT 2023 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA Y4LI6 UT WOS:001104989700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Casse, C Caroly, S AF Casse, Christelle Caroly, Sandrine TI Analysis of critical incidents in tunnels to improve learning from experience SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Critical incident; Collective work; Road-tunnel; Learning from experience ID ROAD-TUNNEL; SAFETY; MANAGEMENT AB In road tunnels, learning from experience is mainly focused on major events that occur in tunnels. But the management of traffic incidents or technical incidents is part of the daily work of Control Room supervisors and tunnel patrollers. Based on 17 individual interviews conducted with the critical incident technique (Flanaghan, 1954), our paper aims identifying the critical situations that professionals face, collecting and analyzing the safety practices and the cooperation practices deployed by each professional group to improve safety organization and learning from experience in the company. Our results show that critical incidents for the operators are mostly common action situations, but in complex or dynamic environment. The nature of accounted critical incidents is very much related to the profession and type of activity. As supervisors play a key role in incidents detection and psychological support for patrollers, patrollers use resource management and anticipation strategies to control the danger and contain event. The analysis revealed also the impact of tunnel user behavior on operators' activity as a source of disruption. Critical incident narratives underscore the fundamental role of cooperation when it comes to anticipating and regulating critical incidents, within each professional group but also on a cross-disciplinary and inter-organizational basis. Then, we will discuss how these results can be used to improve learning from experience, operators' skills and collective activity organization. C1 [Casse, Christelle] European Trade Union Inst, Bd Roi Albert II 5, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium. [Caroly, Sandrine] Grenoble Alpes Univ, PACTE Social Sci Lab, F-38000 Grenoble, France. C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA) RP Casse, C (通讯作者)，European Trade Union Inst, Bd Roi Albert II 5, B-1210 Brussels, Belgium. EM ccasse@etui.org FU French Centre for Tunnel Studies (CETU); Vinci FX The authors thank the assistance of the tunnel operating company and all the interviews participants whose time, information and knowledge were vital to the research. They acknowledge the support of the French Centre for Tunnel Studies (CETU) and the funding of Vinci. 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Sci. PD JUL PY 2019 VL 116 BP 222 EP 230 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.015 PG 9 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA HX8QA UT WOS:000467669200020 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, Z Wen, HY AF Chen, Zheng Wen, Huiying TI Modeling a Car-Following Model with Comprehensive Safety Field in Freeway Tunnels SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING PART A-SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Car-following model; Comprehensive safety field (CSF); Risk margin (RM); Freeway tunnels ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; RISK PERCEPTION; EYE-MOVEMENT; ENVIRONMENT; DESIGN AB Car following is the most common driving behavior in tunnels. However, current car-following models are not completely suitable for tunnels because they do not take into account the environmental factors affecting vehicles in tunnels. 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PD JUL 1 PY 2022 VL 148 IS 7 AR 04022040 DI 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000682 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Transportation GA 1G8BO UT WOS:000796075600007 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liao, JW Ding, H Yang, M Li, K Chen, JZ AF Liao, Jiawen Ding, Hao Yang, Meng Li, Ke Chen, Jianzhong TI Driving safety risk evaluation for tunnel reinforcement based on matter-element model SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnel; structural reinforcement; safety risk; matter-element evaluation; driving simulation ID PERFORMANCE; DESIGN; SYSTEM; IMPACT AB ObjectiveThis study aimed to analyze the influence of different tunnel reinforcement measures on drivers and to evaluate the associated driving safety risks.MethodsExperimental data of driving behavior and physiological response were collected under different driving simulation scenarios, such as cover arch erection, corrugated steel, grouting, Steel strips, and fire; an evaluation index system was established based on electrocardiographic (ECG), electrodermal activity(EDA), standard deviation of speed (SDSP), Steering Entropy(SE), standard deviation of lateral position (SDLP) and other indices. The classical domain rank standard of each evaluation index was divided using K-Means algorithm, and a synthetic evaluation matter-element model was established to comprehensively evaluate and analyze the safety risks of each scenario.ResultsThe results show that the highway tunnel reinforcement measures can reduce the driving safety risks compared with the severe damage scenario, and the key driving stability indices such as SDSP, SDLP, and SE are effectively improved by each reinforcement method. Different reinforcement methods have significant differences on driving safety: the cover arch erection and grouting reinforcement are more effective in reducing risks of driving safety, while corrugated steel and Steel strips feature relatively high safety risks. By synthesizing the overall safety risk levels and indices of each reinforcement method, the cover arch erection performs best in reinforcement and maintenance, followed by grouting.ConclusionBy assessing the effects of different reinforcement methods on driving behavior, this study provides valuable insights and data support for decision-making of highway tunnel safety operation and post-disaster rehabilitation. C1 [Liao, Jiawen; Ding, Hao; Yang, Meng; Li, Ke; Chen, Jianzhong] China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & Des, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Liao, Jiawen; Ding, Hao; Yang, Meng; Li, Ke; Chen, Jianzhong] Natl Engn Res Ctr Rd Tunnels, Chongqing 400000, Peoples R China. RP Ding, H (通讯作者)，China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & Des, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM dinghao@cmhk.com RI Li, Ke/HZM-6170-2023 FU National Key R&D Program of China [2021YFC3002000] FX This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Project No. 2021YFC3002000). 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Prev. PD APR 3 PY 2025 VL 26 IS 3 BP 335 EP 345 DI 10.1080/15389588.2024.2405641 EA SEP 2024 PG 11 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA 1OF1A UT WOS:001395471300001 PM 39804374 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Njå, Å Kvaloy, JT Njå, O AF Nja, Adne Kvaloy, Jan Terje Nja, Ove TI Modelling fire occurrences in heavy goods vehicles in road tunnels SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Poisson regression models; Tunnel fire incidents; Tunnel slope; Subsea tunnel; Tunnel length; Annual average daily traffic; Heavy goods vehicles AB The project reported in this paper has been organized to scrutinize current incident data on near fires and fully developed fires in Norwegian road tunnels longer than 500 m. This length is chosen because it is assumed that shorter tunnels are less critical in case of fires. The project included collecting data and transferring it into formats enabling mathematical modelling. The major issue of this work has been to resolve: What are the major contributing tunnel infrastructure factors leading to heavy goods vehicle (HGV) fires in Norwegian tunnels? By using Poisson regression modelling, several models are developed showing good fit with the observations. All models reveal that slope, length, annual average daily traffic of heavy goods vehicles, and whether a tunnel is subsea are significant factors. The most important is the subsea factor, and the effect of other risk factors is also more severe for subsea tunnels. The work also discusses weaknesses in the data material and the fact that there are several other interesting factors, for example related to the state of HGVs and driver behavior that are currently missing. The research potential for better modelling and understanding of HGV fires in tunnels is huge. C1 [Nja, Adne; Kvaloy, Jan Terje] Univ Stavanger, Dept Math & Phys, Stavanger, Norway. [Nja, Ove] Univ Stavanger, Dept Safety Econ & Planning, Stavanger, Norway. C3 Universitetet i Stavanger; Universitetet i Stavanger RP Njå, O (通讯作者)，Univ Stavanger, Dept Safety Econ & Planning, Stavanger, Norway. EM ove.njaa@uis.no OI Kvaløy, Jan Terje/0000-0002-8829-6250 FU Norwegian Research Council through the FOR-REGION research programme; Capacity Boost Tunnel Safety project FX The authors wish to thank Professor Per Amundsen for useful comments for earlier versions of the work. Work on this article has been partly funded by the Norwegian Research Council through the FOR-REGION research programme and the Capacity Boost Tunnel Safety project. The financial support is highly appreciated. 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PD JAN PY 2022 VL 127 AR 103508 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103508 EA DEC 2021 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA YI8IW UT WOS:000744087300002 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Nilsson, D Frantzich, H Ronchi, E Fridolf, K Walter, AL Modig, H AF Nilsson, Daniel Frantzich, Hakan Ronchi, Enrico Fridolf, Karl Walter, Anders Lindgren Modig, Henric TI Integrating evacuation research in large infrastructure tunnel projects - Experiences from the Stockholm Bypass Project SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security (ISTSS) CY MAR 16-18, 2016 CL Montreal, CANADA DE Tunnels design; Stockholm Bypass Project; Evacuation; Human behaviour in fire; Evacuation safety measures; Notification; Exit choice; Theory of Affordances; Questionnaire study; Virtual Reality experiment; Evacuation experiment; Smoke filled tunnel; Northern Link tunnel ID ROAD TUNNEL AB Large infrastructure projects often involve important decision about evacuation safety measures, e.g., emergency exit portals, alarm systems, etc, that need to be taken in spite of limited information and knowledge about the topic. This has been shown to sometimes lead to design mistakes, but these mistakes can potentially be avoided if research is linked to the project at an early stage. This paper discusses how research can be connected to large infrastructure tunnel projects, and illustrates the process using the Stockholm Bypass Project as an example. In addition, the results of a research project, which was linked to the Stockholm Bypass Project, are presented and relevant additional publications are given. C1 [Nilsson, Daniel; Frantzich, Hakan; Ronchi, Enrico] Lund Univ, Div Fire Safety Engn, Lund, Sweden. [Fridolf, Karl] WSP Sverige AB, WSP Brand & Risk, Malmo, Sweden. [Walter, Anders Lindgren] MTO Safety, Stockholm, Sweden. [Modig, Henric] Swedish Transport Adm, Stockholm, Sweden. C3 Lund University RP Nilsson, D (通讯作者)，LTH, Brandtekn, Box 118, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden. EM daniel.nilsson@brand.lth.se RI ; Ronchi, Enrico/H-7130-2019 OI Fridolf, Karl/0009-0002-7193-6976; Nilsson, Daniel/0000-0003-3127-7152; Ronchi, Enrico/0000-0002-2789-6359 FU European Union's TEN-T programme FX This study was performed within the Stockholm Bypass Project, Study regarding safety in tunnels, which was co-financed by the European Union's TEN-T programme (https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/ten-t/ten-t-projects/projects-by-country/s weden/2011-se-93119-s). The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. 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PD APR PY 2018 VL 97 BP 119 EP 125 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.07.001 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA GJ1SF UT WOS:000435047400013 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zeng, GD Li, H Zheng, T Hu, YX Yang, YH Wang, XC AF Zeng, Guodong Li, Hao Zheng, Tao Hu, Yixi Yang, Yonghong Wang, Xuancang TI Effects of highway tunnel zonal characteristics and geometric design on traffic safety SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-TRANSPORT LA English DT Article; Early Access DE alignment design; driving behaviour; driving simulation; highway tunnel; risk zones; roads & highways; simulation; traffic engineering; traffic safety ID BINOMIAL LINDLEY MODEL; CRASH FREQUENCY; RANDOM PARAMETERS; COMBINED ALIGNMENTS; ACCIDENTS; SEVERITY; ACCELERATION; SIMULATOR; BEHAVIOR; CURVES AB Traffic safety issues in highway tunnel sections are well known, while how tunnel alignment design and zonal characteristics affect driver behaviour and traffic safety remains unclear. To comprehensively investigate zonal traffic safety in highway tunnels, alignment and crash data of eight tunnels were obtained. The tunnels were virtually reconstructed using driving simulation equipment, and controlled experiments were conducted. Based on tunnel length, the tunnels were classified into different types, and each was divided into zones using a seven-zone method. Crash data and driving behaviour characteristics were analysed for each zone, with driving behaviour examined through repeated-measures one-way analysis of variance. Spearman correlation analysis was employed to identify relationships between alignment design indicators and driving behaviour. Significant indicators were then incorporated into a mixed linear regression model to explore statistical relationships. Results revealed that access zone, entrance zone and mid-zone are high-risk areas, where drivers' speed and lane departure exhibit distinct zonal characteristics. The regression analysis indicated that both horizontal and vertical alignment designs significantly influence speed, whereas their impact on lane departure is less pronounced. By analysing zonal traffic safety conditions and their contributing factors, this study provides valuable scientific insights for tunnel alignment safety design and traffic management. C1 [Zeng, Guodong; Li, Hao] Foshan Transportat Sci & Technol Co Ltd, Foshan, Peoples R China. [Zheng, Tao; Hu, Yixi; Yang, Yonghong] South China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [Wang, Xuancang] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian, Peoples R China. C3 South China University of Technology; Chang'an University RP Yang, YH (通讯作者)，South China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. EM yangyh@scut.edu.cn RI Zeng, Guodong/U-1292-2019 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51508204]; Key Area Research and Development Programme of Guangdong Provinc [2022B0101070001]; 2022 Foshan municipal self-funded science and technology programme [2220001005727] FX The authors want to thank Jiangsu Delauney Co. Ltd. for their technical support as well as all participants for their time and efforts invested in this experiment. 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Inst. Civil Eng.-Transp. PD 2025 DEC 16 PY 2025 DI 10.1680/jtran.25.00103 EA DEC 2025 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA U4945 UT WOS:001638656100001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kazaras, K Kirytopoulos, K AF Kazaras, Konstantinos Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos TI Challenges for current quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models to describe explicitly the road tunnel safety level SO JOURNAL OF RISK RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE safety assessment; road tunnel; quantitative risk assessment; uncertainty; risk ID PROPAGATION; UNCERTAINTY; MANAGEMENT; ISSUES; FIRE AB The number of road tunnels in Europe has increased rapidly over the last years. Nevertheless, this increasing number is raising upfront an endogenous problem, which is the severity of accidents that may occur. After the spate of tunnel fires in Europe over the past decade, the European Commission embarked upon a major review of road tunnel safety and launched the Directive 2004/54/EC that sets minimum safety requirements and suggests, apart from the measures imposed based on tunnel characteristics, the implementation of a risk assessment in several cases. As a result, many risk assessment methods have been proposed worldwide, most of them based on quantitative risk assessment (QRA) models. Although QRAs are helpful to address physical aspects and facilities of the infrastructures, current approaches in the road tunnel field have several challenges to meet in order to provide decision-makers with the overall risk picture. Taking into account that QRAs are progressively becoming the selected method to manage tunnel safety and risk, this paper's purpose is twofold. On the one hand, it aims to inform safety managers and engineers about items which are not adequately handled by current road tunnel QRA models. On the other hand, it aims to suggest potential areas in which improvements should be made. Taking into consideration the challenges and the limitations discussed herein, this paper concludes that QRA models should not be the single criterion for the safety assessment process of these critical infrastructures. C1 [Kazaras, Konstantinos; Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens, Greece. C3 National Technical University of Athens RP Kazaras, K (通讯作者)，Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens, Greece. 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Risk Res. PY 2014 VL 17 IS 8 BP 953 EP 968 DI 10.1080/13669877.2013.822916 PG 16 WC Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Social Sciences - Other Topics GA AN0FY UT WOS:000340260700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Casey, N AF Casey, Nigel TI Fire incident data for Australian road tunnels SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security (ISTSS) CY MAR 14-16, 2018 CL Boras, SWEDEN DE Road tunnel fire incident; Tunnel operations; International benchmark; Deluge suppression; Tunnel operational continuity AB This paper describes a dataset that includes all vehicle fire incidents in major Australian road tunnels. The major tunnels are defined by physical characteristics (i.e. unidirectional, length greater than 1 km), their high traffic volume, urban location, restrictions to dangerous goods vehicles, as well as their being monitored and controlled through a dedicated control centre that is continuously staffed. The result is an dataset of 78 fire incidents. The period covered by the study is from the opening date of each of the tunnels, the Sydney Harbour Tunnel being the first opened in August 1992, up to and including June 2016. The work presents a hitherto unavailable dataset demonstrating the fire safety performance of these tunnels. Of particular interest is data related to the use and performance of fixed fire-fighting systems (deluge) as these systems have been installed in all major road tunnels in Australia since 1992. C1 [Casey, Nigel] Rd & Maritime Serv, Sydney, NSW, Australia. RP Casey, N (通讯作者)，Rd & Maritime Serv, Sydney, NSW, Australia. 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PD JAN PY 2020 VL 111 AR 102909 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102909 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA LF2UD UT WOS:000527277200003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Guo, QH Li, YZ Ingason, H Yan, ZG Zhu, HH AF Guo, Qinghua Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur Yan, Zhiguo Zhu, Hehua TI Study on spilled liquid from a continuous leakage in sloped tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Spilled liquid; Spillage width; Spillage area; Tunnel slope; Tunnel fire AB The study focuses on the behaviors of spilled liquid from a continuously leaked tank in sloped tunnels. Spillage width and area, which impact the potential heat release rates in case of fire, are investigated under different tunnel slopes and leakage flow rates by numerical simulations using interFoam based on the VOF method in the OpenFOAM toolbox following the validation. The simulation results show that the spillage width initially de-creases rapidly and then slowly as the tunnel slope increases. Other parameters, including road surface rough-ness, physical properties of liquid and leakage source height, are also considered. Empirical models for predicting the spillage width and area are established considering both tunnel slope and leakage flow rate. The results may provide guidance for tunnel safety design and drainage system design affiliated with a tank leakage inside a tunnel. C1 [Guo, Qinghua; Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Safety Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. [Guo, Qinghua] Tianjin Fire Res Inst MEM, 110 South Weijin Rd, Tianjin 300381, Peoples R China. [Yan, Zhiguo; Zhu, Hehua] Tongji Univ, State Key Lab Disaster Reduct Civil Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; Tongji University RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Box 857, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se RI ; Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011; Guo, Qinghua/N-2963-2018 OI 雷, 中岱/0000-0002-1176-8109; Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390; Guo, Qinghua/0000-0003-2840-2354 FU Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) in Sweden; Fundamental Research Funds from Tianjin Fire Research Institute of MEM in China [2021SJ09] FX The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) in Sweden and the Fundamental Research Funds from Tianjin Fire Research Institute of MEM (2021SJ09) in China. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD FEB PY 2022 VL 120 AR 104290 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104290 PG 16 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA ZN4OW UT WOS:000765016600001 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Peña-García, A Nguyen, TPL AF Pena-Garcia, Antonio Thi Phuoc Lai Nguyen TI A Global Perspective for Sustainable Highway Tunnel Lighting Regulations: Greater Road Safety with a Lower Environmental Impact SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article DE public perception; tunnel safety; environmental impacts; driver well-being; sustainability ID TENSION STRUCTURES; ENERGY SAVINGS; SUNLIGHT; OPTIMIZATION; PERCEPTIONS; PERGOLAS; DESIGN; PIPES AB Tunnel lighting installations function 24 h a day, 365 days a year. These infrastructures have increased exponentially and now connect quite distant locations, even on different continents. This has led European administrations and international regulatory bodies to establish regulations for tunnel safety with the lowest environmental impact. However, until now, these regulations have almost exclusively focused on traffic safety, and relegated sustainability to the background. Even though they recognize the need to reduce energy consumption, they do not propose any tools for doing so. Given the impact of these installations and the lack of a specific regulatory framework, Asian countries will soon be forced either to update previous standards for tunnel lighting or elaborate new ones. A better understanding of the weaknesses of European regulations combined with a willingness to embrace innovation could position Asia as a world leader in the regulation of more sustainable road tunnels. The objective of this research was to improve the sustainability of tunnel lighting installations through new regulations or amendments to existing ones, without impairing the mental well-being of users, who could potentially be affected by energy-saving measures. Accordingly, this paper presents and analyzes a broad proposal for formulating tunnel lighting regulations. The originality of this proposal lies in the fact that it integrates road safety, lower environmental impact, and user well-being. Furthermore, it is expected to broaden the perspective of regulatory bodies and public administrations with regard to tunnel installations, which would ultimately enhance their sustainability. C1 [Pena-Garcia, Antonio] Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Pena-Garcia, Antonio] Univ Granada, Res Grp Lighting Technol Safety & Sustainabil, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Thi Phuoc Lai Nguyen] Asian Inst Technol, Sch Environm Resources & Dev, Dept Dev & Sustainabil, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand. C3 University of Granada; University of Granada; Asian Institute of Technology RP Peña-García, A (通讯作者)，Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, E-18071 Granada, Spain.; Peña-García, A (通讯作者)，Univ Granada, Res Grp Lighting Technol Safety & Sustainabil, E-18071 Granada, Spain. EM pgarcia@ugr.es; phuoclai@ait.asia RI Peña-García, A./H-2562-2015; Nguyen, Thi Phuoc Lai/OTH-6381-2025 OI Peña García, Antonio Manuel/0000-0002-3551-3370; Nguyen, Thi Phuoc Lai/0000-0003-2827-5762 FU Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Madrid, Spain) [ENE2015-67031-R] FX This research was carried out as part of project ENE2015-67031-R (MINECO/FEDER), funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Madrid, Spain). 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 18 IS 5 BP 435 EP 452 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00023-3 PG 18 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 729LB UT WOS:000185773800001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU French, S AF French, S TI Channel Tunnel Rail Link: the case for safety SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE health & safety; maintenance & inspection; safety & hazards AB The Channel Tunnel Rail Link is designed to carry up to 16 international passenger trains an hour, travelling at speeds approaching 300 km/h, high speed trains and freight traffic. Safety is thus absolutely critical, but fortunately the project team had the perfect model just at the other end of the Channel Tunnel: there has not been a single passenger fatality on the French Ligne A Grande Vitesse in 20 years. This paper describes the processes and systems that are enabling the project to achieve its all-important railway safety case. NR 0 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 3 PU THOMAS TELFORD SERVICES LTD PI LONDON PA THOMAS TELFORD HOUSE, 1 HERON QUAY, LONDON E14 4JD, ENGLAND SN 0965-089X J9 P I CIVIL ENG-CIV EN JI Proc. Inst. Civil Eng.-Civil Eng. PD MAY PY 2003 VL 156 SI 1 BP 49 EP 53 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA 690JP UT WOS:000183545200010 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Avci-Karatas, C AF Avci-Karatas, Cigdem TI Optimizing Fire Safety and Ventilation Strategies for Structural Integrity in Rail Tunnels SO CIVIL ENGINEERING JOURNAL-TEHRAN LA English DT Article DE Railway Systems; Tunnels; Structural Fire Safety; Simulation; Risk Analysis AB Rail systems are vital to the modern urban infrastructure and offer efficient and eco-friendly transportation solutions. The Gaziray Rail System Line in Gaziantep, T & uuml;rkiye addresses the region's transportation needs while considering potential hazards such as electrical malfunctions and fuel leaks. This study thoroughly assesses fire occurrences and how they affect the structural integrity of tunnel elements, thereby affecting repair costs and continuity of operations. Fire tests and modeling were employed to precisely assess tunnel fire effects, focusing on potential train fires in Gaziray Rail System Line tunnels. This study highlights the importance of vital airflow for effectively directing smoke. It also identifies the ventilation systems required to ensure optimal airflow while maintaining the structural integrity and evacuation pathways. The study identified 18 jet fans with an outlet velocity of 35.7 m/s and flow rate of 40.4 m3/s, which is essential for safe evacuation. The maximum wall temperatures ranged from 774 to 923 degrees C, highlighting the potential fire severity. Recommendations emphasize fire-resistant materials, optimized ventilation systems, and reinforced emergency evacuation measures that are crucial for enhanced safety. Continuous training and awareness efforts ensure swift and secure evacuation during fire incidents, contributing to robust fire safety protocols for the Gaziray Rail Line. C1 [Avci-Karatas, Cigdem] Yalova Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Transportat Engn, TR-77200 Yalova, Turkiye. C3 Yalova University RP Avci-Karatas, C (通讯作者)，Yalova Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Transportat Engn, TR-77200 Yalova, Turkiye. EM cigdem.karatas@yalova.edu.tr RI Avci-Karatas, Cigdem/AAB-5320-2020 OI Avci-Karatas, Cigdem/0000-0002-6383-1376 CR [Anonymous], 2012, AASHTO LRFD bridge design specifications [Anonymous], 2004, ITA-Working Group No. 6 [Anonymous], 2002, EN 1991-1-2 [Anonymous], 2023, NFPA-502 [Anonymous], 1997, FTA-MA-26-7022-97-1-DOT-VNTSC-FTA-97-7, V2 [Anonymous], 1999, Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels. 05.05 [Anonymous], 2020, UNE EN 13848-1 ARUP, 2007, Project: Detailed Design Report for Tunnel Ventilation Analysis and Design Avci-Karatas C., 2023, 5 INT C ENG SCI MULT Avci-Karatas C., 2022, 8 INT ENG TECHN C 8 Bakke A., 1965, Safety in Mines Research Establishment (Great Britain), Methane Roof Layers. 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Eng, J.-Tehran PD FEB PY 2025 VL 11 IS 2 BP 635 EP 657 DI 10.28991/CEJ-2025-011-02-014 PG 23 WC Engineering, Civil WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA 0FO2E UT WOS:001446174500014 OA gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xin, S Wei, YX Zhao, ZY Liu, N Liu, SX Qu, YR AF Xin, Song Wei, Yingxue Zhao, Zhenyu Liu, Ning Liu, Shangxiao Qu, Yirun TI Tunnel Lighting Optimisation Study Based on Sunshade SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Road tunnels; Sunshade; DIALux; Scale experiments; Safety; Energy efficiency ID ROAD PRE-TUNNELS; METHODOLOGY; LUMINANCE; PAVEMENT AB With the proliferation of tunnels in mountainous and intricate landscapes, the design of tunnel lighting has emerged as a crucial factor in curbing tunnel-related accidents and bolstering driving safety. This study employed scaled experiments and integrated human eye luminance adaptation curves to refine tunnel lighting configurations. The investigation revealed that the incorporation of high-light-transmittance sunshades within tunnels effectively diminished external luminance, thereby the alleviating the 'black hole effect '. From an economic perspective, adopting a tunnel lighting model with sunshades can achieve up to a 30% reduction in annual electricity costs. This study presents innovative strategies and methodologies for optimizing tunnel lighting design, offering valuable insights for future tunnel construction and lighting design endeavours. C1 [Xin, Song; Wei, Yingxue; Zhao, Zhenyu; Liu, Ning; Liu, Shangxiao; Qu, Yirun] Shandong Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Transportat, Qingdao 266590, Peoples R China. [Xin, Song; Liu, Ning; Liu, Shangxiao; Qu, Yirun] Shandong Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Safety & Environm Engn, Qingdao 266590, Peoples R China. [Liu, Shangxiao; Qu, Yirun] Shandong Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Safety & Environm Engn, Qingdao 266590, Peoples R China. C3 Shandong University of Science & Technology; Shandong University of Science & Technology; Shandong University of Science & Technology RP Liu, SX; Qu, YR (通讯作者)，Shandong Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Safety & Environm Engn, Qingdao 266590, Peoples R China. EM liushangxiao@sdust.edu.cn; 202381200006@sdust.edu.cn RI ; xin, song/HKE-5324-2023 OI liu, shangxiao/0000-0003-2550-3555; CR [Anonymous], 2004, Guide for the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses [包逸帆 Bao Yifan], 2020, [现代隧道技术, Modern Tunnelling Technology], V57, P120 Caliendo C, 2013, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V55, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.024 Cantisani G, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V73, P37, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.12.001 Cantisani G, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V73, P170, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.12.013 Chiradeja P, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V131, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104837 CIE UK, 1990, TRE 88/1990 Guide to the lighting of road tunnels and underpasses Du F, 2018, J CENT SOUTH UNIV, V25, P2040, DOI 10.1007/s11771-018-3893-6 Fan SJ, 2016, AER ADV ENG RES, V78, P436 Han Z., 2010, Energy saving technology of highway tunnel, P130 He SY, 2020, DISPLAYS, V64, DOI 10.1016/j.displa.2020.101964 Hongbo L., 2022, Highway, V67, P302 Huang F., 2015, Experimental Study on Improvement of Highway Driver's Visual Illusion Based on 'Black Hole Effect' Jtg, t d70, 2-01, Guidelines for design of Lighting of Highway Tunnels 2014 Li SG, 2021, OPTIK, V226, DOI 10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165660 Liu N, 2024, ENERG BUILDINGS, V307, DOI 10.1016/j.enbuild.2024.113972 Mehri A, 2019, SAFETY SCI, V116, P196, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.018 Ni ZK, 2022, 2022 8TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON HYDRAULIC AND CIVIL ENGINEERING: DEEP SPACE INTELLIGENT DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION FORUM, ICHCE, P931, DOI 10.1109/ICHCE57331.2022.10042603 Onaygil S, 2003, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V18, P85, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00097-4 Peña-García A, 2015, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V46, P111, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.11.010 Peña-García A, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V35, P172, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.01.008 Peña-García A, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V32, P127, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.06.004 Peña-García A, 2011, INT J PHOTOENERGY, V2011, DOI 10.1155/2011/313952 Salata F., 2018, Environmental Impact, V215, P379, DOI 10.2495/EID180341 Schreuder D.A., 2016, Lighting Research & Technology, V3, P274 Song Y., 2024, Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol., V144 Xia P.X., 2020, Tunnel Construction, V40, P711 Xu FQ, 2024, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V143, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105493 Yang C., 2019, INT C ADV CIV ENG EN Zheng GP, 2020, IOP C SER EARTH ENV, V601, DOI 10.1088/1755-1315/601/1/012014 NR 30 TC 9 Z9 9 U1 13 U2 85 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 EI 1878-4364 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD SEP PY 2024 VL 151 AR 105863 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105863 EA JUN 2024 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA US8S4 UT WOS:001250144600001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Vashitz, G Shinar, D Blum, Y AF Vashitz, Geva Shinar, David Blum, Yuval TI In-vehicle information systems to improve traffic safety in road tunnels SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article DE traffic safety; road tunnels; visual displays; in-vehicle information systems (IVIS); intelligent transport systems (ITS) ID FIRE; SIMULATION; ACCIDENTS AB Introduction: In-vehicle information systems can improve safety, improve driver's situational awareness and reduce anxiety, but they may also increase mental workload and distraction. This issue is particularly important in road tunnels because they create extremely dangerous driving conditions. Goals: To evaluate the effect of in-vehicle displays on driving safety in road tunnels, this paper address two questions: (1) can we still add information to in-vehicle displays without compromising safety? and (2) if information can still be added, how much information should added? Method: We simulated tunnel driving and evaluated the effects of driving performance with innovative in-vehicle displays in terms of safety and satisfaction. We compared a highly informative display and a minimal information display with driving without a display as a control. Results: Using the displays, drivers improved their speed control but had some difficulty in maintaining lane stability, apparently due to some distraction imposed by the displays. Yet, neither of them increased the mental workload relative to driving without a display. The drivers found the in-vehicle displays useful and responded well to the presented information. The drivers preferred the more informative display to the minimalist display, although it slightly increased distraction from road. Conclusions: In light of the potential benefits of in-vehicle displays, the level of distraction was relatively minor and should not compromise driving safety. Apparently, the highly informative display provided drivers with more information that reduced anxiety and boredom, which are common psychological experiences during tunnel driving. Thus, safety-related information displays can be added to improve safety even when some of their benefits are offset by increased distraction. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Vashitz, Geva; Shinar, David] Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Ind Engn & Management, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. [Blum, Yuval] Minist Transport, IL-91008 Jerusalem, Israel. C3 Ben-Gurion University of the Negev RP Shinar, D (通讯作者)，Ben Gurion Univ Negev, Dept Ind Engn & Management, IL-84105 Beer Sheva, Israel. EM shinar@bgu.ac.il OI Shinar, David/0000-0002-4853-1623 CR ALM H, 1993, DRIVING FUTURE VEHIC, P187 ANTIN JF, 1993, AUTOMOTIVE ERGONOMIC BARTH U, 2002, P INT C TUNN SAF VEN Baumann M, 2004, APPL ERGON, V35, P197, DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2003.11.011 Ben-Yaacov A, 2002, HUM FACTORS, V44, P335, DOI 10.1518/0018720024497925 Brookhuis KA, 2001, HUM FAC TRANSP, P321 BROOKHUIS KA, 1993, ERGONOMICS, V36, P1099, DOI 10.1080/00140139308967981 Burns P.C., 2000, P HUMAN FACTORS ERGO, V3, P315 Chow WK, 2001, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V16, P23, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00026-8 Desai AV, 2006, J SAFETY RES, V37, P139, DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2005.11.003 *DIN, 1993, DIN70005 Dingus TA, 1997, HUM FACTORS, V39, P216, DOI 10.1518/001872097778543930 Evans JL, 1997, DISPLAYS, V17, P89, DOI 10.1016/S0141-9382(96)01025-6 FENNELL D, 1988, MODERN RAILWAY, V45, P619 GELLATLY AW, 2000, P IEA 2000 HFES 2000, P282 GOODMAN M, 1997, 808635 DOT HS HANKEY JM, 2001, DEV DESIGN EVALUATIO HIRAMATSU K, 2000, P 7 WORLD C ITS TUR HOLM S, 1979, SCAND J STAT, V6, P65 IGUCHI M, 1997, P 4 WORLD C ITS BERL IKEDA A, 1977, P JSAE FALL CONV, V976, P223 *ISO, 2004, ISO275 *ISO, 2002, ENISO15005 KALSBEEK J. 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Res. Pt. F-Traffic Psychol. Behav. PD JAN PY 2008 VL 11 IS 1 BP 61 EP 74 DI 10.1016/j.trf.2007.07.001 PG 14 WC Psychology, Applied; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Psychology; Transportation GA 256IY UT WOS:000252723100006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Carvel, R AF Carvel, Richard TI Lessons learned from catastrophic fires in tunnels SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE fire engineering; safety & hazards; tunnels & tunnelling AB Following the spate of tunnel fires which occurred in Europe at the of the century, the safety of European tunnels was assessed found to be generally poor. Tunnel safety can only be improved the lessons of past incidents are learned properly. This paper at some of the lessons learned from the Kaprun funicular fire of 2000; the King's Cross underground station fire of the Baku subway fire of 1995 and the Channel Tunnel fire of Some recent advances in technology, specifically state-of-the-art ventilation and water suppression systems, are also discussed. The 2007 fire in the Bumley tunnel in Australia is highlighted as an example of an incident where technology prevented the initial fire growing into a catastrophe. CR Allison R chair., 1997, Inquiry into the Fire on Heavy Goods Vehicle Shuttle 7539 on 18 November 1996 [Anonymous], 1999, FIR SMOK CONTR ROAD BODART A, P INT 2004 ED, P1517 BRICHET N, 2002, P 4 INT C TUNN FIR B, P95 Carvel R., 2005, The Handbook Of Tunnel Fire Safety CARVEL RO, TUNNELLING UNDERGROU, V16, P3 Delemont O., 2005, Historia de la ciudad. IV. Memoria urbana, P53 Fennell D., 1988, INVESTIGATION KINGS SAUTER R, 2006, P 2 INT S SAF REL TU Schupfer H., 2001, 4 INT C SAF ROAD RAI Wahlstrom B., 1996, 1 INT C TUNN INC MAN, P291 NR 11 TC 9 Z9 12 U1 2 U2 74 PU ICE PUBLISHING PI WESTMINISTER PA INST CIVIL ENGINEERS, 1 GREAT GEORGE ST, WESTMINISTER SW 1P 3AA, ENGLAND SN 0965-089X J9 P I CIVIL ENG-CIV EN JI Proc. Inst. Civil Eng.-Civil Eng. PD NOV PY 2008 VL 161 IS 6 BP 49 EP 53 DI 10.1680/cien.2008.161.6.49 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA 361WU UT WOS:000260159100009 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ge, HC He, SJ Sun, YH Xia, ZX Fu, XS Guo, ZY AF Ge, Hongcheng He, Shijian Sun, Yuhai Xia, Zengxuan Fu, Xinsha Guo, Zhongyin TI A method for evaluating the safety of freeway tunnel sections based on driving comfort - a naturalistic driving study SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Freeway; tunnel; traffic safety; driving comfort; CRITIC weighting method ID YOUNG AB Objective: Driving comfort is crucial for tunnel safety because tunnel sections on freeways often introduce significant environmental changes that can compromise comfort and increase the risk of traffic accidents. This study aimed to quantitatively evaluate the driving comfort in tunnel sections and its implications for safety management. Methods: Four indicators were used to assess the driving comfort: heart rate growth rate (Hrgr), skin conductance response (SCR), speed, and acceleration. The CRITIC weighting method was employed to calculate a quantitative driving comfort score, and the presence and severity of discomfort were used to evaluate the safety of each tunnel area. In addition, the evaluation was based on a naturalistic test consisting of Hrgr, SCR, speed, and acceleration data. A total of 32 participants were recruited based on a web-based questionnaire screening process, after which they were tested while driving through 30 tunnel sections on the roadway. These 30 tunnels included 14 short (< 500 m), 12 medium (500-1,000 m), and 4 long (1,000-3,000 m) tunnels. Results: The results revealed that the four selected indicators exhibited minimal multicollinearity and effectively captured the driving comfort. Among the indicators, SCR had the most significant contribution to the driving comfort score. Most drivers did not experience substantial discomfort while driving through tunnels. The area where drivers were most susceptible to discomfort was the middle zones of tunnels. However, drivers were more likely to experience strong discomfort in the outside exit, entrance, and middle zones of short, medium, and long tunnels, respectively. Conclusions: This study provides a comprehensive set of safety evaluation methods for tunnel sections on freeways, with a focus on quantifying the driving comfort. The findings provide theoretical support for freeway management personnel in implementing personalized controls in different tunnel areas with the aim of enhancing tunnel safety and mitigating the occurrence of traffic accidents. C1 [Ge, Hongcheng; Guo, Zhongyin] Tongji Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Rd & Traff Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [He, Shijian] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha, Peoples R China. [Sun, Yuhai; Xia, Zengxuan] Shandong Prov Commun Planning & Design Inst Co Ltd, Jinan, Peoples R China. [Fu, Xinsha] South China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. C3 Tongji University; Changsha University of Science & Technology; South China University of Technology RP He, SJ (通讯作者)，Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha, Peoples R China. EM heshijian@csust.edu.cn OI HE, Shijian/0000-0002-7499-1578; Ge, Hongcheng/0000-0002-7692-9268 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51978242]; Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department [21B0288]; Changsha Natural Science Foundation [kq2202212]; Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province [2022JJ40476]; Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation Science and Technology Innovation and Demonstration Project [2021-8]; Guangzhou New Baiyun International Airport Second Expressway South Project [JGN-GCKY-01-001] FX This work was jointly supported by: 1) National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51978242); 2) Scientific Research Fund of Hunan Provincial Education Department (No. 21B0288); 3) Changsha Natural Science Foundation (No. kq2202212); 4) Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (2022JJ40476); 5) Yunnan Provincial Department of Transportation Science and Technology Innovation and Demonstration Project (2021-8); 6) Guangzhou New Baiyun International Airport Second Expressway South Project (JGN-GCKY-01-001). 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Prev. PD AUG 17 PY 2023 AR 2249569 DI 10.1080/15389588.2023.2249569 PG 8 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA Q4VT7 UT WOS:001057521000001 PM 37640380 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Modic, J AF Modic, J TI Fire simulation in road tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE fire simulation; road tunnels; tunnel safety AB The catastrophic tunnel fires since the year 1999 and a series of accidents in some tunnels in the summer of 2001 triggered extensive discussions and proposals relating to tunnel safety. When a fire occurs in a tunnel, and in absence of sufficient air supply, large quantities of smoke are generated, filling the vehicles and any space available around them. Unless a strong flow is created and maintained, hot gases and smoke migrate in all directions. With a weak airflow, smoke forms a layer along the tunnel ceiling and can flow against the direction of forced ventilation, interfering with personal evacuation. This paper shows the results of a computer fire simulation in a tunnel and the results of this simulation: air velocity, air temperature and wall temperature in the case of fire. The simulation started before the emergency ventilation system is activated and continued with the fans activated to control the smoke. (C) 2003 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Ljubljana, Fac Mech Engn, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. C3 University of Ljubljana RP Modic, J (通讯作者)，Univ Ljubljana, Fac Mech Engn, Askerceva 16, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia. CR *ASHRAE, 1999, ASHRAE HDB HVAC APPL, pCH12 Barth U, 2002, INT C TUNN SAF VENT BENELIUS G, 2002, INT C TUNN SAF VENT *IDA, 2000, ROAD TUNN VENT FIR S *PIARC, 2002, FIR SMOK CONTR ROAD PUCHER K, 1999, SICHERHEIT TUNNELANL NR 6 TC 60 Z9 73 U1 1 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD NOV PY 2003 VL 18 IS 5 BP 525 EP 530 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00069-5 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 729LB UT WOS:000185773800007 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ronchi, E Kinateder, M Müller, M Jost, M Nehfischer, M Pauli, P Mühlberger, A AF Ronchi, Enrico Kinateder, Max Mueller, Mathias Jost, Michael Nehfischer, Markus Pauli, Paul Muehlberger, Andreas TI Evacuation travel paths in virtual reality experiments for tunnel safety analysis SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Fire evacuation; Travel paths; Tunnel safety; Virtual reality; Functional analysis ID ROAD-TUNNEL; HUMAN-BEHAVIOR; EXIT CHOICE; ENVIRONMENT; MODELS; SPEED; SMOKE AB A case study on the analysis of evacuation travel paths in virtual reality (VR) tunnel fire experiments is presented to increase the understanding on evacuation behaviour. A novel method based on the study of the parametric equations of the occupants' evacuation travel paths using vector operators inspired by functional analysis theory and the new concept of interaction areas (IAs) is introduced. IAs are presented and calculated in order to represent the distance of an occupant from a reference point (e.g., an emergency exit, the fire source, etc.) over time. The method allows comparisons of travel paths between experimental groups as well as comparisons with reference paths (e.g. user-defined paths, real-world paths, etc.). Results show that a common assumption employed by evacuation models (the use of a hypothetical path based on the shortest distance) may be an over-simplistic approximation of the evacuation paths. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ronchi, Enrico] Lund Univ, Dept Fire Safety Engn, Lund, Sweden. [Kinateder, Max; Jost, Michael; Nehfischer, Markus; Pauli, Paul] Univ Wurzburg, Dept Psychol Biol Psychol Clin Psychol & Psychoth, D-97070 Wurzburg, Germany. [Mueller, Mathias] VTplus, Wurzburg, Germany. [Muehlberger, Andreas] Univ Regensburg, Dept Psychol, Chair Clin Psychol & Psychotherapy, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany. C3 Lund University; University of Wurzburg; University of Regensburg RP Ronchi, E (通讯作者)，Lund Univ, Dept Fire Safety Engn, Lund, Sweden. EM enrico.ronchi@brand.lth.se RI Kinateder, Max/AAC-5833-2019; Ronchi, Enrico/H-7130-2019 OI Kinateder, Max/0000-0002-1669-3900; Ronchi, Enrico/0000-0002-2789-6359; Müller, Mathias/0000-0002-8525-993X; Pauli, Paul/0000-0003-0692-6720 FU German Federal Ministry of Education and Research [13N9645A] FX This study was partially supported by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research within the SKRIBTPlus project (13N9645A); the authors would like to thank the SKRIBTPlus Consortium. CR Andree K., 2013, IMMERSIVE VIRTUAL EN [Anonymous], SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC Boer LC., 2007, PEDESTRIAN EVACUATIO, P91, DOI [10.1007/978-3-540-47064-98, DOI 10.1007/978-3-540-47064-98] Carvel R., 2005, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE, P514 COHEN J, 1992, PSYCHOL BULL, V112, P155, DOI 10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155 Duffe P., 1999, Task force for technical investigation of the 24 March 1999 fire in the Mont Blanc vehicular tunnel Edwards R.E., 1965, FUNCTIONAL ANAL Frantzich H., 2003, 3126 LUND DEP FIRE S Fridolf K, 2013, FIRE TECHNOL, V49, P451, DOI 10.1007/s10694-011-0217-x Fridolf K, 2013, FIRE SAFETY J, V59, P8, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.03.007 Galea E.R., 2012, EVACUATION VALIDAT Gamberini L, 2003, ERGONOMICS, V46, P842, DOI 10.1080/0014013031000111266 Gandit M, 2009, SAFETY SCI, V47, P105, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2008.01.001 Hoskins BL, 2012, FIRE SAFETY J, V48, P49, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.12.009 Jin T., 2008, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC Kennedy R.S., 1993, INT J AVIAT PSYCHOL, V3, P203, DOI [DOI 10.1207/S15327108IJAP030332, 10.1207/s15327108ijap0303_3, DOI 10.1207/S15327108IJAP0303_3] Kinateder M., 1 COMPL EV INF MOD 2, p319 Kinateder M, 2013, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V17, P20, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2012.09.001 Kobes M, 2010, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V3, P37, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2010.07.006 Kobes M, 2010, BUILD ENVIRON, V45, P537, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.07.004 Kretz T., 2010, BEHAV PERCEPTION BAS, P827 Kuligowski E.D., 2010, Technical Note 1680 A Review of Building Evacuation Models, V2nd Laux L., 1981, STATE TRAIT ANGSTIVE Loomis JM, 1999, BEHAV RES METH INS C, V31, P557, DOI 10.3758/BF03200735 Muhlberger A., 2000, TUNNELANGSTFRAGEOBOG Nilsson D., 2009, FIRE SAFETY J, V44, P458 Nilsson D., 2009, Exit Choice in Fire Emergencies Influencing Choice of Exit with Flashing Lights Peacock RD, 1999, FIRE SAFETY J, V33, P167, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(99)00029-6 Purser D., 2009, ADV RES WORKSH FIR P, P23 RABT, 2006, Richtlinien fur die Ausstattung und den Betrieb von Strassentunneln (RABT) Ribeiro J., 2012, USING SERIOUS GAMES Ronchi E, 2013, FIRE TECHNOL, V49, P411, DOI 10.1007/s10694-012-0280-y Ronchi E., 2011, ADV RES WORKSH EV HU, P145 Ronchi E, 2014, FIRE TECHNOL, V50, P1545, DOI 10.1007/s10694-013-0352-7 Ronchi E, 2014, FIRE SAFETY J, V65, P30, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.02.001 Ronchi E, 2014, FIRE SAFETY J, V63, P69, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.11.012 Ronchi E, 2013, SAFETY SCI, V59, P141, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2013.05.008 Ronchi E, 2012, FIRE TECHNOL, V48, P961, DOI 10.1007/s10694-012-0256-y Ronchi E, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V30, P74, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.008 Schubert T.W., 2003, Zeitschrift Fur Medienpsychologie, V15, P69, DOI [10.1026//1617-6383.15.2.69, DOI 10.1026//1617-6383.15.2.69, https://doi.org/10.1026//1617-6383.15.2.69] Spielberger C.D., 1973, STATE TRAIT ANXIETY NR 41 TC 77 Z9 84 U1 4 U2 89 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 EI 1873-7226 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD JAN PY 2015 VL 71 BP 257 EP 267 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.11.005 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA CB6HL UT WOS:000349728000023 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Proctor, RJ AF Proctor, RJ TI The San Fernando Tunnel explosion, California SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tunnels; explosions; tunnel safety AB A disastrous gas explosion in a tunnel under Los Angeles in 1971 took the lives of 17 workers, Construction was halted for 2 years while the owner, the contractor and OSHA decided how to proceed safely. Many warning signs preceded the event, but were not fully acknowledged or addressed. A criminal trial for negligence and new State safety orders has resulted in more strict procedures. Tunneling in areas where hydrocarbons are present require special precautions and special procedures. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. RP Proctor, RJ (通讯作者)，26 Calle Pastadero, San Clemente, CA 92672 USA. CR DOYLE BR, 2001, HAZARDOUS GASSES UND HEUER RE, 1976, P RAP EXC TUNN C RET, P278 Proctor H, 2001, TRENDS ECOL EVOL, V16, P19, DOI 10.1016/S0169-5347(00)02014-0 Proctor RJ, 1998, ENVIRON ENG GEOSCI, V4, P19 PROCTOR RJ, 1980, UNDERGROUND SPACE, V4, P217 1973, W CONSTRUCTION AUG, P58 NR 6 TC 22 Z9 26 U1 0 U2 11 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD DEC PY 2002 VL 67 IS 1-2 BP 1 EP 3 AR PII S0013-7952(02)00042-X DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00042-X PG 3 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Geology GA 602ML UT WOS:000178509000001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ronchi, E AF Ronchi, Enrico TI Testing the predictive capabilities of evacuation models for tunnel fire safety analysis SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Tunnel safety; Evacuation modelling; Multi-model approach; Human behaviour in fire; Emergency evacuation ID ROAD-TUNNEL; SMOKE AB The scope of this paper is to test the predictive capabilities of different evacuation modelling approaches to simulate tunnel fire evacuations. The study is based on the a priori modelling (prior to the experiments) vs a posteriori modelling (after the data collection stage) of a set of tunnel evacuation experiments performed in a tunnel in Stockholm, Sweden. Different degrees of modelling sophistication were employed: (A) the analytical calculations described in the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) handbook, (B) an individual use of evacuation models and (C) a multi-model approach, presented in this paper for the first time. Six evacuation models were employed, namely FDS+Evac, BuildingEXODUS, STEPS, Pathfinder, Gridflow and Simulex. The author has a priori simulated the experiments with different degrees of modelling sophistication. The experimental results were used to simulate a posteriori the same scenarios. Results showed that: (1) the use of model default settings produced significant differences in the results, (2) the calibration of models input required different degrees of effort in relation to the sophistication embedded in the model, i.e., whether it used deterministic assumptions or not, (3) analytical calculations were not a sufficient method to simulate complex tunnel evacuation processes, i.e., exit choice in smoke, (4) the use of a single model was not sufficient if the modellers had not information to calibrate the input, (5) the multi-model approach was a useful tool to test the sensitivity of the results to the model employed and the model sub-algorithms. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Polytech Univ Bari, Dept Rd & Transportat, I-70100 Bari, BA, Italy. C3 Politecnico di Bari RP Ronchi, E (通讯作者)，Polytech Univ Bari, Dept Rd & Transportat, Via Orabona 4, I-70100 Bari, BA, Italy. EM enronc@poliba.it RI Ronchi, Enrico/H-7130-2019 OI Ronchi, Enrico/0000-0002-2789-6359 CR ANAS Condirezione Generale Tecnica Direzione Centrale Progettazione, 2009, LIN GUID PROG SIC NE [Anonymous], 549942000 BRIT STAND [Anonymous], 2011, 502 NFPA [Anonymous], 2004, BUILDINGEXODUS V4 0 [Anonymous], SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC [Anonymous], 526671999 BRIT STAND [Anonymous], 2003, Technical Report 3126 [Anonymous], 2012, NFPA101 Bensilum M., 2002, [No title captured], P941, DOI [10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.7-941, DOI 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.7-941] Boer L, 2005, P 3 INT C PED EV DYN Carvel R., 2011, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE, P3 Duffe P., 1999, Task force for technical investigation of the 24 March 1999 fire in the Mont Blanc vehicular tunnel Fridolf K, 2013, FIRE TECHNOL, V49, P451, DOI 10.1007/s10694-011-0217-x Fridolf K, 2013, FIRE SAFETY J, V59, P8, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.03.007 Gandit M, 2009, SAFETY SCI, V47, P105, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2008.01.001 Gwynne S., 2008, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, VFourth, p3.373 Gwynne S. 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Sci. PD NOV PY 2013 VL 59 BP 141 EP 153 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2013.05.008 PG 13 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 198TB UT WOS:000322944100015 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, SS Du, ZG Zheng, HR Han, L Xia, XH He, SM AF Wang, Shoushuo Du, Zhigang Zheng, Haoran Han, Lei Xia, Xinhai He, Shiming TI Improving driving safety in freeway tunnels: A field study of linear visual guiding facilities SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Freeway tunnels; Linear visual guiding facilities; Traffic safety; Visual behaviors; Driving behaviors ID SPEED REDUCTION MARKINGS; HORIZONTAL CURVE ASPECTS; ROAD TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; CRASH INJURY SEVERITY; SIGHT DISTANCE; DESIGN; PERFORMANCE; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEM; IMPACT AB This study endeavors to assess the efficacy of retroreflective linear visual guiding facilities in enhancing traffic safety within freeway tunnels. While simulation tests have traditionally served as the primary means for investigating traffic engineering solutions aimed at improving driving behaviors within tunnels, empirical studies validating these methods in real tunnel environments have been notably lacking. To bridge this research gap, our study developed two cost-effective linear visual guiding facilities equipped with retroreflective features and evaluated their effectiveness in authentic freeway tunnel settings. We employed various indicators, including visual behaviors such as the speed of pupil area change and the distribution time of gaze points, as well as driving behaviors encompassing speed and lateral deviation, to assess the impact of these facilities on drivers. Our findings unequivocally demonstrate that the integration of linear visual guiding facilities significantly enhances driving safety within tunnels compared to conventional facilities. Specifically, the speed of pupil area change decreases, while the distribution time of gaze points increases following the implementation of linear visual guiding facilities. Moreover, we observe mitigations in the speed differentials among vehicles, both within and between tunnel zones, alongside reductions in vehicular lateral deviations. The synergistic deployment of linear visual guiding facilities in conjunction with conventional delineators and raised pavement markers can expedite visual perception, promote accurate driving decisions, and facilitate the safe passage of vehicles through tunnels. In conclusion, our study has proved that retroreflective linear visual guiding facilities effectively can enhance driving safety in freeway tunnels. C1 [Wang, Shoushuo; Xia, Xinhai] Guangzhou Maritime Univ, Sch Port & Shipping Management, 101 Hongshan 3rd Rd, Guangzhou 510725, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Du, Zhigang; Zheng, Haoran; Han, Lei; He, Shiming] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Zheng, Haoran] Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Built Environm, 2 Dolech, NL-5612AZ Eindhoven, Noord Brabant, Netherlands. C3 Guangzhou Maritime University; Wuhan University of Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology RP Du, ZG; Zheng, HR (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China.; Zheng, HR (通讯作者)，Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Built Environm, 2 Dolech, NL-5612AZ Eindhoven, Noord Brabant, Netherlands. EM wongss0319@163.com; zhig_du7@163.com; haoranzheng@foxmail.com; hanleibest@whut.edu.cn; xiaxinhai@126.com; Hesming@whut.edu.cn RI Wang, Shoushuo/AAF-2645-2021 OI Wang, Shoushuo/0000-0003-2463-3569; Haoran, Zheng/0000-0002-3612-7500; He, Shiming/0009-0004-5897-100X FU National Natural Science Founda-tion of China [52072291]; Department of Education of Guangdong Province [2022ZDZX1021] FX Acknowledgments This study was supported by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No. 52072291) and the Department of Education of Guangdong Province (No. 2022ZDZX1021) . 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JAN PY 2024 VL 143 AR 105489 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105489 EA NOV 2023 PG 16 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA Z4FR4 UT WOS:001111655100001 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, LM Wu, XG Chen, QQ Skibniewski, MJ Hsu, SC AF Zhang, Limao Wu, Xianguo Chen, Queqing Skibniewski, Miroslaw J. Hsu, Shu-Chien TI Towards a safety management approach for adjacent buildings in tunneling environments: Case study in China SO BUILDING AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Safety management; Adjacent buildings; Tunneling environments; Case study; Numerical analysis ID FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSIS; WUHAN METRO CONSTRUCTION; GROUND MOVEMENTS; EXCAVATION AB This paper develops a systematic approach with detailed step-by-step procedures for safety management of existing buildings adjacent to tunneling excavation. The potential safety risk of a specific nearby building is assessed within four different risk levels, with the spatial neighbor relation (hazard parameter) and the building health condition (vulnerability component) taken into account. Compared with the traditional two-stage approach, a reasonable balance between the system safety and cost constrains is reached in the developed systematic approach, where the safety risk assessment is added in the first stage, and the assessed safety risk level acts as a decisive role in the depth of the subsequent two-stage numerical analyses. It is suggested that numerical simulation analyses should be employed in the situation where the existing building lies in a risk level of III (Medium risk) or IV (High risk). A case concerning the protection of a five-story framed building adjacent to a twin-tunnel in China is utilized to verify the applicability of the proposed approach. The impact of both the tunnel excavation on the soil displacement and building foundation deformation is further analyzed in details. Results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, as well as its application potential. The proposed approach can be used by practitioners in the industry to provide guidelines on guaranteeing the system safety of adjacent buildings in tunneling environments. At the same time, the analysis cost can be greatly reduced, especially when a large number of existing buildings adjacent to tunneling excavation need to be protected. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhang, Limao; Wu, Xianguo; Chen, Queqing] Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Mech, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Limao; Skibniewski, Miroslaw J.] Univ Maryland, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, College Pk, MD 20742 USA. [Skibniewski, Miroslaw J.] Polish Acad Sci, Inst Theoret & Appl Informat, PL-00901 Warsaw, Poland. [Hsu, Shu-Chien] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. C3 Huazhong University of Science & Technology; University System of Maryland; University of Maryland College Park; Polish Academy of Sciences; Institute of Theoretical & Applied Informatics of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Hong Kong Polytechnic University RP Wu, XG (通讯作者)，Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Mech, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM limao_zhang@hotmail.com; wxg0220@126.com; yueqing_chen@126.com; markhsu1109@gmail.com RI Skibniewski, Miroslaw/P-5310-2018; Zhang, Limao/A-1320-2016; Hsu, Shu-Chien/AAD-3314-2020 OI Skibniewski, Miroslaw/0000-0002-7102-753X; Zhang, Limao/0000-0002-7245-3741; Hsu, Shu-Chien/0000-0002-7232-9839 FU National Science and Technology Support Plan [51378235]; Henan Province Natural Science Foundation [JHO2-132102210262]; Wuhan City Construction Committee Support Project [201334]; China Scholarship Council (CSC) FX The National Science and Technology Support Plan (No. 51378235), Henan Province Natural Science Foundation (No. JHO2-132102210262), Wuhan City Construction Committee Support Project (No. 201334) and China Scholarship Council (CSC) are acknowledged for their financial support of this research. 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PD MAY PY 2014 VL 75 BP 222 EP 235 DI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.02.005 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA AG0MY UT WOS:000335110800023 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, H Chen, ZT Lu, YM Li, P Wang, QA Liu, ZC Li, S AF Li, Hao Chen, Zhitao Lu, Yanming Li, Peng Wang, Qi-Ang Liu, Zichen Li, Shu TI Research on Intelligent Monitoring of Fire Safety and Fire Rescue Plan for Tunnel Operation under Quasi-Unattended Background SO BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE tunnels; fire safety; intelligent monitoring; fire rescue plan; emergency management AB Tunnel structures account for la large proportion of the structures in mountain highway transportation systems. Most tunnels are located in remote areas in which the geological conditions are complex and harsh and in which the layout of the management facilities along the way is complex. Thus, the management and maintenance costs of various facilities are expensive, the cost of fire safety operations and management is high, and disaster prevention and rescue have a difficult time meeting the objective requirements. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out research on quasi-unmanned operations and intelligent remote monitoring. This study firstly proposes a fire safety intelligent monitoring framework for quasi-unattended tunnels. By making full use of various intelligent sensor monitoring data in the tunnel, the tunnel operation status can be grasped in real time. Then, a fire safety evaluation model can be established through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP), and, based on the monitoring data, the AHP model parameters can be evaluated to realize the real-time evaluation and management of tunnel fire safety. Finally, on the basis of the fire safety intelligent monitoring system and the fire safety evaluation system, an adaptive fire rescue plan formulation scheme is proposed for the quasi-unattended tunnels so as to provide guaranteed support for the rapid automatic response of tunnel fire protection and to provide technical data support for the design and realization of intelligent and efficient tunnel management C1 [Li, Hao; Chen, Zhitao; Lu, Yanming; Li, Peng] Broadvis Engn Consultants Co Ltd, Kunming 650041, Peoples R China. [Wang, Qi-Ang] China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Mech & Civil Engn, State Key Lab Intelligent Construct & Hlth Operat, Xuzhou 221116, Peoples R China. [Liu, Zichen] China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Mech & Civil Engn, Xuzhou 221116, Peoples R China. [Li, Shu] Tsinghua Univ, Hefei Inst Publ Secur, Hefei 230601, Peoples R China. C3 China University of Mining & Technology; China University of Mining & Technology; Tsinghua University RP Wang, QA (通讯作者)，China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Mech & Civil Engn, State Key Lab Intelligent Construct & Hlth Operat, Xuzhou 221116, Peoples R China. EM qawang@mail.nwpu.edu.cn RI Wang, Qi-Ang/GSJ-3366-2022; liu, zichen/IUO-2236-2023 OI Wang, Qi-Ang/0000-0002-1896-6490; FU The authors wish to acknowledge the support from the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Yunnan Communications Investment and Construction Group Co., Ltd. (YCIC-YF-2021-19); the Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Transportation (grant No. 202205AG07 [202205AG070008]; Science and Technology Innovation Project of Yunnan Communications Investment and Construction Group Co., Ltd. [51908545]; Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Transportation [BK20181652]; National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province; [YCIC-YF-2021-19] FX The authors wish to acknowledge the support from the Science and Technology Innovation Project of Yunnan Communications Investment and Construction Group Co., Ltd. (YCIC-YF-2021-19); the Yunnan Key Laboratory of Digital Transportation (grant No. 202205AG070008); the National Natural Science Foundation of China Youth Fund (51908545); and the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20181652). The authors wish to express their gratitude to the staff and students in the Structural Engineering Laboratory for their extensive assistance. 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To ensure the safety of the existing tunnel, it is essential to investigate its dynamic response under blast disturbances. Based on an expansion project for a highway double-arch tunnel, this study employed the dynamic finite element program LS-DYNA to analyze the vibration velocity and effective stress in the tunnel lining subjected to blast vibrations. The distribution characteristics of vibration velocity and effective stress at different locations of tunnel lining were obtained. A relationship model between the peak particle velocity (PPV) and effective stress was established. According to the maximum tensile stress theory, a safety criterion based on vibration velocity was determined. To facilitate field monitoring, a correlation between the vibration velocity at the arch waist and foot was established, leading to a proposed safety threshold for the arch foot vibration velocity. Furthermore, a statistical relationship was developed between the charge weight per hole in the upper bench cut and the vibration velocity at the arch foot to guide blasting design. Using the arch foot vibration velocity as the safety standard, the maximum permissible charge weight to ensure the structural safety of the existing tunnel was recommended. C1 [Shao, Youxin; Zhang, Zhen; Sun, Jinshan; Yao, Yingkang; Jiang, Nan; Ma, Shimao] Jianghan Univ, State Key Lab Precis Blasting, Wuhan 430056, Peoples R China. [Shao, Youxin; Zhang, Zhen; Sun, Jinshan; Yao, Yingkang; Jiang, Nan; Ma, Shimao] Jianghan Univ, Hubei Key Lab Blasting Engn, Wuhan 430056, Peoples R China. C3 Jianghan University; Jianghan University RP Zhang, Z (通讯作者)，Jianghan Univ, State Key Lab Precis Blasting, Wuhan 430056, Peoples R China.; Zhang, Z (通讯作者)，Jianghan Univ, Hubei Key Lab Blasting Engn, Wuhan 430056, Peoples R China. EM 13093205163@163.com; zhangzhen9168@163.com; sun99001@126.com; shanxiyao@jhun.edu.cn; happyjohn@foxmail.com; 18039416600@163.com FU National Key R&D Program of China [2021-008]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [42102329] FX This research was funded by National Key R&D Program of China (grant number: 2021-008) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number: 42102329). CR [Anonymous], 2024, Code for Design of Concrete Structures [Anonymous], 2004, Tunn. Undergr. 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Sci.-Basel PD JAN 16 PY 2026 VL 16 IS 2 AR 920 DI 10.3390/app16020920 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA CN7DV UT WOS:001670127400001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ouyang, PY Wu, JM Xu, CC Bai, L Li, XF AF Ouyang, Pengying Wu, Jiaming Xu, Chengcheng Bai, Lu Li, Xuefeng TI Traffic safety analysis of inter-tunnel weaving section with conflict prediction models SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY & SECURITY LA English DT Article DE Bayesian data analysis; conflict prediction model; inter-tunnel weaving section; negative binomial regression; traffic safety ID LANE-CHANGE BEHAVIOR; FREEWAY; SIMULATION; FLOW; SEVERITY; SEGMENTS; CRASHES; IMPACT; SPEED AB With increasing traffic demand in urban areas of metropolises, many tunnels have been constructed to improve road capacity and traffic mobility. The distance between two consecutive tunnels is relatively short which usually forms a weaving section, leading to considerable traffic conflicts. The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety performance of such inter-tunnel sections. Conflict prediction models based on negative binomial regression were developed to identify influential factors. Field data were collected at ten selected sites in Nanjing, China, and used for calibrating and validating the proposed models. Two types of inter-tunnel weaving sections (type 1 and type 2) were found in the field with distinct lane markings and operation rules. The unique lane markings in type 1 weaving sections are designed to isolate weaving traffic flows and thus reduce conflicts, but in practice, contradictory to its design intention, lead to more traffic conflicts compared with type 2 weaving sections. In addition, the length of the diverging section, merging section, and whole weaving section are found to be significant influencing factors on the conflict occurrence. The findings in the present study are expected to help engineer better design inter-tunnel sections. C1 [Ouyang, Pengying; Xu, Chengcheng; Bai, Lu; Li, Xuefeng] Southeast Univ, Dept Transportat Engn, Nanjing, Peoples R China. [Wu, Jiaming] Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Elect Engn, 5433 EDIT Bldg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. [Wu, Jiaming] Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Architecture & Civil Engn, Gothenburg, Sweden. C3 Southeast University - China; Chalmers University of Technology; Chalmers University of Technology RP Wu, JM (通讯作者)，Chalmers Univ Technol, Dept Elect Engn, 5433 EDIT Bldg, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. EM jiaming.wu@chalmers.se RI ouyang, pengying/LKJ-8851-2024; Wu, Jiaming/ACJ-5390-2022; Bai, Lu/ABF-7623-2021 OI Wu, Jiaming/0000-0002-0235-4246; Xu, Chengcheng/0000-0003-3028-0034; Bai, Lu/0000-0001-8855-550X FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51878165] FX This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 51878165. 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PD APR 3 PY 2022 VL 14 IS 4 BP 630 EP 654 DI 10.1080/19439962.2020.1801924 EA AUG 2020 PG 25 WC Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Transportation GA 0F2KX UT WOS:000558306200001 OA Bronze DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, JJ Lou, YF Yang, X Jin, XL AF Li, Junjie Lou, Yunfeng Yang, Xun Jin, Xianlong TI Nonlinear seismic analysis of a train-tunnel-soil system and running safety assessment of metro vehicles SO SOIL DYNAMICS AND EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Train-tunnel-soil system; Metro train; Earthquake excitation; Seismic response; Numerical simulation; Running safety; Penalty method ID FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSIS; RESPONSE ANALYSIS; IMMERSED TUNNEL; MOVING TRAINS; BRIDGE; VIBRATIONS; BOUNDARY; PREDICTION; BEHAVIOR; LOADS AB Since earthquakes would pose a serious threat to the safety of underground railway tunnels and subway trains, the seismic analysis of the subway tunnel and the metro train is essential for earthquake-resistant design and construction. This presented study aims to investigate the transient response of a train-tunnel-soil coupled system under various load conditions, and assess running safety of the moving train. Firstly, a simulation model of the train-tunnel-soil system was established, considering interactions between soil and tunnel, rail and train. Secondly, the numerical approaches employed in this paper were verified, and the tunnel-soil model was validated with the available test data. Finally, the nonlinear seismic response of the train-tunnel-soil system is investigated, and running safety indices of the subway vehicle are evaluated. Moreover, the effect of train speed and earthquake intensity on the running safety of the metro train is assessed. The numerical results reveal that compared to the moving-train load, the effect of earthquake action on the dynamic response of the subway tunnel is more prominent, resulting in a significant increase of the wheel-rail force and acceleration of the railway vehicle. Both earthquake loads and train speed have an impact on running safety indices, while the earthquake intensity has a more significant effect on the safety index of the metro vehicle. Moreover, it is worth noticing that with respect to the designed operational speed of 90 km/h for Nanjing Metro Line 10, the ability of the metro train to withstand earthquake excitation is no more than a maximum acceleration of 0.2 g. C1 [Li, Junjie; Jin, Xianlong] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, State Key Lab Mech Syst & Vibrat, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Lou, Yunfeng] Aerosp Syst Engn Shanghai, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Yang, Xun] Chinese Acad Sci, Changchun Inst Opt Fine Mech & Phys, Changchun, Peoples R China. C3 Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics & Physics, CAS RP Jin, XL (通讯作者)，Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, State Key Lab Mech Syst & Vibrat, Shanghai, Peoples R China. EM jxlong@sjtu.edu.cn FU National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFB0201800]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [11772192] FX This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant no. 2016YFB0201800) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 11772192). 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Earthq. Eng. PD AUG PY 2021 VL 147 AR 106772 DI 10.1016/j.soildyn.2021.106772 EA MAY 2021 PG 15 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Geology GA XH4LH UT WOS:000725407500006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU BARTHES, H BORDAS, A BOUILLOT, D BUZON, M DUMONT, P FERMIN, J LANDRY, JC LARIVE, JP LEBLOND, L MORLOT, JJ SZYPURA, L VANDEBROUCK, P VIELLIARD, B AF BARTHES, H BORDAS, A BOUILLOT, D BUZON, M DUMONT, P FERMIN, J LANDRY, JC LARIVE, JP LEBLOND, L MORLOT, JJ SZYPURA, L VANDEBROUCK, P VIELLIARD, B TI TUNNELS - SAFETY SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article AB Safety measures at the Channel Tunnel work sites were exceptional. This Paper shows how and why safety measures were provided from the outset and discusses the top-downwards organization of safety and the care given to training. It describes the many intervention levels in addition to the organization and operation of the central control post and safety measures specific to each work site. NR 0 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU THOMAS TELFORD SERVICES LTD PI LONDON PA THOMAS TELFORD HOUSE, 1 HERON QUAY, LONDON, ENGLAND E14 4JD SN 0965-089X J9 P I CIVIL ENG-CIV EN JI Proc. Inst. Civil Eng.-Civil Eng. PY 1994 VL 102 IS 1 SI SI BP 76 EP 81 DI 10.1680/icien.1994.26815 PN 3 PG 6 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA PN614 UT WOS:A1994PN61400016 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, F Peng, HR Ma, XX Liang, JY Hao, W Pan, XD AF Chen, Feng Peng, Haorong Ma, Xiaoxiang Liang, Jieyu Hao, Wei Pan, Xiaodong TI Examining the safety of trucks under crosswind at bridge-tunnel section: A driving simulator study SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Driving safety; Crosswind; Bridge-tunnel section; Driving simulator ID SIDED ROAD VEHICLES; AERODYNAMIC BEHAVIOR; DYNAMIC-ANALYSIS; WIND; ACCIDENTS; FRAMEWORK; DRIVERS; TOWER; LOADS; RISK AB Bridge-tunnel section is the connecting section between bridges and tunnels, where strong crosswind is considered as one of the most important causes of traffic accidents, in particular for trucks. A driving simulator experiment has been carried out based on a box truck module, with the purpose of investigating the safety of the truck under crosswind at the bridge-tunnel section. Nineteen professional truck drivers participated in the driving simulator tests. The yawing rate and steering angle are selected as the indices of the dynamic response under crosswinds. The response characteristics of the truck entering a tunnel from crosswind region are also discussed particularly. The reference of yaw stability has been proposed based on the performance when the truck moves on the first tunnel section with no crosswind applied. The results indicate that the yaw stability of the moving truck becomes worse as the intensity of crosswind action increases and the lateral displacement resulted from the left-to-right crosswind is larger than that from the right-to-left. A transitional section at the entrance of the tunnel should be designed to prevent the possible accident induced by large lateral displacement under strong crosswind. C1 [Chen, Feng; Peng, Haorong; Ma, Xiaoxiang; Liang, Jieyu; Pan, Xiaodong] Tongji Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Rd & Traff Engn, 4800 Caoan Rd finding, Shanghai 201804, Peoples R China. [Hao, Wei] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Changsha 410205, Hunan, Peoples R China. C3 Tongji University; Changsha University of Science & Technology RP Ma, XX (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Rd & Traff Engn, 4800 Caoan Rd finding, Shanghai 201804, Peoples R China. EM fengchen@tongji.edu.cn; 1810095@tongji.edu.cn; xiaoxiang.ma@tongji.edu.cn; 1632487@tongji.edu.cn; haowei@csust.edu.cn; panxd3@163.com RI 梁, 捷予/GQH-8556-2022; Ma, Xiaoxiang/L-6493-2019; Chen, Feng/P-7135-2019; Peng, Haorong/GQY-7442-2022 OI Ma, Xiaoxiang/0000-0001-9080-0316; Chen, Feng/0000-0002-6511-9964; Peng, Haorong/0000-0002-6293-1447 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51508409, 71531011]; Shanghai Sailing Program [18YF1424600] FX This research was jointly supported by Project 51508409 and 71531011 sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Project 18YF1424600 sponsored by Shanghai Sailing Program. 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PD OCT PY 2019 VL 92 AR 103034 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103034 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA IU3CR UT WOS:000483456800004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Long, HN Liang, B Niu, JA Zhu, SK Chen, C Qin, C Xu, MD AF Long, Haonan Liang, Bo Niu, Jia'an Zhu, Shuangkai Chen, Chun Qin, Can Xu, Mengdie TI Enhance driving dynamic sensing at highway tunnel portals: traffic signs information quantification and driving safety quantification SO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Highway tunnel portal; dynamic sensing; traffic signs; information quantification; driving safety quantification; MAFM-YOLO ID IMPACT; COMPREHENSION; PERFORMANCE; PERCEPTION; TASKS; RISK AB This study proposes traffic signs at the tunnel portals were quantified through the information entropy theory, and the information quantity of single element in each traffic sign was further analysed, considering the dynamic perceptual characteristics of traffic signs' informativeness, the correlation between physiological and psychological index, driving velocity index and traffic sign information is obtained. Based on this, a driving safety quantification for highway tunnel portals was constructed by using exploratory factor analysis method and MAFM-YOLO algorithm. Compared with conventional traffic signs, the model can identify traffic signs more systematically and combine the dynamic perception ability of drivers at different speeds, which can improve the driving safety of traffic signs identification in highway tunnel portals. And the correlation between physical and biological quantities and information quantities was verified by real vehicle tests, and the reliability of the optimisation model was also verified. C1 [Long, Haonan; Liang, Bo; Niu, Jia'an; Qin, Can; Xu, Mengdie] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, 66 Xue fu da dao Rd, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Liang, Bo] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Zhu, Shuangkai] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Coll Traff & Transportat, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Chen, Chun] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Smart City, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Liang, B (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, 66 Xue fu da dao Rd, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China.; Liang, B (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM liang_laoshi@126.com RI Niu, Jia An/JWP-1618-2024; Long, Haonan/MYR-4722-2025; xu, mengdie/HNQ-5450-2023 OI Long, Haonan/0009-0009-5864-817X; FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52108362, 52378391] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.52108362, 52378391). 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Plan. Technol. PD 2025 APR 23 PY 2025 DI 10.1080/03081060.2025.2493960 EA APR 2025 PG 41 WC Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Transportation GA 1TF8P UT WOS:001473103200001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhou, JB Dong, S Yan, B Zhang, MJ Yang, RF AF Zhou, Jibiao Dong, Sheng Yan, Bin Zhang, Minjie Yang, Renfa TI An adaptive agent digraph simulation for road traffic safety statue in bridge-tunnel groups SO ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Bridge-tunnel groups; safety statue; adaptive agent digraph; simulation; mountainous freeway ID ACCIDENTS; SEVERITY; HIGHWAYS AB The safety state of road network in the bridge-tunnel groups is an important factor in evaluating road traffic safety. This article describes a case study simulating brittleness behavior of road traffic safety statue in the bridge-tunnel groups. First, the safety state of road network and brittleness behavior characteristics are analyzed; second, the relationship between brittleness behavior and safety entropy is also introduced, and the collapse process of the travel system of road traffic network in the bridge-tunnel groups is simulated, which is based on the adaptive agent digraph theory. Finally, the rear-end accident data from Liu'an mountainous freeway are verified through the reasonability and feasibility of adaptive agent digraph theory. The case study has shown that there is a certain delay in the collapse of whole system; the key of vertex collapse will lead to the collapse of the whole system in a short time; the initial value of each vertex has a significant impact on the collapse of the whole system. The findings in this study provide scientific guidance to potentially improve the current mountainous freeway design and traffic management policy. C1 [Zhou, Jibiao] Huaiyin Inst Technol, Key Lab Traff & Transportat Secur Jiangsu Prov, Huaiyin, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Jibiao; Dong, Sheng; Zhang, Minjie; Yang, Renfa] Ningbo Univ Technol, Sch Civil & Transportat Engn, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Dong, Sheng] Tongji Univ, Dept Traff Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Yan, Bin] Bengbu Automobile Sergeants Sch, Dept Driver Training Serv, Bengbu, Peoples R China. C3 Huaian University; Ningbo University of Technology; Tongji University RP Dong, S (通讯作者)，Ningbo Univ Technol, Sch Civil & Transportat Engn, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. EM 514099665@qq.com RI ; dong, sheng/LXA-2726-2024 OI Zhou, Ji-biao/0000-0001-5396-6587; FU open fund for the Key Laboratory for Traffic and Transportation Security of Jiangsu Province [TTS2016-04, TTS2017-07]; Public Technology Application Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China [2016C33256]; Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China [LY17E080013]; Philosophy and Social Science Program of Zhejiang Province, China [17NDJC130YB]; Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City, China [2016A610112] FX The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The work described in this paper was mainly supported by the open fund for the Key Laboratory for Traffic and Transportation Security of Jiangsu Province (No. TTS2016-04, TTS2017-07); the Public Technology Application Foundation of Zhejiang Province of China (No. 2016C33256); the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (LY17E080013); Philosophy and Social Science Program of Zhejiang Province, China (17NDJC130YB); and Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City, China (2016A610112). 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Mech. Eng. PD OCT 5 PY 2017 VL 9 IS 10 AR 1687814017715979 DI 10.1177/1687814017715979 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA FJ1KO UT WOS:000412475300001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ru, H Li, R Zhang, C Luan, J Wei, LY AF Ru, Han Li, Ren Zhang, Chen Luan, Jian Wei, Leyu TI Analysis of the Effect of Tunnel Safety Measures on Vehicle Speed Based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process SO PROMET-TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION LA English DT Article DE highway tunnel; safety measures; subjective feelings; social survey methods; analytic hierarchy process ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; INJURY SEVERITY; FREEWAY AB The highway tunnel plays a critical role in highway traffic flow, yet its sections are particularly susceptible to traffic accidents. The research shows that the safety measures in the tunnel have a certain effect on improving the safety in the tunnel, but there is a lack of evaluation methods for the use effect of safety measures in the tunnel. To study the application effect of safety measures in tunnels (mainly strobe lights and information boards), this paper takes the driver's subjective feelings and vehicle speed changes as indicators to evaluate the application effect of safety facilities. The Xingshuliang Tunnel in Shaanxi Province, which has been operated and meets the test standards, is used as the test site, and the driver between the Yaozhou and Huangling sections is randomly selected as the test object for data collection. Subjective feelings are mainly obtained by social survey methods to obtain data samples, and the driving speed is collected by NC2000, non-contact five-wheel instrument, video recorder and other equipment. The statistical analysis method is used to study the driving speed of each section inside and outside the tunnel and the driver's response. According to the changing trend of speed, the weight of each test section is calculated by the combination of analytic hierarchy process and quantitative statistical method, and the comprehensive influence degree of safety measures is evaluated. The results show that both the strobe light and the information board induce the driver to reduce the driving speed by 3.1%, which can effectively reduce the driving speed. The strobe light mainly acts on the tunnel entrance and the inside of the tunnel, with a maximum influence range of 205 m. The information board has the greatest effect at the tunnel entrance, with a maximum influence range of 200 m. The above results provide a useful reference for the arrangement of safety measures and put forward the arrangement method of tunnel safety measures in combination with the conclusion, to help improve the safety of the driving environment in the tunnel. C1 [Ru, Han; Li, Ren; Zhang, Chen; Luan, Jian] Northwest A&F Univ, Coll Water Resources & Architectural Engn, Xianyang, Peoples R China. [Wei, Leyu] Hangzhou Dianzi Univ, Sch Elect & Informat, Hangzhou, Peoples R China. [Wei, Leyu] CETHIK Grp Co Ltd, Hangzhou, Peoples R China. C3 Northwest A&F University - China; Hangzhou Dianzi University RP Li, R (通讯作者)，Northwest A&F Univ, Coll Water Resources & Architectural Engn, Xianyang, Peoples R China. EM hanru@nwafu.edu.cn; liren@nwafu.edu.cn; ch_1@nwafu.edu.cn; jane-l@nwsuaf.edu.cn; leyu_wei@outlook.com RI ; Li, Ren/HLG-5754-2023 OI RU, Han/0000-0003-0426-4778; FU Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi [2023-JC-QN-0790]; Training Programs of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates [X202310712324] FX This work was supported by the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi (Program No. 2023-JC-QN-0790) Training Programs of Innovation and Entrepreneurship for Undergraduates (X202310712324) , which is gratefully appreciated. CR Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 [Anonymous], 2009, Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices for Streets and Highways Beard A., 2005, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE Diaz H, 2022, OCEAN ENG, V245, DOI 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2021.110453 Domenichinia L, 2017, J TRANSP SAF SECUR, V9, P216, DOI 10.1080/19439962.2016.1173155 [杜志刚 Du Zhigang], 2010, [公路交通科技, Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development], V27, P138 Gass SI, 2005, INTERFACES, V35, P308, DOI 10.1287/inte.1050.0152 Huang HL, 2018, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V111, P56, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.024 Huijg JM, 2014, IMPLEMENT SCI, V9, DOI 10.1186/1748-5908-9-11 Jia PY, 2024, PROCESS SAF PROG, V43, P9, DOI 10.1002/prs.12520 Kirytopoulos K, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V63, P244, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.002 Lee JY, 2022, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V172, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106690 [林震 Lin Zhen], 2003, [中国安全科学学报, China Safety Science], V13, P34 Liu Z, 2005, China Safety Science Journal, V15, P36, DOI [10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2005.11.009, DOI 10.16265/J.CNKI.ISSN1003-3033.2005.11.009] Ma ZL, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P350, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.004 Ma ZL, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V59, P100, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.06.013 Miller EE, 2015, TRANSPORT RES REC, P60, DOI 10.3141/2518-08 Ministry of communications of PRC, 2006, Guidelines for design of highway safety facilities: JTG D81-2006 Ministry of communications of PRC, 2009, Specification for layout of highway traffic signs and markings: JTG D82-2009 Mitikhin V, 2022, EUR PSYCHIAT, V65, pS755 Morgan JI, 2021, SAFETY SCI, V136, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2020.105135 National center for statistics & analysis, 2002, Report DOT-HS-809-333, P15 [裴玉龙 Pei Yulong], 2003, [中国公路学报, China Journal of Highway and Transport], V16, P77 Pervez A, 2020, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V142, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105542 [秦利燕 Qin Liyan], 2003, [中国安全科学学报, China Safety Science], V13, P64 Qin PC, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V114, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103990 Qin XC, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V98, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103320 Roads and traffic authority of New South Wales, 2000, Speed problem definity on and countermeasure summary roads and traffic authority of New South Wales Australia, 2000, New South Wales, P27 Tang H, 2006, China Public Security, Academy Edition, V3, P59, DOI [10.3969/j.issn.1672-2396.2006.03.013, DOI 10.3969/J.ISSN.1672-2396.2006.03.013] Wang J, 2004, Traffic survey and analysis, V9, P58 Wang J, 2005, Highways Wang J, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V82, P358, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.037 Wei LY, 2018, J ADV TRANSPORT, DOI 10.1155/2018/2370976 Ye F, 2023, PROMET-ZAGREB, V35, P855, DOI 10.7307/ptt.v35i6.393 Zhang H, 2009, Heilongjiang Traffic Science and Technology Zhang W, 2010, Application of visual perception theory model in safety improvement of medium-long tunnel entrance Zhao YJ, 2023, PROMET-ZAGREB, V35, P786, DOI 10.7307/ptt.v35i6.253 Zhao YT, 2023, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V15, DOI 10.3390/su15108055 Zhu T, 2020, PROMET-ZAGREB, V32, P141 NR 40 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 5 U2 9 PU SVEUCILISTE U ZAGREBU, FAKULTET PROMETNIH ZNANOSTI PI ZAGREB PA VUKELICEVA 4, ZAGREB, 10000, CROATIA SN 0353-5320 EI 1848-4069 J9 PROMET-ZAGREB JI Promet PD MAR 13 PY 2025 VL 37 IS 2 BP 361 EP 378 DI 10.7307/ptt.v37i2.639 PG 18 WC Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Transportation GA 2AT8M UT WOS:001478210400007 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhao, XH Zhang, CF Ju, YJ Li, J Bian, Y Ma, JM AF Zhao, Xiaohua Zhang, Changfen Ju, Yunjie Li, Jia Bian, Yang Ma, Jianming TI Evaluation of tunnel retro-reflective arch in an extra-long tunnel based on the matter-element extension method SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Tunnel safety; Tunnel retro-reflective arch; Matter-element model; Effectiveness; Driving simulation AB Traffic safety devices are one of the most important tools used to improve safety in tunnels. The tunnel retroreflective arch (TA) plays a crucial role in stimulating drivers, relieving visual stress, and improving safety. However, determining the TA spacing mostly relies on experience and relevant standards are lacking. The aim of this research was to evaluate the degree of influence of the TA on driver behavior, visual aspects, and psychology in different zones (overall tunnel, curved segment, and middle segment) of extra-long tunnels. To test the influence of TAs, four scenarios were constructed, including three alternatives with different TA spacings (200, 300, and 400 m), and one no-arch design as a control alternative. Based on a driving simulator, the evaluation indicators related to driving safety, smoothness, and handling stability were selected and analyzed. We acquired data every 50 m as an analytical unit. The results show that the TA significantly affects driver behavior, visual aspects, and psychology. According to the matter-element model result, setting the TA spacing to 300 m in curved segment and in the tunnel overall is the best option. In the middle segment, the setting spacing of 400 m is ideal. C1 [Zhao, Xiaohua; Bian, Yang] Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Changfen; Ju, Yunjie; Li, Jia] Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Engn Res Ctr Urban Transportat Operat Gua, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Ma, Jianming] Texas Dept Transportat, 9500 N Lake Creek Pkwy, Austin, TX 78717 USA. C3 Beijing University of Technology; Beijing University of Technology RP Zhao, XH (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM zhaoxiaohua@bjut.edu.cn; 1099746855@qq.com; 850673362@qq.com; lijia18@bjut.edu.cn; bianyang@bjut.edu.cn; jianming.ma@txdot.gov RI Ma, Jianming/OYF-4372-2025; Li, Jiaxin/ABG-6833-2021 FU Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project Major Projects(Research and Application of Multi-Function Collaborative Design Evaluation System for Expressway) [D171100004017003]; Graduate of Science and Technology of BJUT [ykj-2017-00737] FX This research was supported by the Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Project Major Projects(Research and Application of Multi-Function Collaborative Design Evaluation System for Expressway. Project No. D171100004017003), and the Graduate of Science and Technology of BJUT(Research on comprehensive evaluation method of the traffic control devices in tunnel section of expressway. Project No. ykj-2017-00737). 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Anal. Prev. PD FEB PY 2021 VL 150 AR 105913 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105913 PG 13 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA QP1XG UT WOS:000623629700016 PM 33307476 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU English, G AF English, Gary TI Transportation Tunnel Fire Sprinklers and Opportunities SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article DE sprinkler; infrastructure; structures; tunnels; highways; public transportation; rail; safety AB Fire sprinklers are widely accepted as a fundamental building safety feature. Yet, in transportation tunnels where fires grow faster and hotter and exits are farther away, fire sprinklers were prohibited until recently and are still not required in underground rail public assembly areas. Fires in transportation tunnels have resulted in deaths, severe damage to tunnel structures and systems, and costly closures, all of which are preventable with fire sprinklers. The inability to suppress a fire unnecessarily exposes hazardous materials in road tunnels to potentially extreme heat and failing containment, and it sometimes allows hazardous materials to react to heat with extreme consequences. This results in the preventative rerouting of hazardous materials around tunnels at considerable expense to shipping. But we know that fire sprinklers are routinely used to protect hazardous materials manufacturing, processing, storage, and handling outside tunnels. This practice is used in four US road tunnels, which routinely allow unrestricted hazardous materials specifically because of the presence of fire sprinkler systems. Adding fire sprinklers to existing road tunnels could prevent tunnel fires from growing beyond the capability of the undersized ventilation systems which exist in many tunnels. Adding sprinklers could be less expensive than difficult ventilation upgrades. Including sprinklers in new tunnels can limit the fire growth rate and maximum heat release rate and thus reduce the ventilation size as well as passive fire system costs. If life safety is a primary consideration, fire sprinklers should be a cornerstone to improving public safety in transportation tunnels, as they protect occupants from fire as well as allow the safe passage of hazardous materials. C1 [English, Gary] Underground Command & Safety, Vashon, WA 98070 USA. RP English, G (通讯作者)，Underground Command & Safety, Vashon, WA 98070 USA. EM GEnglishUCS@gmail.com CR American Sprinkler Association, FACTAND FIG [Anonymous], 2016, TECHNICAL COMMITTEE [Anonymous], 2023, FFFS EMERGENCY VENTI, pIV Beard A. 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TI An analysis of the 1996 Channel Tunnel fire SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART F-JOURNAL OF RAIL AND RAPID TRANSIT LA English DT Article DE Accident; Channel Tunnel; fire; tunnel fire safety management system model ID SYSTEMIC APPROACH; SAFETY MANAGEMENT AB On 18 November 1996, a fire on Heavy Goods Vehicle shuttle No. 7539', travelling from France to England, forced the train to stop at about 19km from the French entrance. This paper presents the results of an analysis of the accident. The analysis covers the incident train's journey from the French terminal until it stopped in-tunnel only. The approach has been to use a tunnel fire safety management system model as a template' for comparison with the system' at the time of the tunnel fire. Some findings have been highlighted. The model is intended to represent a systemic' approach to tunnel fire safety management. C1 [Santos-Reyes, Jaime] Natl Polytech Inst, SEPI ESIME, ZAC, SARACS Res Grp, Mexico City, DF, Mexico. [Beard, Alan N.] Heriot Watt Univ, Sch Built Environm, Civil Engn Sect, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland. C3 Instituto Politecnico Nacional - Mexico; Heriot Watt University RP Santos-Reyes, J (通讯作者)，Inst Politecn Nacl, Edif 5,2o Piso, Mexico City 07738, DF, Mexico. EM jrsantosr@hotmail.com RI SANTOS-REYES, JAIME/AAQ-6832-2020 OI SANTOS-REYES, JAIME/0000-0002-3758-9862 FU SIP-IPN [20161496] FX The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This project was funded under the following grant: SIP-IPN: No-20161496. 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Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F-J. Rail Rapid Transit PD SEP PY 2017 VL 231 IS 8 BP 850 EP 876 DI 10.1177/0954409716647093 PG 27 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA FG3WA UT WOS:000410130500003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU An, D Chen, Z Cui, GY AF An, Dong Chen, Zheng Cui, Guangyao TI Research on seismic ground motion parameters applicable to the safety of rectangular shallow tunnel SO ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Rectangular tunnel; seismic ground motion parameter; seismic response; safety factor; correlation coefficient ID OPTIMAL INTENSITY MEASURES; DAMAGE AB The objective of this paper is to optimize the selection of seismic ground motion intensity indexes in the seismic fortification of urban shallow-buried rectangular tunnels. This paper takes a shallow-buried rectangular tunnel in a city as the research object, uses ABAQUS to establish a finite-infinite element coupling model, and selects 70 typical seismic ground motions for dynamic calculation. Using dynamic time history analysis method to study the seismic response of tunnel lining structure in terms of internal force, minimum safety factor and strain energy, and analyze their correlation with 15 seismic ground motion parameters. Selecting the seismic ground motion parameters with strong correlation, good effectiveness, and high credibility for safety evaluation. The research results show that: Peak acceleration (PGA) has a weak correlation with the seismic response of tunnel lining structures, and PGA as an independent seismic ground motion intensity index has greater uncertainty in the seismic fortification of tunnels; Peak displacement (PGD), Root-mean-square velocity (RMSV), Root-mean-square displacement (RMSD), and Specific energy density (SED) can be used as independent seismic ground motion intensity index, The linear regression model is used to evaluate the safety of the lining structure, and finally the evaluation result is verified by the incremental dynamic analysis method (IDA), which shows that the evaluation result is accurate. The research results can provide reference for the preliminary design of seismic fortification of rectangular shallow tunnels. C1 [An, Dong; Chen, Zheng; Cui, Guangyao] North China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn, 5 Jinyuanzhuang Rd, Beijing 100144, Peoples R China. C3 North China University of Technology RP Cui, GY (通讯作者)，North China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn, 5 Jinyuanzhuang Rd, Beijing 100144, Peoples R China. EM cyao456@163.com RI Chen, Zheng/GQP-1461-2022 OI Chen, Zheng/0000-0003-3837-5695 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51408008]; Youth Talent Program of North China University of Technology FX The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Numbers: 51408008); The Youth Talent Program of North China University of Technology. 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Mech. Eng. PD JAN PY 2022 VL 14 IS 1 AR 16878140211072627 DI 10.1177/16878140211072627 PG 10 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA YD6OX UT WOS:000740560500001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YH Hu, YX Xu, CB Zhang, Y Zheng, T AF Yang, Yonghong Hu, Yixi Xu, Chuangbo Zhang, Yu Zheng, Tao TI How do freeway tunnel portal locations and the corresponding horizontal alignment affect traffic safety? Insights from driving simulation experiment and reliability analysis SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Traffic safety; Horizontal alignment; Freeway tunnel portal; Driving simulation; Reliability; Driving behavior ID BINOMIAL LINDLEY MODEL; CRASH FREQUENCY; RANDOM PARAMETERS; ACCELERATION; PERFORMANCE; SEVERITY; DESIGN AB Previous research has indicated that freeway tunnel portals are prone to traffic accidents, with alignment at tunnel portal being a significant factor influencing crash occurrence. However, how to ensure safe design of freeway tunnel portal alignment remains unclear. This study developed a freeway model with five tunnels, whose portals are located at different positions along a tangent-curve section, to comprehensively investigate the impact of portal locations on driving behavior and traffic safety. Microscopic driving parameters were obtained through experiments and further analyzed using reliability analysis. Based on real-world crash data, two failure modes were considered: insufficient stopping sight distance and excessive lane departure. The probability of failure (PoF) was calculated using the Monte-Carlo sampling algorithm as an effective indicator of driving risk. To further explore various features affect tunnel portal traffic safety, sensitivity analysis was conducted on four key indicators, include curve radius, spiral length, pavement friction coefficient, and driving speed. The results show that the design locations of the tunnel portal significantly affect drivers' speed and lane departure behavior. When the portal is located on a tangent section, the distribution of driver speed and lane departure behavior are the most concentrated. In contrast, when the portal is situated on a circular curve or spiral section, the distribution becomes more dispersed. The failure modes and PoF are related to the portal location. Besides, the PoF based on insufficient stopping sight distance increases continuously with the curvature at the portal, while the PoF based on excessive lane departure increases with the deviation of curvature. The synthetic PoF indicates that when the portal is located 3/4 of the spiral section, the PoF is the highest, reaching up to 35.66% at the entrance and 25.31% at the exit. The curve radius, spiral length, pavement friction coefficient, and driving speed all influence the PoF at the tunnel portal. Among these factors, increasing the curve radius and ensuring a sufficient pavement friction coefficient have the most significant impact on reducing the PoF. This study proposes recommendations for the alignment design of freeway tunnel portals and traffic safety management, providing valuable references for road designers and freeway administrators to enhance the traffic safety of freeway tunnels. C1 [Yang, Yonghong; Hu, Yixi; Xu, Chuangbo; Zhang, Yu; Zheng, Tao] South China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yonghong] Guangdong Prov Key Lab Tunnel Safety & Emergency S, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. C3 South China University of Technology RP Yang, YH (通讯作者)，South China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. EM yangyh@scut.edu.cn OI HU, YIXI/0000-0002-8145-9811 FU Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province [2022B0101070001]; Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation [2021A1515011788] FX This work was supported by the Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2022B0101070001) , the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2021A1515011788) in China. 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PD AUG PY 2025 VL 218 AR 108082 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2025.108082 EA MAY 2025 PG 14 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 2OS2M UT WOS:001487677700001 PM 40318237 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ingason, H Wickström, U AF Ingason, H Wickström, U TI The international FORUM of fire research directors:: A position paper on future actions for improving road tunnel fire safety SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE tunnel fire; road tunnel; standard; sprinkler; ventilation AB Fire safety in tunnels has come in focus owing to numerous catastrophic fires and extensive monitoring in media. Casualties can be counted in hundreds and the economic damages have been enormous not only for tunnel owners but also for users and bordering communities. The recent increase in serious road tunnel fires is closely associated with the increase in the traffic volume as well as in the large number of tunnels being built in recent years. In particular, volumes transported on heavy goods vehicles have increased by 40-80% over a decade in many European countries. Today, about 75% of all goods traffic is by road, and is expected to increase by 40-60% over the next 10 years [Thamm B. The new EU directive on road tunnel safety. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on catastrophic tunnel fires (CTF), SP Swedish National Testing and Research Institute, SP Report 2004:05. p. 19-30]. This FORUM position paper discusses some aspects on how to improve the design of road tunnels in order to obtain a higher level of fire safety. It discusses briefly design principles of tunnels as well as of fire safety of vehicles, use of forced ventilation systems and of active fire suppression. (C) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Swedish Natl Testing & Res Inst, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. RP Ingason, H (通讯作者)，Swedish Natl Testing & Res Inst, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. 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Survey boreholes and cross-hole seismic CT data showed that 29 karst caves exist at elevation of -17 m to -37 m in Si-He section of the Wuxi Metro Line 4, which are consisted of 18 filled caves and 11 empty caves and constitute substantial dangers to the stability and quality of metro construction projects. Based on their size, position, and type of filling, we divided these shallow karst caves into four types. Aimed at exploring the instability of the tunnel after excavation, numerical analyses have been developed by using the Finite difference method. Both the effects of the distance between tunnel and karst caves and the effects of the filling of the cavities on the overall stability of the rock mass around the tunnel have been investigated. According to the design criteria, safety distance between tunnel and karst caves was determined. The monitoring data of tunnel during excavation proved the rationality and accuracy of the analysis results. The research results can provide technical reference for the design and construction of other proposed tunnels that are located in the regions of shallow buried karst in Jiangsu Province. C1 [Guo, Shulan; Yan, Chao] Anhui Jianzhu Univ, Schoool Civil Engn, 292 Ziyun Rd, Hefei 230601, Anhui Province, Peoples R China. [Yan, Changhong; Yu, Liangchen] Nanjing Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Engn, Zhugongshan Bldg,Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Provinc, Peoples R China. [Liu, Yang] Guangzhou Urban Planning & Design Survey Res Inst, Guangzhou 510030, Guangdong Provi, Peoples R China. C3 Anhui Jianzhu University; Nanjing University RP Yu, LC (通讯作者)，Nanjing Univ, Sch Earth Sci & Engn, Zhugongshan Bldg,Xianlin Ave, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Provinc, Peoples R China. EM guoshulan1221@163.com; yanchh@nju.edu.cn; ylc1203@126.com; 2465074947@qq.com; 2904655474@qq.com OI Yu, Liangchen/0000-0003-1386-6842 FU Science and Technology Planning Project of Anhui Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development [2022-YF017]; National Natural Science Founda-tion of China [42077232]; Introduction of Talents and Doctoral Initiation Fund by the Anhui Jianzhu University [2022QDZ26]; Wuxi Municipal Design Institute FX Acknowledgments This study was supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of Anhui Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (No. 2022-YF017) , the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No.42077232) , and Introduction of Talents and Doctoral Initiation Fund by the Anhui Jianzhu University (No.2022QDZ26) . Fieldwork was supported by the Wuxi Municipal Design Institute. 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PD JAN PY 2024 VL 13 AR 100139 DI 10.1016/j.qsa.2023.100139 EA NOV 2023 PG 12 WC Geography, Physical; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Physical Geography; Geology GA Z0MC8 UT WOS:001109101300001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YZ Du, ZG Alonso, F Faus, M Wan, HL AF Yang, Yongzheng Du, Zhigang Alonso, Francisco Faus, Mireia Wan, Hongliang TI Traffic safety improvement method for highway tunnel entrances based on linear guiding - An engineering practice from China SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnel entrances; Linear guiding scheme; Driving task split; Traffic safety; Engineering practice ID ROAD; ACCIDENTS; ZONE AB To improve traffic safety at the entrance of highway tunnels, a comparative analysis of the traffic environment inside and outside the tunnel was conducted, and an improvement scheme based on "linear visual guiding" was developed by considering the human factors. Before and after the improvement of nine experimental tunnels, two batches of vehicle experiments were conducted to analyze the improvement effect of linear guiding scheme on traffic safety. The results show that the linear guiding scheme warns drivers and enables them to make preparations to enter the tunnel earlier. After improvement, the starting position for deceleration (SPD) was 61% earlier and the length of the deceleration section (LDS) has increased by 42%; the starting position for trajectory change (SPTC) was 153% earlier and the length of the trajectory change section (LTCS) has increased by 44%. The improved deceleration and trajectory change are earlier and smoother, and the dramatic changes in speed and trajectory in the tunnel entrance are resolved. When entering the tunnel, drivers sequentially complete deceleration, vehicle trajectory adjustment, and visual adaptation to black-hole effect, disperses driving tasks, reducing the coupling of driving risks. And use linear guiding facilities to enhance the local brightness of the tunnel, enhancing the driver's visual perception ability in the black-hole effect area. Linear guiding scheme has good results during day, night, and fog, and is able to improve traffic safety at tunnel entrances in all-weather and multiple time periods. C1 [Yang, Yongzheng; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yongzheng; Alonso, Francisco; Faus, Mireia] Univ Valencia, Res Inst Traff & Rd Safety INTRAS, Valencia, Spain. [Wan, Hongliang] Wuhan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Automobile & Traff Engn, Wuhan 430065, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; University of Valencia; Wuhan University of Science & Technology RP Wan, HL (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Automobile & Traff Engn, Wuhan 430065, Peoples R China. EM wanhongliang@wust.edu.cn RI Wan, Hongliang/AAW-4298-2020; Faus, Mireia/ABA-6139-2021; Alonso, Francisco/D-5659-2012; Yang, Yongzheng/LJL-0203-2024 OI Wan, Hongliang/0000-0001-6771-2721; FU National Natural Science Founda-tion of China [52072291, 52402431]; China Scholarship Council [202306950072] FX This research was funded by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No. 52072291, 52402431) , and China Scholarship Council (No. 202306950072) . 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD FEB PY 2025 VL 156 AR 106267 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106267 EA NOV 2024 PG 17 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA N9N5X UT WOS:001367519300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhao, SZ Li, YZ Kumm, M Ingason, H Liu, F AF Zhao, Shengzhong Li, Ying Zhen Kumm, Mia Ingason, Haukur Liu, Fang TI Re-direction of smoke flow in inclined tunnel fires SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Re-direction; Slope; Tunnel fires; Smoke movement ID CRITICAL VELOCITY; LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE; SLOPING TUNNEL; MOVEMENT AB The re-direction of smoke flow in inclined tunnel fires refers to the phenomenon that the smoke flow direction suddenly changes due to the changes of thermal buoyancy or outside pressure or the activation of fans. This poses special risk for fire rescue services fighting fires in tunnels. Both small-scale tunnel fire tests (28 scenarios) and numerical simulations of full-scale tunnel fires (31 scenarios) were conducted to study this special phenomenon. A one-dimensional model was used to predict the flow velocity in the inclined tunnels, based on two different methods for calculating the mean smoke temperature (Method I and Method II, respectively). Results show that the smoke flow direction could be well predicted by the model with Method II. When the ventilation velocity is relatively large and the flow tends to be one dimensional, both methods produce similar results. Further, the influences of important factors on the re-direction of smoke flows were systematically analyzed. These factors include heat release rate, tunnel slope, tunnel length, friction factor, tunnel cross sectional area and fire source location. C1 [Zhao, Shengzhong; Li, Ying Zhen; Kumm, Mia; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Boras, Sweden. [Zhao, Shengzhong; Liu, Fang] Chongqing Univ, Fac Urban Construct & Environm Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; Chongqing University RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390; Kumm, Mia/0000-0002-9598-0958 FU Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC); China Scholarship Council FX The authors would like to acknowledge Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) for the financial support to the study. Shengzhong Zhao was also financially supported by China Scholarship Council under Program for Ph.D Student Overseas Study Scholarship 2017. The authors would also like to acknowledge Eva-Sara Carlson and Anna Gidlov for the help during the model scale tests. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR PY 2019 VL 86 BP 113 EP 127 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.01.006 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA HO2AU UT WOS:000460714600011 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liang, B He, SY Tähkämö, L Tetri, E Cui, LL Dangol, R Halonen, L AF Liang, Bo He, Shiyong Tahkamo, Leena Tetri, Eino Cui, Lulu Dangol, Rajendra Halonen, Liisa TI Lighting for road tunnels: The influence of CCT of light sources on reaction time SO DISPLAYS LA English DT Article DE Tunnel lighting; Traffic safety; Visual performance; Reaction time; CCT AB Drivers' visual performance is closely related to traffic safety in a real driving environment. In order to improve the traffic safety of road tunnel lighting, the effect of LED lighting on human visual performance was investigated using reaction time as a parameter. The experiment was performed with a scale model that can simulate a road tunnel lighting environment. Reaction times were measured under different values of luminance, correlated colour temperature (CCT), eccentricity, and contrast. The results show that visual performance can be improved by increasing the CCT of the light sources. The improvement of visual performance is greater in peripheral vision than that in foveal vision. The shortest reaction times were measured at a luminance level of 10 cd/m(2) and at a CCT of 5000 K. An appropriate luminance value with high CCT is recommended for tunnel lighting in interior and transition zones. C1 [Liang, Bo; He, Shiyong; Cui, Lulu] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Tahkamo, Leena; Tetri, Eino; Dangol, Rajendra; Halonen, Liisa] Aalto Univ, Sch Elect Engn, Dept Elect Engn & Automat, Lighting Unit, Espoo, Finland. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Aalto University RP He, SY (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM he-sy@hotmail.com RI He, Shiyong/AGR-8932-2022 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51678096, 51878107]; Basic Research and Frontier Exploration Project of Chongqing [cstc2018jeyjAX0118]; Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission [KJQN201800734]; Open Funding of State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering [SKLBT-19-008] FX This research work was sponsored by the Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant No. 51678096, 51878107], the Basic Research and Frontier Exploration Project of Chongqing (cstc2018jeyjAX0118), the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (KJQN201800734), the Open Funding of State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering (SKLBT-19-008). 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In long tunnels, tunnel lighting influence not only visual performance but also non-visual effects. Non-visual effects has enhanced the importance of some factors directly related to driving safety, such as pupil constriction and visual fatigue which seriously affect reaction time of driver. In this work, the relationship between LED spectrum, correlated color temperature (CCT) and reaction time, pupil area difference are analyzed respectively by the experiment of reaction time. Five LEDs with different CCT and short-wave relative spectral value (RSV) are compared to HPS and MH under different tunnel lighting conditions. Experimental results show that, in the threshold and transition zone of long tunnel at luminance160cd/m2, 80 cd/m2 and 24 cd/m2, reaction time is the shortest and pupil constricted the most for LED lighting with CCT 5100 K and shortwave RSV 0.312. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUN PY 2021 VL 112 AR 103867 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103867 EA MAR 2021 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA RO2TO UT WOS:000640899600005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zheng, G Fan, Q Zhang, TQ Zhang, QB AF Zheng, Gang Fan, Qi Zhang, Tianqi Zhang, Qianbing TI Numerical study of the Soil-Tunnel and Tunnel-Tunnel interactions of EPBM overlapping tunnels constructed in soft ground SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Overlapping tunnels; Numerical modeling; Field data; Settlement troughs; Mechanism; Tunnel deformation ID MECHANIZED TWIN TUNNELS; SIMULATION; DRIVEN; DESIGN; MODEL AB The tunnels between the Chenglinlu station and Jintanglu stations of Tianjin Metro line 5 are by far the longest overlapping tunnels in China. The tunnels were constructed with earth pressure balanced machines (EPBMs) in soft ground. A greenfield site was selected and densely instrumented to conduct field research. Based on the certain site, a three-dimensional numerical model was developed to investigate the soil-tunnel and tunnel-tunnel interactions. The ground surface settlements developed during each phase of EPBM advancement were analyzed and discussed. Two cases: upline tunnel constructed as a second tunnel and upline tunnel constructed as a single tunnel, were compared. The presence of downline tunnels reinforces the ground underneath upline tunnel while the construction process of downline reduces the soil stress at upline position. Overall, upline tunnel constructed as a second tunnel has a smaller maximum settlement. The influence of upline tunnel construction on downline tunnel lining force was investigated. Upline tunnel construction does not cause additional risk for segment rings of downline tunnel, and the primary focus on downline tunnel safety should be on segments floating and dislocation. C1 [Zheng, Gang; Fan, Qi; Zhang, Tianqi] Tianjin Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Tianjin 300072, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Qianbing] Monash Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. C3 Tianjin University; Monash University RP Zhang, TQ (通讯作者)，Tianjin Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Tianjin 300072, Peoples R China. EM tianqizhang@tju.edu.cn RI zheng, gang/KMX-5568-2024; Zhang, Qianbing/G-2378-2012; Zhang, Tianqi/AAA-8737-2021 OI Zhang, Qianbing/0000-0002-1162-6557; FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51808387] FX Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 41630641) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51808387) . 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUN PY 2022 VL 124 AR 104490 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104490 EA MAR 2022 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 0P0QM UT WOS:000783928000002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, YX Ding, YF Zhang, XN Huang, XY AF Zhang, Yuxin Ding, Yifei Zhang, Xiaoning Huang, Xinyan TI Multi-scale Spatial-Temporal principles of global evacuation safety based on Pareto Frontiers: A demonstration in tunnel SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fire safety; Available safe egress time; Safety criteria; Visibility; Tunnel fire ID FIRE SAFETY; DECISION-MAKING; SMOKE CONTROL; EXIT-CHOICE; PERFORMANCE; MODEL; IMPLEMENTATION; VENTILATION; MOVEMENT; SPEED AB Traditional design principle of fire safety evaluates an available safe egress time (ASET) in a whole, which ignoring spatial-temporal evolution of fires in complex structures such as high-rise buildings, complex tunnels and large underground spaces. This study introduces multi-scale spatial-temporal principles of evacuation safety to consider both the dynamic fire development and multi-scale flow of evacuees from individual zones to entire communities. We propose the use of local (L-ASET) and global (G-ASET) evacuation to capture the dynamic interactions of fire, building layout, and occupant behavior. A novel framework leveraging Pareto Frontiers is developed to optimize evacuation strategies by balancing conflicting objectives such as minimizing evacuation time, reducing congestion, and maximizing safety. The approach is demonstrated through a case study of tunnel fires, revealing significant variations in L-ASET and G-ASET across zones based on visibility, temperature, and Fractional Effective Dose (FED) criteria. 10 fire scenarios are studied, and in high HRR, Zone 1 becomes untenable within 20-30 s, while further zones remain tenable for up to 700 s based on visibility and temperature thresholds. FED-based assessment further confirms differentiated safety levels across regions. These findings demonstrate the limitations of uniform evacuation assumptions and highlight the need for spatially adaptive, phase-based evacuation strategies. It also provides insights into dynamic resource allocation for firefighting operations and enhancing fire safety design and intelligent evacuation systems with adaptive responses to complex fire scenarios for large infrastructures and underground spaces. C1 [Zhang, Yuxin; Ding, Yifei; Huang, Xinyan] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Res Ctr Smart Urban Resilience & Firefighting, Dept Bldg Environm & Energy Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Xiaoning] Peng Cheng Lab, Shenzhen, Peoples R China. C3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Peng Cheng Laboratory RP Huang, XY (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Res Ctr Smart Urban Resilience & Firefighting, Dept Bldg Environm & Energy Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China.; Zhang, XN (通讯作者)，Peng Cheng Lab, Shenzhen, Peoples R China. EM zhangxn@pcl.ac.cn; xy.huang@polyu.edu.hk RI Huang, Xinyan/A-3825-2010; DING, Yifei/JMQ-4326-2023; Zhang, Xiaoning/ACC-9563-2022 OI Huang, Xinyan/0000-0002-0584-8452; Zhang, Xiaoning/0000-0002-7845-2950 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52204232]; Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme [T22-505/19-N]; MTR Research Fund [PTU-23005] FX This work is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52204232) , Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme (T22-505/19-N) , and the MTR Research Fund (PTU-23005) . 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD DEC PY 2025 VL 166 AR 106950 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2025.106950 EA AUG 2025 PG 19 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 8AN3Q UT WOS:001584048400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Njå, O Svela, M AF Nja, Ove Svela, Mona TI A review of competencies in tunnel fire response seen from the first responders' perspectives SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security (ISTSS) CY MAR 16-18, 2016 CL Montreal, CANADA DE Major fire; First response; Competence; Complex road tunnel; Training ID RUNEHAMAR TUNNEL; RISK; SERVICES; COMMAND; TESTS AB Norway has an increasing number of long and complicated road tunnel designs, which can be defined as complex sociotechnical systems. To avoid major accidents and fire situations, knowledge about the fire safety is required by both the fire and rescue services and the society. This article focuses on how representatives from fire and rescue services express uncertainties and expectations regarding the knowledge dimension of the road tunnel fire and rescue systems. The article is based on investigations of two tunnel fires in Norway, in addition to data from a workshop with tunnel fire response experts. The data has been analysed using systems engineering approach combined with an understanding of learning. This study has revealed tunnel fire safety concerns related to the Norwegian emergency response personnel's state of competence both in the pre- and post-accidental phases. The situation regarding tunnel fire safety is unclear and fragmented, with corresponding weaknesses in the existing knowledge. The future will bring even more complex road tunnels, also subsea-crossings, that challenge all parties: road owners, road users, vehicle producers, emergency responders and authorities. Norway needs facilities for tunnel safety training that can complement existing facilities and provide new knowledge. C1 [Svela, Mona] Rogaland Fire & Rescue, Jaerveien 107, N-4318 Sandnes, Norway. [Nja, Ove; Svela, Mona] Univ Stavanger, POB 8600 Forus, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway. C3 Universitetet i Stavanger RP Njå, O (通讯作者)，Univ Stavanger, POB 8600 Forus, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway. 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L., 1981, OCCAS PAP Walker GH, 2008, THEOR ISS ERGON SCI, V9, P479, DOI 10.1080/14639220701635470 NR 31 TC 15 Z9 17 U1 0 U2 39 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 EI 1873-7226 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD APR PY 2018 VL 97 BP 137 EP 145 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.05.005 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA GJ1SF UT WOS:000435047400015 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yan, Y Wang, XF Shi, LD Liu, HX AF Yan, Ying Wang, Xiaofei Shi, Ludan Liu, Haoxue TI Influence of light zones on drivers' visual fixation characteristics and traffic safety in extra-long tunnels SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Extra-long tunnels; light zone; fixation duration; pupil area; fixation points distribution; traffic safety ID ROAD TUNNELS; PERFORMANCE AB Objective: Special light zone is a new illumination technique that promises to improve the visual environment and improve traffic safety in extra-long tunnels. The purpose of this study is to identify how light zones affect the dynamic visual characteristics and information perception of drivers as they pass through extra-long tunnels on highways.Methods: Thirty-two subjects were recruited for this study, and fixation data were recorded using eye movement tracking devices. A back-propagation artificial neural network was employed to predict and analyze the influence of special light zones on the variations in the fixation duration and pupil area of drivers. The analytic coordinates of focus points at different light zones were clustered to obtain different visual fixation regions using dynamic cluster theory.Results: The findings of this study indicated that the special light zones had different influences on fixation duration and pupil area compared to other sections. Drivers gradually changed their fixation points from a scattered pattern to a narrow and zonal distribution that mainly focused on the main visual area at the center, the road just ahead, and the right side of the main visual area while approaching the special light zones. The results also showed that the variation in illumination and landscape in light zones was more important than driving experience to yield changes in visual cognition and driving behavior.Conclusions: It can be concluded that the special light zones can help relieve drivers' vision fatigue to some extent and further develop certain visual stimulus that can enhance drivers' attention. The study would provide a scientific basis for safety measurement implementation in extra-long tunnels. C1 [Yan, Ying; Shi, Ludan; Liu, Haoxue] Changan Univ, Key Lab Automobile Transportat Safety Support Tec, Xian, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. [Wang, Xiaofei] S China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Wushan Rd 381, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; South China University of Technology RP Wang, XF (通讯作者)，S China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Wushan Rd 381, Guangzhou 510640, Guangdong, Peoples R China. EM xiaofeiw@scut.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51308059, 51408229]; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2014M552399]; Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province; Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges, Chang'an University [310822152007, 2013G1221025] FX This project is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51308059, 51408229), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2014M552399), Postdoctoral Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province, and the Special Fund for Basic Scientific Research of Central Colleges, Chang'an University (310822152007, 2013G1221025). 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Prev. PY 2017 VL 18 IS 1 BP 102 EP 110 DI 10.1080/15389588.2016.1193170 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA EC0GI UT WOS:000387776500016 PM 27294892 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, LM Wu, XG Zhu, HP AbouRizk, SM AF Zhang, Limao Wu, Xianguo Zhu, Hongping AbouRizk, Simaan M. TI Perceiving safety risk of buildings adjacent to tunneling excavation: An information fusion approach SO AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION LA English DT Article DE Safety risk; Tunnel-induced building damage; Cloud model; D-S evidence theory; Information fusion; Case study ID MULTISENSOR DATA FUSION; DEMPSTER-SHAFER THEORY; DECISION-MAKING; METRO CONSTRUCTION; SHALLOW TUNNELS; CLOUD MODEL; PREDICTION; SYSTEMS; SIMULATION; TRACKING AB This paper develops a novel hybrid information fusion approach that integrates cloud model (CM), Dempster-Shafer (D-S) evidence theory and Monte Carlo (MC) simulation technique to perceive safety risk of tunnel-induced building damage under uncertainty. The correlation measurement in the CM framework is used to construct basic probability assignments (BPAs) within different risk states of input factors. An improved combination rule that incorporates the Dempster' rule and the weighted mean rule is used to deal with multi source evidence with conflicts. The MC technique is used to simulate the input observation by using probability distribution in order to describe and reduce underlying uncertainty during the characterization and measurement of input factors. A multi-layer information fusion framework is proposed for the safety risk perception, with both hard data and soft data taken into account Four buildings adjacent to the excavation of one tunnel section in Wuhan metro system in China are utilized as a case study to demonstrate the effectiveness and applicability of the developed approach. Results indicate that the developed approach is capable of (i) synthesizing multi-source information to achieve a more accurate result for safety risk perception, and (ii) identifying global sensitivities of input factors under uncertainty. Reliability of safety risk perception results is further tested under different scenarios with different bias levels in the measurement of input factors, and the developed approach proves to have a strong robustness and fault-tolerant capacity. This approach can be used by practitioners in the industry as a decision tool to perceive and anticipate the potential safety risks in tunneling projects. (C) 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhang, Limao] Georgia Inst Technol, Sch Bldg Construct, Coll Design, 280 Ferst Dr, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA. [Zhang, Limao; Wu, Xianguo; Zhu, Hongping] Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Mech, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. [AbouRizk, Simaan M.] Univ Alberta, Hole Sch Construct Engn, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 5-047 Markin CNRL NREF, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada. C3 University System of Georgia; Georgia Institute of Technology; Huazhong University of Science & Technology; University of Alberta RP Zhu, HP (通讯作者)，Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Mech, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM limao.zhang@design.gatech.edu; hpzhu@mail.hust.edu.cn; abourizk@ualberta.ca RI ; Zhang, Limao/A-1320-2016 OI AbouRizk, Simaan/0000-0002-4788-9121; Zhang, Limao/0000-0002-7245-3741 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51378235, 51629801, 51578260, 71571078]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2015M570645]; Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (Industrial Research Chair in Construction Engineering and Management) [19555805] FX The National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51378235, 51629801, 51578260, and 71571078), Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 2015M570645), and the Natural Sciences and Engineering Council of Canada (Industrial Research Chair in Construction Engineering and Management (19555805)) are acknowledged for their financial support of this research. 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Constr. PD JAN PY 2017 VL 73 BP 88 EP 101 DI 10.1016/j.autcon.2016.09.003 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA EF7NK UT WOS:000390516100009 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, Z Wei, ZY Chen, Z Pei, MY AF Zhang, Zhou Wei, Zhuoyan Chen, Zheng Pei, Mingyang TI A real-time collision risk assessment method at tunnel entrance based on safety field theory SO MULTIMODAL TRANSPORTATION LA English DT Article DE Risk indicator; Driving risk; Driving safety field; Tunnel entrance ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; ROAD; VEHICLE AB The main aim of this study was to propose a comprehensive risk indicator to identify the potential driving risk caused by the changing environment at tunnel entrance. Driving decisions are affected by many external factors, especially at the entrance of tunnels. However, driving indicators are mostly considering vehicle movement status currently. In this study, a safe potential field model including obstacle potential field, vehicle potential field and lighting potential field is constructed to evaluate influence of roads, drivers, vehicles, and change lighting conditions on driving risk. Furthermore, considering the driving risk distribution and its temporal change rate, a comprehensive driving risk indicator (CDRI) was established to evaluate the magnitude of driving risk. Finally, the comparison between CDRI and the other two classic risk indicators indicates that the CDRI proposed in this paper has a better performance in the safety assessment at tunnel entrance. It is expected that the finding in this study could be valuable in developing control and measures for in-tunnel driving risk declining. C1 [Zhang, Zhou; Wei, Zhuoyan; Pei, Mingyang] South China Univ Technol, Dept Civil & Transportat Engn, Guangzhou 510641, Peoples R China. [Chen, Zheng] Shandong High Speed Construct Management Grp Co Lt, Jinan 250001, Shandong, Peoples R China. C3 South China University of Technology RP Pei, MY (通讯作者)，South China Univ Technol, Dept Civil & Transportat Engn, Guangzhou 510641, Peoples R China. EM mingyang@scut.edu.cn RI Pei, Mingyang/ABG-4277-2021 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52172345, 52372329] FX This research is partially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52172345 and 52372329) . 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PD SEP PY 2024 VL 3 IS 3 AR 100139 DI 10.1016/j.multra.2024.100139 PG 11 WC Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Transportation GA AK3CZ UT WOS:001650148900013 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Pervez, A Huang, HL Han, CY Wang, J Li, Y AF Pervez, Amjad Huang, Helai Han, Chunyang Wang, Jie Li, Ye TI Revisiting freeway single tunnel crash characteristics analysis: A six-zone analytic approach SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Freeway; Tunnel; Safety; Crash characteristics ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; EVACUATION EXPERIMENT; INJURY SEVERITY; ROAD TUNNEL; DESIGN; SPEED AB Considerable studies have been conducted to investigate the tunnels' traffic safety. However, the entrance and exit parts of a tunnel are mostly considered symmetrical in previous studies, and the different lengths (long, medium, and short) of tunnels have not been separately studied. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of traffic crashes in freeway single tunnels by separately considering the entrance and exit of the tunnel as well as the different lengths of tunnels. A six-zone approach is proposed, and the data from 156 single tunnels in Hunan province, China, are applied for safety analysis. The crash rate, crash type, and contributing crash factors are compared between the conventional four-zone approach and the proposed method, and the three types of tunnels with different lengths are also compared for in-depth analysis. Results show that the proposed six-zone method provides a better understanding of the tunnels crash characteristics. The most crash-prone zones for long, medium, and short tunnels are the mid-zone, the entrance zone, and the access zone, respectively. Furthermore, at the tunnel entrance, drivers usually fail to maintain safe distance, which results in the high proportion of rear-end crashes, while at the tunnel exit, they do speeding and improper lane change that increases the risk of sideswipe, rollover, and collision with fixed objects. The study also discusses the crash occurrence mechanism for different types of tunnels. Findings of this study shed some light on the engineering and policy implications for improving traffic safety of the freeway tunnels. C1 [Pervez, Amjad; Huang, Helai; Han, Chunyang; Li, Ye] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. [Wang, Jie] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410004, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; Changsha University of Science & Technology RP Li, Y (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. EM yelicsu@csu.edu.cn RI Han, Chunyang/HGU-4525-2022; LI, YE/AAQ-9602-2020; Pervez, Amjad/AAW-4967-2020; Huang, Helai/HPD-6657-2023 OI Pervez, Amjad/0000-0001-6283-2871; FU Joint Research Scheme of National Natural Science Foundation of China/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong [71561167001, N_HKU707/15]; Natural National Science Foundation of China [713711921, 71901223]; Foundation of Central South University [50204501] FX This work was jointly supported by: (1) the Joint Research Scheme of National Natural Science Foundation of China/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Project No. 71561167001 & N_HKU707/15); (2) the Natural National Science Foundation of China (No. 713711921, 71901223); and (3) the Foundation of Central South University (No. 50204501). 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PD JUL PY 2020 VL 142 AR 105542 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105542 PG 10 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA LY6QF UT WOS:000540652500021 PM 32447039 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Thai, DK Nguyen, DL Pham, TT Pham, TH AF Duc-Kien Thai Duy-Liem Nguyen Thanh-Tung Pham Thai-Hoan Pham TI Safety assessment of an underground tunnel subjected to missile impact using numerical simulations SO COMPUTERS AND CONCRETE LA English DT Article DE underground tunnel; missile impact; safety assessment; numerical simulation; and dynamic analysis ID PROJECTILE PENETRATION; RELIABILITY-ANALYSIS; FINITE-ELEMENT; CONCRETE; TARGETS; DAMAGE; DEPTH; MODEL AB This work presents a safety assessment of an underground tunnel subjected to a ballistic missile attack employing the numerical approach. For the impact simulation, a box shaped reinforced concrete (RC) structure with a cross section dimension of 8.0x10.0 m under a soil layer that was attacked by a SCUD missile was modeled using finite element (FE) software LS-DYNA. SCUD missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by Soviet Union during the Cold War, which is adopted for a short-range ballistic missile. The developed FE simulation for the penetration depth of the missile impacting into the soil structure was verified from the well-known formula of the penetration prediction. The soil-structure interaction, the soil type, and the impact missile velocity effects on the penetration depth of the missile into the different soil types were investigated. The safety assessment of the underground tunnel was performed with regard to the different depths of the underground tunnel. For each missile velocity and soil type, a specific depth called the unsafe depth was obtained from the analysis results. The structure beneath the soil beyond this depth remains safe. The unsafe depth was found to be increased with the increasing missile velocity. C1 [Duc-Kien Thai] Sejong Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, 98 Gunja Dong, Seoul 143747, South Korea. [Duy-Liem Nguyen] Ho Chi Minh City Univ Technol & Educ, Dept Civil Engn & Appl Mech, 1 Vo Van Ngan St, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. [Thanh-Tung Pham; Thai-Hoan Pham] Natl Univ Civil Engn, Dept Concrete Struct, 55 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam. C3 Sejong University; Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology & Engineering (HCM-UTE); National University of Civil Engineering RP Pham, TH (通讯作者)，Natl Univ Civil Engn, Dept Concrete Struct, 55 Giai Phong, Hanoi, Vietnam. EM hoanpt@nuce.edu.vn RI Pham, Thai-Hoan/KIE-3036-2024; Thai, Duc Kien/T-9030-2019; Nguyen, Duy-Liem/ACI-0435-2022 OI Pham, Thai-Hoan/0000-0001-8755-0109; FU National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE)-Vietnam [282020/KHXD-TD] FX This research is funded by National University of Civil Engineering (NUCE)-Vietnam, under grant number 282020/KHXD-TD. 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Concr. PD JAN PY 2021 VL 27 IS 1 BP 1 EP 12 DI 10.12989/cac.2021.27.1.001 PG 12 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science; Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA PW7FE UT WOS:000610835400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lu, JF Shi, YC Wang, MN AF Lu, Junfu Shi, Yuchuan Wang, Mingnian TI Long-Term Safety Monitoring System Design and Risk Control for Submarine Tunnel SO APPLIED MATHEMATICS & INFORMATION SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Submarine tunnel; Long-term monitoring; Disaster warning; Risk control AB The research on the long-term safety monitoring system of major projects has increasingly drawn the attention of project researchers and scientific researchers. It is of great significance to the research on long-term stress condition of project structure, disaster prewaming and preventing, and disaster risk management. Xiang'an Submarine Tunnel in Xiamen, the first submarine tunnel in China, tunnels through complex stratum conditions. Landslide, water inrush, mud burst and other geologic hazards can easily occur during the period of tunnel construction and operation. Long-time safety monitoring of the tunnel structure must be done in order to get the mechanical property and deformation characteristics of the tunnel structure in the operation period in real time, to make instant and accurate evaluation of the structure safety and to avoid the happening of geologic hazards. Based on the long-term monitoring research on submarine tunnel with Xiang'an Submarine Tunnel being the subject, this dissertation establishes a long-term monitoring system of submarine tunnel, and insists that long-term monitoring system comprises monitoring project setup, measuring points placement, sensor system constituents and type selection, data acquiring device selection and automation monitoring system networking. The establishment of long-term monitoring safety management standards of submarine tunnel includes the secondary-lining displacement management standard for submarine tunnel, the stress management standard for the secondary lining, hydraulic pressure management standard, reinforced steel corrosion monitoring management standard, and earthquake acceleration management standard. This reserach also tries to develop the long-term monitoring system software for submarine tunnel, implement the long-term monitoring data acquisition in real time, data analysis, structure safety decision and prewaming for submarine tunnel. It is expected that the research findings in this study can provide reference for the long-term monitoring, disaster prewaming and risk management of submarine tunnel which is under construction or to be constructed home and abroad. C1 [Lu, Junfu; Shi, Yuchuan] Chengdu Univ Technol, State Key Lab Geohazard Prevent & Geoenvironm, Chengdu 610059, Peoples R China. [Lu, Junfu] China Railway Eryuan Engn Grp Co Ltd, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. [Wang, Mingnian] SW Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. C3 Chengdu University of Technology; Southwest Jiaotong University RP Lu, JF (通讯作者)，Chengdu Univ Technol, State Key Lab Geohazard Prevent & Geoenvironm, Chengdu 610059, Peoples R China. EM lujunfu@126.com FU national high technology research and development program of China ("863" Program) [2006AA11Z116]; State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection [SKLGP2011Z014] FX This work was supported by the national high technology research and development program of China ("863" Program) (No. 2006AA11Z116) and the State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (SKLGP2011Z014) CR [Anonymous], STRAIT CROSSINGS Barrish RA, 2000, P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS, V3995, P112 Bergmeister K., 2001, STRUCT CONCRETE, V2, P29, DOI [10.1680/stco.2001.2.1.29, DOI 10.1680/STCO.2001.2.1.29] Bhalla S, 2005, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V20, P487, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2005.03.003 Cheung M.S., 2002, Proceedings of the 1st international workshop on structural health monitoring of innovative civil engineering structures, P31 Cheung MS, 1997, CAN J CIVIL ENG, V24, P951, DOI 10.1139/cjce-24-6-951 DeWolf JT, 2002, STRUCT HEALTH MONIT, V1, P129, DOI 10.1177/1475921702001002001 Fujino Y., 2004, Proceedings of the 2 " European workshop on structural health monitoring, P3 [何旭辉 He Xuhui], 2003, [振动与冲击, Journal of Vibration and Shock], V22, P75 Housner GW, 1997, J ENG MECH, V123, P897, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(1997)123:9(897) Kim S., 2002, P 1 EUR WORKSH STRUC, P1254 Koh HM, 2003, STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AND INTELLIGENT INFRASTRUCTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2, P99 Lau CK, 1999, STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONTORING 2000, P450 Mufti AA, 2002, STRUCT HEALTH MONIT, V1, P89, DOI 10.1177/147592170200100106 Myrvoll F, 2000, P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS, V4062, P827 Okundi E, 2003, STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AND INTELLIGENT INFRASTRUCTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2, P1039 Pines D.J., 2002, PROG STRUCT ENG MAT, V4, P372, DOI [DOI 10.1002/PSE.129, 10.1002/pse.129] [苏木标 SU MUbiao], 2007, [铁道学报, Journal of the China Railway Society], V29, P71 Sumitro S, 2001, P SOC PHOTO-OPT INS, V4337, P517, DOI 10.1117/12.435628 Wang M.L., 2004, WORKSH BAS STRUCT HL, P13 Wu ZS, 2003, STRUCTURAL HEALTH MONITORING AND INTELLIGENT INFRASTRUCTURE, VOLS 1 AND 2, P153 Yun C.B., 2003, KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, V7, P637, DOI DOI 10.1007/BF02829136 NR 22 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 53 PU NATURAL SCIENCES PUBLISHING CORP-NSP PI NEW YORK PA 19 W 34 ST, SUITE 1018, NEW YORK, NY 10001 USA SN 1935-0090 EI 2325-0399 J9 APPL MATH INFORM SCI JI Appl. Math. Inf. Sci. PD NOV PY 2012 VL 6 IS 3 SI SI BP 893 EP 900 PG 8 WC Mathematics, Applied; Physics, Mathematical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Mathematics; Physics GA 036EZ UT WOS:000311010500024 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lu, JF Jia, YY Liu, BX AF Lu Junfu Jia Yuanyuan Liu Baoxian TI Impact of Orthogonal Undercrossing Newly-built tunnel Adjacent Construction on the Safety of Existing Municipal Tunnel SO DISASTER ADVANCES LA English DT Article DE Orthogonal Undercrossing tunnel; Adjacent Construction; Mechanical Characteristics; Disaster Warning AB The impact of newly-built tunnel construction on the safety of existing tunnel must be considered in adjacent tunnel construction project. This research focuses on new interurban-railway tunnel orthogonal undercrossing existing municipal tunnel, utilizes finite difference method and Fluid-Structure interaction theory and analyzes the upper existing municipal tunnel stress characteristic and displacement variation law. The research findings show that existing municipal tunnel lining structure is basically consistent with the distribution law; the section of the orthogonal position has the largest deformation which gradually reduces along the longitudinal to the two ends and is distributed symmetrically; within 30m of the orthogonal section, the longitudinal stress at the arch is compressive stress, and the longitudinal stress at the inverted arch is pulling stress; the impact of dewatering construction is far larger than the impact caused by newly-built tunnel construction, wherein the settlement caused by the former is about 75-80% and the latter is about 20-25%; the largest pulling stress caused by dewatering construction is 1.39-3.39 times that of newly-built tunnel construction. Therefore, certain special supplementary measures should be taken before the construction to prevent disaster caused by the structure destruction of municipal tunnel. This conclusion provides references for disaster warning and risk management of similar tunnels. C1 [Lu Junfu] Chengdu Univ Technol, State Key Lab Geohazard Prevent & Geoenvironm Pro, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, Peoples R China. [Jia Yuanyuan; Liu Baoxian] Xi Hua Univ, Sch Architecture & Civil Engn, Chengdu 610039, Sichuan, Peoples R China. C3 Chengdu University of Technology RP Lu, JF (通讯作者)，Chengdu Univ Technol, State Key Lab Geohazard Prevent & Geoenvironm Pro, Chengdu 610059, Sichuan, Peoples R China. EM lujunfu@126.com FU State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection [SKLGP2011Z014] FX The financial support of the State Key Laboratory of Geohazard Prevention and Geoenvironment Protection (SKLGP2011Z014) are gratefully acknowledged. CR Bai Haiwei, 2007, STUDY ON LONGITUDINA Gong Lun, 2007, STUDY ON MECHANICS P Guan Baoshu, 2003, KEY TECHNIQUES IN TU Jiang CB, 2012, DISASTER ADV, V5, P93 [靳晓光 JIN Xiaoguang], 2008, [重庆建筑大学学报, Journal of Chongqing Jianzhu University], V30, P32 Liao Shao-ming, 2004, ROCK SOIL MECH, V25, P224 Liu Chuanli, 2009, TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION, V29, P49 Pan Xiaoma, 2002, INFLUENCE OF A NEW T Peng NA, 2010, DISASTER ADV, V3, P194 Zhao XF, 2007, ROCK SOIL MECH, V28, P409 NR 10 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 22 PU DISASTER ADVANCES PI INDORE PA SECTOR AG-80, SCHEME NO 54, VIJAY NAGAR, A B RD, INDORE, 452010, INDIA SN 0974-262X J9 DISASTER ADV JI Disaster Adv. PD OCT PY 2012 VL 5 IS 4 BP 756 EP 761 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 064UE UT WOS:000313100100123 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Mashimo, H AF Mashimo, H TI State of the road tunnel safety technology in Japan SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th World Tunnel Congress CY 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Int Tunnelling Assoc, Swiss Natl Tunnelling Comm, PIARC, UIC, UITP, UN EEC AB As more and more tunnels have been constructed to develop new road network, through mountainous ranges or to avoid environmental problems in urban areas, safety in road tunnels has been becoming a major issue. Establishment of tunnel safety measures is the most important task for all those who are engaged in road tunnel design, construction, operation or safety. Based on the past experiences of serious accidents involving fires, efforts to improve safety in road tunnels have been made by establishing technical standards with technological progress and improving emergency facilities in Japan. This paper describes the state of the road tunnel safety technology in Japan. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Independent Adm Inst, Publ Works Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058516, Japan. C3 PWRI: Public Works Research Institute; National Institute for Materials Science RP Mashimo, H (通讯作者)，Independent Adm Inst, Publ Works Res Inst, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 3058516, Japan. NR 0 TC 92 Z9 125 U1 1 U2 46 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 17 IS 2 BP 145 EP 152 AR PII S0886-7798(02)00017-2 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00017-2 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S); Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 585QY UT WOS:000177537100006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Haack, A AF Haack, A TI Current safety issues in traffic tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th World Tunnel Congress CY 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Int Tunnelling Assoc, Swiss Natl Tunnelling Comm, PIARC, UIC, UITP, UN EEC AB In addition to the manner in which tunnels are furnished, improved control of the state of vehicles and the composition of their loads could have better safety standards in traffic tunnels. Joint efforts are imperative to arrive at enhanced and harmonised standards throughout Europe. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Studiengesellsch Unterird Verkehrsanlagen EV, STUVA, D-50827 Cologne, Germany. RP Haack, A (通讯作者)，Studiengesellsch Unterird Verkehrsanlagen EV, STUVA, Mathias Bruggen Str 41, D-50827 Cologne, Germany. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 17 IS 2 BP 117 EP 127 AR PII S0886-7798(02)00013-5 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00013-5 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S); Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 585QY UT WOS:000177537100002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ozturk, OF Mazlum, Y Aydin, MM Coruh, E Bayata, HF AF Ozturk, Omer Faruk Mazlum, Yusuf Aydin, Metin Mutlu Coruh, Emine Bayata, Halim Ferit TI Performance Comparison of Various Tunnel Lighting Scenarios on Driver Lane-Changing Behaviours in a Driving Simulator SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE tunnel lighting; driving simulator; tunnel safety; lane-changing behaviour; driver characteristics ID ROAD TUNNEL; SAFETY; MODEL; VALIDATION; DESIGN AB Recent advances in tunnel infrastructure have emphasized safety, operational efficiency and low operating costs. Modern tunnels are equipped with systems to improve both safety and operational performance. This study investigates the effect of tunnel lighting and vehicle breakdown scenarios on driver lane changing behaviour (LCB) using a driving simulator modelled on the third longest twin-tube tunnel. Data were collected from 125 drivers considering various driver characteristics with different lighting conditions and the presence of a stopped vehicle in a lane. The results show that drivers tend to slow down and change lanes more safely in response to red and flashing lights. In contrast, blue sky lights, which are designed to reduce stress and compare with other dangerous scenarios, had no significant effect on LCB. In addition, demographic factors such as gender and previous simulator experience played a role in influencing LCB tendencies. Female drivers and those familiar with simulators showed more cautious behaviour. The findings showed valuable insights into how tunnel lighting systems can improve safety. Results highlighted the potential for dynamic lighting and targeted driver training programs to improve tunnel safety. All these findings may contribute to ongoing efforts to improve traffic management and reduce accidents in tunnel environments. C1 [Ozturk, Omer Faruk] Giresun Univ, Engn Fac, Dept Civil Engn, TR-28200 Giresun, Turkiye. [Mazlum, Yusuf] Erzincan Binali Yildirim Univ, Ilic Dursun Yildirim Vocat Sch, TR-24700 Erzincan, Turkiye. [Aydin, Metin Mutlu] Ondokuz Mayis Univ, Fac Engn, Dept Civil Engn, TR-55270 Samsun, Turkiye. [Coruh, Emine] Gumushane Univ, Fac Engn & Nat Sci, Dept Civil Engn, TR-29100 Gumushane, Turkiye. [Bayata, Halim Ferit] Erzincan Binali Yildirim Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Engn Fac, TR-24002 Erzincan, Turkiye. C3 Giresun University; Erzincan Binali Yildirim University; Ondokuz Mayis University; Gumushane University; Erzincan Binali Yildirim University RP Bayata, HF (通讯作者)，Erzincan Binali Yildirim Univ, Dept Civil Engn, Engn Fac, TR-24002 Erzincan, Turkiye. EM omer.ozturk@giresun.edu.tr; yusuf.mazlum@erzincan.edu.tr; metinmutlu.aydin@omu.edu.tr; eminecoruh@gumushane.edu.tr; hfbayata@erzincan.edu.tr RI ; Bayata, Halim/Z-6017-2019; AYDIN, Metin Mutlu/I-6943-2017; Öztürk, Ömer Faruk/ABG-9710-2022; mazlum, yusuf/OKS-1628-2025 OI mazlum, Yusuf/0000-0003-2957-2822; AYDIN, Metin Mutlu/0000-0001-9470-716X; Öztürk, Ömer Faruk/0000-0002-7397-4274; FU Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) [1002/123M190]; Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department [FBA-2022-813]; Gumushane University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department [22.F5110.02.01, 22.E0111.07.01] FX This study was supported by the funding from The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkiye (TUBITAK) (Project No: 1002/123M190) and Erzincan Binali Yildirim University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department (Project No: FBA-2022-813) and Gumushane University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Department (Project No: 22.F5110.02.01 and Project No: 22.E0111.07.01). 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Sci.-Basel PD DEC PY 2024 VL 14 IS 23 AR 11319 DI 10.3390/app142311319 PG 21 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA P2K0Q UT WOS:001376252900001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lönnermark, A Neumann, NT AF Lonnermark, Anders Neumann, Nick T. TI Pulsations During Fires in Tunnels SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Pulsations; Thermoacoustic instabilities; Tunnel fire; Experiments; Modelling ID COMBUSTION CHAMBERS; NONLINEAR BEHAVIOR; ACOUSTIC-WAVES; HEAT RELEASE; FLAME; OSCILLATIONS; FLOW; GAS AB The existing theoretical modelling of thermoacoustic oscillations has been studied and applied to the case of tunnel fires. The assumptions of the theoretical model were reviewed. It was found that several assumptions are not applicable to tunnel fires and, hence, suggestions for improvement are given. The correlation which expresses the starting conditions for thermoacoustic oscillations is analysed and dependencies on different parameters are presented. The pulsations documented during the large-scale tests in the Runehamar tunnel in 2003 have also been further analysed. The measurements were compared to the theoretical limiting curve for oscillations, showing good agreement. To further study thermoacoustic oscillations in tunnels, more detailed tests in a model-scale tunnel (1:100) were performed. These tests focused on the circumstances which are required to create thermoacoustic oscillations, i.e. the fire was located at different positions along the tunnel and the air flow rate was varied. The tunnel had a length of 4 m, was 8 cm wide and 6 cm high. The results were in good accordance with the theoretical modelling but showed deviations which were most obvious at very low and high air velocities. Both the starting conditions for thermoacoustic oscillations and cases where the thermoacoustic oscillations suddenly stopped, were observed. These findings led to identification of several points in the theoretical model which need to be improved, and to the development of a strategy to avoid such pulsation in fires. C1 [Lonnermark, Anders; Neumann, Nick T.] SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. C3 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden RP Lönnermark, A (通讯作者)，SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, POB 857, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM anders.lonnermark@sp.se OI Lönnermark, Anders/0000-0001-6758-6067 FU research platform SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre FX The work presented in this report was performed within and funded by the research platform SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre. 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PD APR PY 2013 VL 49 IS 2 BP 551 EP 581 DI 10.1007/s10694-012-0263-z PG 31 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 072CI UT WOS:000313645600017 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xu, DS Li, YF Chen, C Zhong, H Li, JM Huang, YB AF Xu, Desheng Li, Yanfeng Chen, Chao Zhong, Hua Li, Junmei Huang, Youbo TI Enhancing Fire Safety in Urban Bifurcated Tunnels: An Investigation of Slope and Curvature Effects on Fire Dynamics and Smoke Temperature Distribution SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Fire safety; Bifurcated tunnels; Smoke dynamics; Risk assessment; Thermal environment ID GAS TEMPERATURE; BEHAVIOR; BENEATH AB Urban underground tunnels, particularly bifurcated roads, are essential to modern transportation systems but face significant fire safety challenges. This study investigates the fire resilience of urban bifurcated tunnels under natural ventilation, focusing on how the ramp slope and curvature influence the fire thermal environment and the associated safety implications-a topic with limited quantified research. By combining model-scale fire experiments with numerical simulations, the research quantifies the effects of tunnel geometry-specifically, slope and curvature-on smoke temperature distribution, flame morphology, and longitudinal temperature attenuation. Key findings show that increasing the tunnel slope accelerates smoke flow downstream, resulting in significant temperature increases, while curvature has a comparatively subtler influence on the transverse distribution of high-temperature zones. The maximum observed temperature difference across curvature variations was limited to 20 K (less than 5% variability), whereas slope variations induced temperature changes of up to 70 K (approximately 17% variability). A semi-empirical model for maximum temperature rise and longitudinal temperature attenuation was developed based on these findings under specific boundary conditions, offering essential insights for fire-safe underground infrastructure design. This work advances fire safety standards and informs emergency response strategies in complex urban tunnel systems. C1 [Xu, Desheng; Li, Yanfeng; Chen, Chao; Li, Junmei] Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Green Built Environm & Energy Effi, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Xu, Desheng] Anhui Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Publ Safety & Emergency Management, Hefei, Peoples R China. [Zhong, Hua] London South Bank Univ, Sch Built Environm & Architecture, 103 Borough Rd, London SE1 0AA, England. [Huang, Youbo] Chongqing Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Safety Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing University of Technology; Anhui University of Science & Technology; London South Bank University; Chongqing University of Science & Technology RP Li, YF (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Green Built Environm & Energy Effi, Beijing, Peoples R China.; Zhong, H (通讯作者)，London South Bank Univ, Sch Built Environm & Architecture, 103 Borough Rd, London SE1 0AA, England. EM liyanfeng@bjut.edu.cn; hua.zhong@lsbu.ac.uk RI zhong, hua/AAC-9831-2022; Huang, Youbo/IVH-1868-2023; Xu, Desheng/IVV-4174-2023 OI zhong, hua/0000-0001-9604-4523; Xu, Desheng/0000-0002-6629-4561 FU Beijing Natural Science Foundation; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52104185]; [8222002] FX This work was supported by the Beijing Natural Science Foundation (Grant No: 8222002), National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: 51378040), and National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52104185). 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PD NOV PY 2025 VL 61 IS 6 BP 4723 EP 4753 DI 10.1007/s10694-025-01805-y EA SEP 2025 PG 31 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA O6464 UT WOS:001581959600001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Peña-García, A AF Pena-Garcia, Antonio TI An introduction to tunnel lighting: Basis, calculations, and future lines in the interface between safety and sustainability SO UNDERGROUND SPACE LA English DT Review DE Tunnel lighting; Road safety; Flicker effect; Glare; Energy consumption ID ROAD PRE-TUNNELS; TENSION STRUCTURES; ENERGY DEMANDS; SUNLIGHT; LUMINANCE; DESIGN; METHODOLOGY; PERFORMANCE; PAVEMENT; PERGOLAS AB The exponential increase in the number of new tunnels, their length, and complexity makes safe and comfortable driving in these infrastructures a must. Among all the technical characteristics necessary to achieve this target, accurate lighting is the most important. However, the peculiarities of driving in tunnels, narrowly linked to the infrastructure itself, but also to physiological and psychological characteristics of drivers, make good lighting complex and highly consuming in terms of energy, financial resources, use of raw materials, environmental impact, and maintenance. The relatively recent introduction of LEDs in tunnels and the new strategies to decrease energy demands and profit from sunlight, whose energy savings can reach 40% in a wide variety of cases, together with the progressive aging of drivers, are challenges for researchers in this field, that currently seek new perspectives affecting the tunnel, the roads before and after, and the portal surroundings. This work approaches the principles of tunnel lighting, its singularities, open points with difficult solutions, and some others that are already contributing to safer and more sustainable tunnels and underground roads. 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Space PD FEB PY 2026 VL 26 BP 220 EP 234 DI 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.06.008 EA DEC 2025 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA AA9SX UT WOS:001643832800001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, SS Mei, JL He, SM Du, ZG AF Wang, Shoushuo Mei, Jialin He, Shiming Du, Zhigang TI Do visual guiding facilities in freeway tunnels affect drivers' perception of longitudinal safety distance? A simulation experiment SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Visual guiding facilities; longitudinal distance; safety perception; freeway tunnels ID BEHAVIOR AB ObjectiveThe safety perception of longitudinal distance by drivers in tunnels is critical for road safety. However, existing studies mainly focus on the effects of visual guiding facilities on speed perception and vehicle position, with limited research on their impact on longitudinal distance perception. This study aims to evaluate the effect of different types of visual guiding facilities on drivers' safety perception of longitudinal distance in freeway tunnels.MethodsThe experimental design considered the type of facility, including dot-shaped, linear, and ring-shaped visual guiding facilities. The linear visual guiding facilities are further categorized by length. The inter-facility spacing is treated as a variable parameter. Forty participants are involved in simulated experiments, during which subjective perceptions of longitudinal distance and perception reaction time data are collected. The impact of facility variables on safety perception of longitudinal distance is assessed.ResultsDot-shaped visual guiding facilities do not improve drivers' judgment of longitudinal distance. Ring-shaped visual guiding facilities have the most significant positive impact on drivers' safety perception of longitudinal distance. The effectiveness of linear visual guiding facilities increases with their length; shorter lengths are less effective.ConclusionsTo enhance drivers' perception of longitudinal distance in tunnel mid-sections, retroreflective rings with a spacing of no more than 200 meters should be installed. Additionally, longer vertical retroreflective stripes can be used to supplement this, with spacing ranging from 50 to 100 meters. C1 [Wang, Shoushuo] Guangzhou Maritime Univ, Sch Future Transportat, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Mei, Jialin; He, Shiming; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. C3 Guangzhou Maritime University; Wuhan University of Technology RP Mei, JL (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM jialin_mei@126.com RI Wang, Shoushuo/AAF-2645-2021 OI Wang, Shoushuo/0000-0003-2463-3569 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52402423]; Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou [2025A04J4066]; Tertiary Education Scientific Research Project of Guangzhou Municipal Education Bureau [2024312144] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52402423), Science and Technology Projects in Guangzhou (No. 2025A04J4066), and Tertiary Education Scientific Research Project of Guangzhou Municipal Education Bureau (No. 2024312144). 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PD APR PY 2019 VL 105 BP 300 EP 306 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.02.004 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA HY6QM UT WOS:000468254800025 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Borghetti, F Frassoldati, A Derudi, M Lai, IGN Trinchini, C AF Borghetti, Fabio Frassoldati, Alessio Derudi, Marco Lai, Igino Trinchini, Cristian TI Road Tunnels Operation: Effectiveness of Emergency Teams as a Risk Mitigation Measure SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Article DE road tunnel; emergency management; emergency team effectiveness; tunnel safety; tunnel resilience; tunnel operation; tunnel accident; fire fighter; highway tunnel ID RESILIENCE; SAFETY; SYSTEMS; ACCIDENTS AB Managing a major event in a road tunnel requires more resources than an open-air event. In the case of fire, the confined environment of road tunnels can represent a critical situation for both users and rescuers. The safety level of a tunnel can be estimated by using dedicated risk models that consider, on the one hand, the traffic (type, quantity and distribution) of a tunnel and, on the other hand, the structural and plant safety measures. According to the European Directive, road tunnel managers can adopt additional safety measures aimed at increasing the level of safety for users exposed to the consequences of an accidental event. One of these measures is the rapid intervention of emergency teams located in the proximity of the tunnel. These teams use pick-up and scooter vehicles properly equipped to cope with a fire event and have detailed knowledge of the specific tunnel system. A further advantage of the emergency teams is the possibility of supporting the evacuation of tunnel users by providing indications on emergency exits, bypasses and safe places considering the evolution of the specific event. In this perspective, the present research contributes to the evaluation of the emergency teams' effectiveness. Thus, the emergency team was included as a safety measure within a risk analysis model for road tunnels developed by the authors in previous works. After an analysis of the technical and scientific literature, we focused on 15 interventions carried out on some highway tunnels in Italy between the year 2019 and the year 2021. The intervention times of the teams were analyzed using data provided by Strada dei Parchi S.p.A., a company that manages 14 highway tunnels in Italy. These 14 tunnels range in length from 589 m to 10,121 m and are subject to the European Directive. The observed intervention times of the emergency teams range between 2 min and 10 min with an average value of 5.9 min. Such a short intervention time is possible because emergency teams are in the proximity of the different tunnels. Because of the short intervention time and the training of the personnel, all the fires were properly managed by the teams. Furthermore, considering the results of the scientific literature and the data presented in this work, it was possible to estimate and validate an effectiveness value (higher than 90%) of the emergency teams to be used within the risk analysis model developed by the authors and which can also be used in other risk analysis models. C1 [Borghetti, Fabio] Politecn Milan, Mobil & Transport Lab, Design Dept, Via Candiani 72, I-20158 Milan, Italy. [Frassoldati, Alessio; Derudi, Marco] Politecn Milan, Dept Chem Mat & Chem Engn, Piazza Leonardo Vinci 32, I-20133 Milan, Italy. [Lai, Igino; Trinchini, Cristian] Str dei Parchi SpA, Via GV Bona 105, I-00156 Rome, Italy. C3 Polytechnic University of Milan; Polytechnic University of Milan RP Borghetti, F (通讯作者)，Politecn Milan, Mobil & Transport Lab, Design Dept, Via Candiani 72, I-20158 Milan, Italy. EM fabio.borghetti@polimi.it RI BORGHETTI, FABIO/AAA-1118-2021; Frassoldati, Alessio/F-6688-2013; Derudi, Marco/L-6335-2017 OI BORGHETTI, FABIO/0000-0003-0401-3696; CR Abbasnejadfard M, 2022, INT J DISAST RISK RE, V75, DOI 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102956 Alvear D, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V34, P13, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.10.005 Ayyub BM, 2014, RISK ANAL, V34, P340, DOI 10.1111/risa.12093 Barabino B, 2021, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V159, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106258 Bassan S, 2016, IATSS RES, V40, P35, DOI 10.1016/j.iatssr.2016.02.002 Beard A., 2005, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE Bjelland H, 2021, SAFETY SCI, V143, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105408 Borghetti F, 2020, V82, P277, DOI 10.3303/cet2082047 Borghetti F., 2019, ROAD TUNNELS ANALYTI Borghetti F, 2021, Safety and Security Engineering, V206, P81 Borghetti F., 2019, ROAD TUNNELS Borghetti F., 2017, TUNNEL FIRE TESTING, DOI [10.1007/978-3-319-49517-0_1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49517-0_1] Borghetti F, 2021, INT J CRIT INFRASTRU, V17, P97, DOI 10.1504/IJCIS.2021.116856 Bosco D., 2018, Chemical Engineering Transactions, VVol. 67, P805 Caliendo C, 2022, APPL SCI-BASEL, V12, DOI 10.3390/app12073357 Caliendo C, 2021, APPL SCI-BASEL, V11, DOI 10.3390/app11115248 Caliendo C, 2012, PROCD SOC BEHV, V53, P166, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.870 Carlson J., 2012, Resilience: Theory and application. 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For a more sustainable and resilient road tunnel energy system, we conducted an exploratory study on installing a semi-transparent photovoltaic (STPV) canopy at the entrances and exits of a tunnel under a river. The proposed system generates solar-powered electricity, improves thermal and visual conditions, and reduces energy loads. In this study, field measurements of road surface temperature and air temperature were conducted, and numerical simulations with and without STPV were performed to study air and road surface temperatures under different traffic speeds. The field measurements show the road surface temperatures are higher than the air temperature on average. The interior air and road surface temperature were measured to be above 0 degrees C, even though the outdoor temperature is far below 0 degrees C, thus significantly reducing the need for deicing in winter using salts. The simulations show that the air and surface temperatures elevate due to the solar transmission heat through the STPV canopy, thus reducing deicing energy consumption significantly. The fire safety analysis also showed that the proposed system's top opening should be located near the tunnel entrance instead of the canopy entrance for better smoke exhaust during a fire. C1 [Qi, Dahai; Zhang, Xin] Univ Sherbrooke, Dept Civil & Bldg Engn, 2500 Boul Univ, Sherbrooke, PQ J1K 2R1, Canada. [Yang, Senwen; Shu, Chang; (Leon) Wang, Liangzhu; Athienitis, Andreas] Concordia Univ, Ctr Zero Energy Bldg Studies, Dept Bldg Civil & Environm Engn, 1455 Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada. C3 University of Sherbrooke; Concordia University - Canada RP Wang, LZ (通讯作者)，Concordia Univ, Ctr Zero Energy Bldg Studies, Dept Bldg Civil & Environm Engn, 1455 Maisonneuve Blvd West, Montreal, PQ H3G 1M8, Canada. EM leon.wang@concordia.ca RI Zhang, Xin/JGD-6864-2023; Wang, Leon/HKV-8162-2023; Shu, Chang/ABD-8398-2020; Qi, Dahai/AFQ-5334-2022 OI Zhang, Xin/0000-0002-4611-9280; Wang, Leon/0000-0002-0653-3612; Athienitis, Aneas/0000-0001-6808-4456; Shu, Chang/0000-0003-3807-2002; FU Ministry of Transport of Quebec; NSERC from Canada's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council [RGPIN-2018-06734] FX This research project was supported by the Ministry of Transport of Quebec and the NSERC Discovery Grants [#RGPIN-2018-06734] from Canada's Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council. Dr. Jiwu Rao, Mr. Hatem Alrawashdeh, and Mr. Bruno Marcotte from the research team at Concordia University's Centre for Zero Energy Building Studies (CZEBS) were involved in the field measurement of the ventilation flow in the tunnel. 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Simul. PD APR PY 2022 VL 15 IS 4 SI SI BP 537 EP 548 DI 10.1007/s12273-021-0831-6 EA SEP 2021 PG 12 WC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Construction & Building Technology GA YL0UU UT WOS:000696457900001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Tang, YQ Ye, WM Huang, Y AF Tang, YQ Ye, WM Huang, Y TI Marsh gas in shallow soils and safety measures for tunnel construction SO ENGINEERING GEOLOGY LA English DT Article DE marsh gas; tunnel safety; shield; confluent sewerage works; Shanghai AB Marsh gas is a danger for tunnelling through soils in Shanghai. Predrilling can assess the hazard and help to vent the gas. Additional measures include tunneling with an airproof shield, adequate ventilation, special precautions against ignition and education of the workers. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. C1 Tongji Univ, Dept Geotech Engn, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. C3 Tongji University RP Tang, YQ (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, Dept Geotech Engn, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. RI Huang, Yu/K-8849-2012; Tang, Yi-Qun/JVN-9399-2024; Ye, Weimin/GPT-2906-2022 CR *CHIN MIN COAL ENG, 1974, VENT SAF NR 1 TC 17 Z9 19 U1 0 U2 30 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0013-7952 J9 ENG GEOL JI Eng. Geol. PD JAN PY 2003 VL 67 IS 3-4 BP 373 EP 378 AR PII S0013-7952(02)00207-7 DI 10.1016/S0013-7952(02)00207-7 PG 6 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Geology GA 637GG UT WOS:000180502800012 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wu, XG Feng, ZB Liu, Y Qin, YW Yang, TY Duan, JC AF Wu, Xianguo Feng, Zongbao Liu, Yang Qin, Yawei Yang, Tingyou Duan, Junchao TI Enhanced safety prediction of vault settlement in urban tunnels using the pair-copula and Bayesian network SO APPLIED SOFT COMPUTING LA English DT Article DE Urban tunnel; Vault settlement; Safety prediction; Pair -copula Bayes; Key risk factors ID NEURAL-NETWORKS; RISK; CONSTRUCTION; MANAGEMENT; STRENGTH AB To analyze and study the key control factors of the risk of vault deformation in tunnels excavated at small clear distances, a risk assessment method based on a pair-copula Bayesian network (PCBN) model is proposed. Based on an analysis of the factors affecting the settlement of the vault of an excavated tunnel, an index system for the risk assessment of the vault settlement is established. A PCBN model based on a pair-copula function and BN can effectively deal with the complex risk system and the correlation problems within the risk system. Using the constructed PCBN model, a risk analysis of the dome settlement caused by the excavation in the Donghu Tuanshan tunnel in Wuhan is carried out, and the risk status of the dome settlement of the tunnel is determined to be basically safe. It can be determined from this research that a pair-copula correlation concept combined with a BN retains the strength of both concepts, and a safety risk analysis method for the settlement of tunnel vaults based on the PCBN model is proposed to perform real-time and effective safety risk assessment and provide decision support for the shield construction stage. Through a correlation analysis of the risk indicators of the risk system, it is determined that the risk indicators that have the most significant impact on the deformation of the vault are the state of the groundwater, the complexity of the construction environment, the soil quality of the tunnel arch bottom, and the soil quality of the tunnel vault. These risk indicators are used as key risk indicators for decision-making. Based on this method, decision -making suggestions for reducing the risk of vault deformation are proposed. Good results are achieved in project implementation, and safety management of the vault deformation of a small clear excavated tunnel is provided. & COPY; 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Wu, Xianguo; Feng, Zongbao; Qin, Yawei; Duan, Junchao] Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil & Hydraul Engn, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Liu, Yang] Wuhan Univ, ZhongNan Hosp, Wuhan 430071, Peoples R China. [Liu, Yang] Wuhan Univ, Sch Econ & Management, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China. [Qin, Yawei] Lanzhou Univ Sci & Technol, Lanzhou 730050, Peoples R China. [Qin, Yawei; Yang, Tingyou; Duan, Junchao] China Construct Third Engn Bureay Grp CO Ltd, Wuhan 430065, Peoples R China. C3 Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Wuhan University; Wuhan University; Lanzhou University of Technology RP Qin, YW (通讯作者)，Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil & Hydraul Engn, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China.; Liu, Y (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ, ZhongNan Hosp, Wuhan 430071, Peoples R China.; Liu, Y (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ, Sch Econ & Management, Wuhan 430072, Peoples R China.; Qin, YW (通讯作者)，China Construct Third Engn Bureay Grp CO Ltd, Wuhan 430065, Peoples R China. EM dabailiu@whu.edu.cn; qinyawei@hust.edu.cn RI ; Liu, Yang/GPW-8884-2022 OI Feng, Zongbao/0000-0003-2401-2658; Liu, Yang/0000-0003-3064-0028 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [72031009]; National Social Science Fund of China [20ZD058]; Construction Science and Technology Planning Project of Hubei Province, China [202041]; Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Science, Technology and Innovation Seed Fund, China [CXPY2020013]; Philosophy and Social Science research Project in Department of Education of Hubei Province, China [21G001]; Academy of Finland (AKA) [202041] Funding Source: Academy of Finland (AKA) FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 72031009) , the National Social Science Fund of China (Grant no. 20 & amp;ZD058) , the Construction Science and Technology Planning Project of Hubei Province, China (Grant No. 202041) , the Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University Science, Technology and Innovation Seed Fund, China, Project CXPY2020013, and Philosophy and Social Science research Project in Department of Education of Hubei Province, China (Grant No. 21G001) . 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Soft. Comput. PD JAN PY 2023 VL 132 AR 109711 DI 10.1016/j.asoc.2022.109711 EA DEC 2022 PG 17 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science GA K4UY5 UT WOS:001016418900001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Caliendo, C Genovese, G Russo, I AF Caliendo, Ciro Genovese, Gianluca Russo, Isidoro TI A Simultaneous Analysis of the User Safety and Resilience of a Twin-Tube Road Tunnel SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE road tunnels; user safety; resilience index; recovery strategies; computational fluid dynamics; quantitative risk analysis ID CRASH-PREDICTION MODEL; STRATEGIES; SIMULATION; TRANSPORT; CONCRETE AB This study complements our previous work with a simultaneous analysis of user safety and road tunnel resilience. We developed a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model and simulated the corresponding egress process to evaluate the risk level of users exposed to different types of fire, such those which might occur on the undisrupted lane of a partially closed tube tunnel due to a traffic accident, or in the adjacent tube when used for two-way traffic in the case of the complete closure of the tube involved in the accident. The CFD results showed that: (i) better environmental conditions were found with the partial closure of the tube rather than the complete one; (ii) additional benefits can be achieved by activating variable message signs (VMSs) that suggest an alternative itinerary for heavy good vehicles (HGVs) only; (iii) safety issues for human health may arise only in the case of a 100 MW fire, occurring during the complete closure of the tube and the use of the parallel one for two-way traffic. The findings of the CFD simulations were subsequently used to perform a quantitative risk analysis (QRA) based on a probabilistic approach. The findings of the QRA were found to be consistent with those obtained by the tunnel resilience analysis. In particular, the lowest risk level for user safety was found with the partial closure of the tube instead of the complete one, and by activating the VMSs to redirect HGVs only towards an alternative itinerary. This finding was found to correspond to a higher resilience index of the tunnel (i.e., a lower resilience loss due to a traffic accident occurring in a tube). This study increases our knowledge on certain relevant aspects of the operating conditions of tunnels and can serve as a possible reference for tunnel management agencies (TMAs) in their choice of the most appropriate arrangement to recover the functionality of a tunnel taking into account both user safety and resilience at the same time. C1 [Caliendo, Ciro; Genovese, Gianluca; Russo, Isidoro] Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy. C3 University of Salerno RP Caliendo, C (通讯作者)，Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy. 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Sci.-Basel PD APR PY 2022 VL 12 IS 7 AR 3357 DI 10.3390/app12073357 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 0M3AA UT WOS:000782030100001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Cheng, XD Shi, ZC Nguyen, K Zhang, LH Zhou, Y Zhang, GM Wang, JH Shi, L AF Cheng, Xudong Shi, Zhicheng Nguyen, Kate Zhang, Lihai Zhou, Yong Zhang, Guomin Wang, Jinhui Shi, Long TI Solar chimney in tunnel considering energy-saving and fire safety SO ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Trombe wall; Natural ventilation; Renewable energy; Tunnel; CFD modelling; Fire safety ID NATURAL VENTILATION; EMPIRICAL-MODEL; PERFORMANCE; BUILDINGS; DESIGN; ROOM; CONSERVATION; VELOCITY; CAVITY; FLOW AB Although solar chimney as a reliable passive renewable energy system has been widely adopted in buildings, its application in the tunnel is so far limited. By developing a validated numerical model, this study systematically investigated four critical factors that govern the effectiveness of solar chimney in tunnel applications, such as cavity height (h(c)), cavity gap (L), solar radiation, and fire size. It was known that the chimney height in tunnel shows a relatively higher impact on the natural ventilation when comparing to the applications in building, but in an opposite position for the solar radiation. The natural ventilation rate is proportional to h(c)(0.69) in the tunnel, but the power is between 0.5 and 2/3 for building applications. The power for solar radiation in tunnel is 0.34, where it is 0.572 for building. It was obtained from an orthogonal analysis that chimney height presents a relatively higher impact on the natural ventilation performance of a solar chimney in the tunnel, but it shows an opposite phenomenon under the smoke exhaustion model. Under both natural ventilation and smoke exhaustion modes, chimney height and cavity gap show relatively stronger influence on the performance than that from the solar radiation. A theoretical model was also developed that considers both the vertically linear and horizontally parabolic temperature distributions inside the chimney cavity. The predictions when considering both distributions agree reasonably well with those numerical results, which drops about 20.6% when comparing to the predictions of those traditional models without the considerations. (C) 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Cheng, Xudong; Shi, Zhicheng; Zhou, Yong] Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China. [Nguyen, Kate; Zhang, Guomin; Shi, Long] RMIT Univ, Sch Engn, Civil & Infrastruct Engn, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia. [Zhang, Lihai] Univ Melbourne, Dept Infrastruct Engn, Melbourne, Vic 3010, Australia. [Wang, Jinhui] Shanghai Maritime Univ, Coll Ocean Sci & Engn, Shanghai 201306, Peoples R China. C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT); University of Melbourne; Shanghai Maritime University RP Shi, L (通讯作者)，RMIT Univ, Sch Engn, Civil & Infrastruct Engn, Melbourne, Vic 3004, Australia.; Wang, JH (通讯作者)，Shanghai Maritime Univ, Coll Ocean Sci & Engn, Shanghai 201306, Peoples R China. EM sunrise@mail.ustc.edu.cn; shilong@mail.ustc.edu.cn RI ; SHI, Long/AAI-5259-2020; Zhang, Lihai/F-6823-2014; Cheng, Xudong/AAF-3731-2020; Nguyen, Kate/AAI-8924-2020 OI Wang, Jinhui/0009-0004-7120-0023; SHI, Long/0000-0003-0763-7293; Zhang, Guomin Kevin/0000-0002-3503-7431; Zhang, Lihai/0000-0002-1282-992X; FU Australian Government through the Australian Research Council [DE200100892, DE190100217]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [51776192]; State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (SKLFS) at University of Science and Technology of China (USTC) [HZ2019-KF15]; Australian Research Council [DE190100217] Funding Source: Australian Research Council FX This research was supported by the Australian Government through the Australian Research Council's Discovery Projects funding scheme (Projects DE200100892 and DE190100217), National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.51776192), and State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (SKLFS) Open Funding (No. HZ2019-KF15) at University of Science and Technology of China (USTC). 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Consequently, the driving risk at the exit of a long spiral tunnel served as the subject of this study, and the Jinjiazhuang spiral tunnel served as the object of the natural vehicle driving experiment. Following the theory of a non-linear autoregressive dynamic neural network, a vehicle speed prediction model based on driver characteristics was developed for the exit phase of the tunnel, taking driver expectations and behavioral changes into account. It also classifies the driver's behavior during the tunnel's exit phase to assess the risk posed by the driver's behavior during the tunnel's exit phase and determine a dynamic and safe comfort speed. The study's results indicate that the driver's behavioral load changed significantly as the vehicle approached the tunnel exit. At the exit of the spiral tunnel, the vehicle's actual speed was 71 km/h, which is below the speed limit of 80 km/h. This demonstrates that the expected change in the driver's behavior in the tunnel exit phase was substantial. Therefore, setting the emotional safety and comfort speed so that the driver maintains a smooth comfort level in the tunnel exit phase can reduce the tunnel exit driving risk. The results of this study provide a benchmark for tunnel traffic safety and lay the groundwork for further development of vehicle risk warning settings for the tunnel's exit phase. C1 [Xu, Xiaoling; Kang, Xuejian; Wang, Xiaoping; Zhao, Shuai; Si, Chundi] Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, State Key Lab Mech Behav & Syst Safety Traff Engn, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China. [Xu, Xiaoling; Kang, Xuejian; Wang, Xiaoping; Zhao, Shuai; Si, Chundi] Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China. C3 Shijiazhuang Tiedao University; Shijiazhuang Tiedao University RP Kang, XJ (通讯作者)，Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, State Key Lab Mech Behav & Syst Safety Traff Engn, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China.; Kang, XJ (通讯作者)，Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China. EM kangxuejian0401@163.com FU Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures [E2019210305]; Hebei Natural Science Foundation [20557673D]; Foundation of S&T Program of Hebei; 2022 Hebei Province, the Introduction of Foreign Intellectual Projects; [ZZ2020-03] FX This research was funded by the Foundation of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures (No. ZZ2020-03), Hebei Natural Science Foundation (No. E2019210305), Foundation of S&T Program of Hebei (No. 20557673D), and 2022 Hebei Province, the Introduction of Foreign Intellectual Projects. 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Transp, V23, P116 [朱彤 Zhu Tong], 2018, [中国公路学报, China Journal of Highway and Transport], V31, P165 NR 24 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 5 U2 53 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2071-1050 J9 SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL JI Sustainability PD DEC PY 2022 VL 14 IS 23 AR 15736 DI 10.3390/su142315736 PG 16 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA 6Y9UN UT WOS:000897431100001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Seike, M Kawabata, N Hasegawa, M AF Seike, Miho Kawabata, Nobuyoshi Hasegawa, Masato TI Quantitative assessment method for road tunnel fire safety: Development of an evacuation simulation method using CFD-derived smoke behavior SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Quantitative risk assessment; Tunnel fire; Evacuation simulation; Evacuation decision making; Smoke; CFD ID VENTILATION; SYSTEMS; MODELS; FLOW AB This study proposes a quantitative method for assessing road tunnel fire safety based on a numerical simulation of in-smoke evacuation. Considering evacuation in tunnels which is a long and large but single and simple space; evacuees are generally in the same space as the fire source but evacuation direction is almost one dimension, a new one-dimensional evacuation simulation was developed wherein the self-determined evacuation necessity detection factors were modeled. Using expedited ID evacuation simulations, random number results from 2000 simulations determined the mean number of sufferers. To evaluate the influence of smoke on evacuees, various smoke environment (SE) levels were defined as a function of time and longitudinal location using a simplified smoke distribution derived from 3D CFD. The number of people surrounded by thick smoke within 10 min of fire ignition was used as an evaluation index for tunnel fire safety. The proposed method was tested under various longitudinal gradients, large heat release rate, and pre-evacuation time scenarios. (c) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Seike, Miho] Natl Sci & Technol Ctr Disaster Reduct, Dept Earthquakes & Manmade Disaster, 9F,200,Sec 3,Beisin Rd, New Taipei 23143, Taiwan. [Seike, Miho; Kawabata, Nobuyoshi; Hasegawa, Masato] Kanazawa Univ, Inst Sci & Engn, Fac Mech Engn, Kakuma Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201164, Japan. C3 National Science & Technology Center for Disaster Reduction (NCDR); Kanazawa University RP Seike, M (通讯作者)，Kanazawa Univ, Inst Sci & Engn, Fac Mech Engn, Kakuma Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 9201164, Japan. EM m-seike5@se.kanazawa-u.ac.jp RI HASEGAWA, Masato/L-3542-2015; Seike, Miho/AAL-9542-2020 OI Seike, Miho/0000-0002-2461-6884 FU JICE Research and Development; Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research [16H03122] Funding Source: KAKEN FX Funding from JICE Research and Development Grant in 2009, 2010 is gratefully acknowledged. We owe our deepest gratitude to the Tunnel Fire Safety Research Group members for providing insightful comments and suggestions. 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Sci. PD APR PY 2017 VL 94 BP 116 EP 127 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2017.01.005 PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA EN2ME UT WOS:000395843800012 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Sun, SN Xu, CY Wang, AL Yang, YX Su, MQ AF Sun, Shaonan Xu, Congyu Wang, Ailing Yang, Yixin Su, Mengqi TI Safety evaluation of urban underground utility tunnel with the grey clustering method based on the whole life cycle theory SO JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Utility tunnel; safety evaluation; whole life cycle; grey clustering evaluation; entropy weight method AB The construction of urban underground utility tunnel is a complicated process. With the rapid development of urbanization in China, the safety problem of utility tunnel is becoming more and more prominent. To evaluate the safety of utility tunnel, this study proposed an evaluation model based on the whole life cycle theory. Firstly, combining with the characteristics of utility tunnel, the construction period was divided into four phases: preliminary planning, design, construction and operation and maintenance. Through literature analysis and expert investigation method, 26 evaluation indices were selected, and the whole life cycle safety evaluation index system of urban underground utility tunnel was established; Secondly, the entropy weight method was used to determine the weight of each index; Thirdly, in order to evaluate the security of the utility tunnel in the whole life cycle, a grey clustering evaluation model was constructed. Finally, a case study was conducted to explain the application of the proposed model and to verify the validity of the model, the results indicated that the model could provide a new way to evaluate the safety state of the utility tunnel project. C1 [Sun, Shaonan] North China Univ Water Resources & Elect Power, Sch Water Conservancy, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China. [Xu, Congyu; Yang, Yixin; Su, Mengqi] Zhengzhou Univ, Sch Management Engn, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China. [Wang, Ailing] Zhengzhou Univ, Room 408,Chem Bldg,Sci Ave 100, Zhengzhou 450001, Peoples R China. C3 North China University of Water Resources & Electric Power; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou University RP Wang, AL (通讯作者)，Zhengzhou Univ, Room 408,Chem Bldg,Sci Ave 100, Zhengzhou 450001, Peoples R China. EM wangailing@zzu.edu.cn OI 王, 爱领/0009-0003-0719-7782 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [71801195]; Key R&D and promotion Special Project of Henan Province [182102210066] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant [number 51709115]; National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant [number 71801195]; and Key R&D and promotion Special Project of Henan Province under Grant [number 182102210066] CR Alaghbandrad A, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V104, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103528 [卜令方 Bu Lingfang], 2016, [中国给水排水, China Water & Wastewater], V32, P57 Canto-Perello J, 2006, CIV ENG ENVIRON SYST, V23, P11, DOI 10.1080/10286600600562129 Canto-Perello J, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V33, P82, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.08.007 Canto-Perello J, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P185, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.07.004 Chen Y.Y, 2019, TUNNEL CONSTRUCTION, V39, P1180 Fang WP, 2019, PROCESS SAF PROG, V38, DOI 10.1002/prs.12051 [郭佳奇 Guo Jiaqi], 2019, [灾害学, Journal of Catastrophology], V34, P27 He H.Z, 2014, STAT DECISION MAKING, P69 Hengdong W, 2017, Tunnel Construction, V37, P523, DOI 10.3973/j.issn.1672-741x.2017.05.001 Hong J., 2012, Journal of Engineering, V26, P17 Huang H.C, 2012, MACHINERY DESIGN MAN, P231 [黄萍 Huang Ping], 2020, [安全与环境学报, Journal of Safety and Environment], V20, P1 Huang S, 2020, LAT AM J SOLIDS STRU, V17, DOI 10.1590/1679-78255854 [蒋雅君 Jiang Yajun], 2019, [地下空间与工程学报, Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering], V15, P949 Li L.X, 2018, HIGHWAY, V63, P210 [李锐 Li Rui], 2019, [地下空间与工程学报, Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering], V15, P676 Li Y, 2017, CONSTRUCTION EC, V38, P10 Lin ZZ, 2020, INT J GEOSYNTH GROUN, V6, DOI 10.1007/s40891-020-00239-6 Lin ZZ, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V104, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103529 Liu H.M, 2017, ARCHITECTURE TECHNOL, V48, P927 Liu Si-feng, 2004, Journal of Nanjing University of Aeronautics & Astronautics, V36, P267 [刘思峰 Liu Sifeng], 2011, [系统工程学报, Journal of Systems Engineering], V26, P244 Meng QF, 2020, CONSTR BUILD MATER, V246, DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118447 MOHURD, 2015, GB508382015S MOHURD MOHURD, 2016, NOT DES SYST NAT BUI MOHURD, 2015, NOT PRINT GUID PLANN Ni PP, 2018, SOILS FOUND, V58, P1400, DOI 10.1016/j.sandf.2018.08.002 Ni PP, 2020, ACTA GEOTECH, V15, P471, DOI 10.1007/s11440-018-0719-5 Ni PP, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V76, P133, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.03.014 Pan, 2018, J CIV ENG MANAG, V35, P101 Qiang F.J., 2017, STAT DECISION, P5 Qiang WM., 2019, J CIV ENG MANAG, V36, P40 [乔柱 Qiao Zhu], 2018, [地下空间与工程学报, Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering], V14, P306 [任喜伟 Ren Xiwei], 2019, [仪器仪表学报, Chinese Journal of Scientific Instrument], V40, P95 Shang DF., 2019, BUILD STRUCT, V49, P894 Song Z., 2020, XIAN JIANZHU KEJI DA, V52, P47, DOI [10.15986/j.1006-7930.2020.01.007, DOI 10.15986/J.1006-7930.2020.01.007] Tan Z.S., 2016, Tunnel Construction, V36, P1177 The State Council, 2013, OP STRENGTH URB INFR Wang AL, 2021, J ASIAN ARCHIT BUILD, V20, P210, DOI 10.1080/13467581.2020.1782214 Wang F, 2019, WORLD EC RES, P28 Wang M.H, 2020, THE PEOPLES DAILY Wang XM, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V97, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103276 Wang Y.M, 2019, CONSTRUCTION EC, V40, P54 Xiao D.F, 2018, CHINESE J UNDERGROUN, V14, P906 [许谨 Xu Jin], 2014, [中国安全科学学报, China Safety Science Journal（CSSJ）], V24, P109 Yang HF, 2021, HUM ECOL RISK ASSESS, V27, P606, DOI 10.1080/10807039.2020.1744426 [杨林 Yang Lin], 2018, [城市发展研究, Urban Studies], V25, P19 Yang S, 2020, CONSTRUCTION EC, V41, P105 Ye K.H, 2018, BUILDING STRUCTURE, V48, P833 Yin J.W, 2018, CHINESE SAFETY SCI J, V28, P155 You XH, 2019, TUNN CONSTR, V39, P173, DOI DOI 10.3973/J.ISSN.2096-4498.2019.02.001 Zhang D.K, 2019, CHINESE J UNDERGROUN, V15, P513 [张笑言 Zhang Xiaoyan], 2017, [系统工程理论与实践, Systems Engineering-Theory & Practice], V37, P2863 Zhang Y, 2019, J XIAN U ARCHITECTUR, V51, P294 Zhang Y.F, 2018, HIGHWAY, V63, P202 [赵佳 Zhao Jia], 2018, [地下空间与工程学报, Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering], V14, P315 ZHENG X., 2019, CONSTRUCTION EC, V40, P107, DOI [10.14181/j.cnki.1002-851x.201901107, DOI 10.14181/J.CNKI.1002-851X.201901107] Zhu J., 2017, STUDY RISK IDENTIFIC NR 59 TC 14 Z9 15 U1 10 U2 121 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1346-7581 EI 1347-2852 J9 J ASIAN ARCHIT BUILD JI J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng. PD NOV 2 PY 2022 VL 21 IS 6 BP 2532 EP 2544 DI 10.1080/13467581.2021.2007104 EA DEC 2021 PG 13 WC Architecture; Construction & Building Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) SC Architecture; Construction & Building Technology GA 5V6BW UT WOS:000735871800001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Pokorny, J Brumarová, L Kucera, P Martinka, J Thomitzek, A Zapletal, P AF Pokorny, Jiri Brumarova, Lenka Kucera, Petr Martinka, Jozef Thomitzek, Adam Zapletal, Pavel TI The effect of Air Flow Rate on Smoke Stratification in Longitudinal Tunnel Ventilation SO ACTA MONTANISTICA SLOVACA LA English DT Article DE safety; tunnel; fire; longitudinal ventilation; smoke stratification ID PROTECTION; SAFETY AB The construction of tunnels is associated with mining. For safety and suitable working conditions, it is necessary to ensure that there is suitable ventilation during construction. During operation, tunnels form the infrastructure of the area, which has a number of characteristics. Tunnel ventilation is designed with regards to many different factors. Longitudinal ventilation is especially used in one-way, extra-urban tunnels but in some cases also in urban or two-way tunnels. The article describes the purpose and types of tunnel ventilation, focusing on longitudinal ventilation and ventilation design strategy. Longitudinal tunnel ventilation is the cause of significant turbulence that affects the smoke stratification. The article compares different tunnel ventilation options in terms of selected strategies and the different values of applied airflow rates. A case study was conducted on the Klimkovice road tunnel in the Czech Republic using the fire model from the Fire Dynamics Simulator. The study compares the effect of airflow rate on smoke stratification. The study was conducted with air flow rate values of 0 to 5 m.s(-1). The results of the study show that even with lower airflow rates, the smoke build-up is so significant that the safety of individuals in the tunnel cannot be ensured. The dynamicity of fire is also an important factor. Opting for a lower airflow rate strategy because of higher expected congestion or other factors is a questionable practice. Greater airflow rates, however, create better conditions for evacuating individuals, although it is also necessary to combine smoke stratification options with the selected ventilation strategy. C1 [Pokorny, Jiri; Brumarova, Lenka; Kucera, Petr; Thomitzek, Adam] VSB Tech Univ Ostrava, Fac Safety Engn, Lumirova 630-13, Ostrava 70030, Czech Republic. [Martinka, Jozef] Slovak Univ Technol Bratislava, Fac Mat Sci & Technol Trnava, Jana Bottu 2781-25, Trnava 91724, Slovakia. [Zapletal, Pavel] VSB Tech Univ Ostrava, Fac Min & Geol, 17 Listopadu 2172-15, Ostrava 70800, Czech Republic. C3 Technical University of Ostrava; Slovak University of Technology Bratislava; Technical University of Ostrava RP Pokorny, J (通讯作者)，VSB Tech Univ Ostrava, Fac Safety Engn, Lumirova 630-13, Ostrava 70030, Czech Republic. EM jiri.pokorny@vsb.cz; lenka.brumarova@vsb.cz; petr.kucera@vsb.cz; jozef.martinka@stuba.sk; adam.thomitzek@vsb.cz; pavel.zapletal@vsb.cz RI Kucera, Petr/X-9070-2019; Martinka, Jozef/Y-1246-2019; Pokorny, Jiri/D-6419-2015; Zapletal, Pavel/J-4758-2016 OI Thomitzek, Adam/0000-0002-6697-8787; Pokorny, Jiri/0000-0002-1829-8437; Zapletal, Pavel/0000-0003-3455-6376 FU Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic [VH20182020042] FX This work was supported by the Ministry of the Interior of the Czech Republic Project No. VH20182020042 Population Protection in a Spatial Planning and within Setting Technical Conditions for Building Engineering. 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Montan. Slovaca. PY 2019 VL 24 IS 3 BP 173 EP 187 PG 15 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Mining & Mineral Processing WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Geology; Mining & Mineral Processing GA KA1ZW UT WOS:000505598600001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xu, LK Zhu, HH Shen, Y Liu, T Ling, JX Feng, SZ AF Xu, Liankun Zhu, Hehua Shen, Yi Liu, Tao Ling, Jiaxin Feng, Shouzhong TI VR-based evaluation of fog-adaptive tunnel lighting and navigation aids on collision risk mitigation SO ADVANCED ENGINEERING INFORMATICS LA English DT Article DE Virtual reality; Foggy weather; Visual guiding facilities; Tunnel lighting; Driving safety ID IMPACT AB In foggy weather, the incidence of rear-end and collision accidents increases significantly. Tunnels have lower lighting and visibility than open areas, and blurred sidewalls under foggy conditions make tunnel alignment difficult to identify, increasing accident risk. Given the advantages of virtual reality (VR) technology in safety, realism, immersion, and feasibility, VR driving experiments is applied to explore effective measures to improve driving safety in tunnels during foggy weather. This study comprehensively reveals the impact of increasing brightness and setting up self-luminous visual guiding facilities on driving in foggy tunnels by analyzing driving data, physiological indicators (heart rate and eye movement), and subjective evaluation results. The results indicate that both increasing tunnel brightness and setting up guiding facilities can enhance driving safety, but their effects differ when entering the tunnel and while driving inside the tunnel. At the tunnel entrance, enhanced lighting has limited effectiveness in improving safety, as the "black-hole effect" combined with reduced visibility prevents drivers from discerning the tunnel's alignment effectively before entering. The most effective solution at the tunnel entrance across all scenarios is to install point guiding facilities both inside and outside the tunnel as they provide more continuous navigation aids for drivers. Enhanced lighting proves more effective inside the tunnel than at the tunnel entrance due to the absence of strong external light interference. Both at the tunnel entrance and inside the tunnel, self-luminous guiding facilities demonstrate higher comprehensive safety benefits compared to 1.5 times enhanced lighting, proving their application potential for foggy conditions. C1 [Xu, Liankun; Zhu, Hehua; Shen, Yi; Liu, Tao; Feng, Shouzhong] Tongji Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Dept Geotech Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. [Zhu, Hehua; Shen, Yi] Tongji Univ, State Key Lab Disaster Reduct Civil Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. [Ling, Jiaxin] UCL, Bartlett Sch Sustainable Construct, London WC1E 6BT, England. C3 Tongji University; Tongji University; University of London; University College London RP Shen, Y (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Dept Geotech Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. EM evanedinburgh@163.com RI Liu, Tao/OOM-6413-2025; Shen, Yi/ABC-4776-2021 OI Xu, Liankun/0009-0002-6722-8846 FU Research on Key Technologies for the Planning, Design, and Construction of the S7 Shanghai-Chongming West River-Crossing Tunnel [Y202445]; China Railway 14th Bureau Group Co., Ltd; Guangxi Nantian Expressway Co., Ltd FX The authors wish to acknowledge the sponsorship from the Research on Key Technologies for the Planning, Design, and Construction of the S7 Shanghai-Chongming West River-Crossing Tunnel (Y202445) . The support from the China Railway 14th Bureau Group Co., Ltd and the Guangxi Nantian Expressway Co., Ltd is highly appreciated. 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Eng. Inform. PD NOV PY 2025 VL 68 AR 103777 DI 10.1016/j.aei.2025.103777 EA AUG 2025 PN C PG 16 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 6SK5B UT WOS:001560906200004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU EISNER, HS STOOP, JAAM AF EISNER, HS STOOP, JAAM TI INCORPORATING FIRE SAFETY IN THE CHANNEL TUNNEL DESIGN SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article AB The paper reviews the way provision for the fire hazard in the Channel Tunnel has been made by the designers and the Safety Authority set up by the British and French Governments. Most of this dates from as early as 1960, but much of the more recent design was made after construction work and tendering was already well under way, thus contravening safety design principles and increasing costs through continual changes in specification. Non-segregation of passengers from cars, far from ever having been an open question, had in fact been agreed by Government-employed advisors over many years. The distance between cross passages that link running tunnels with the service tunnel, forming an escape route for passengers in an emergency, has been substantially increased. Professional advice sought by the Safety Authority prior to 1987 was not the most relevant available; coupled with excessive secrecy this could explain why advantage was not taken of the 28 years the project was in the early design stages. The design process inclined more to a historically based ad hoc engineering approach than to a safety integrated approach on a conceptual basis. It is suggested that the treatment of other hazards that beset the tunnel might usefully be reviewed. C1 DELFT UNIV TECHNOL,SAFETY SCI GRP,2638 EB DELFT,NETHERLANDS. C3 Delft University of Technology NR 0 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0925-7535 J9 SAFETY SCI JI Saf. Sci. PD JUL PY 1992 VL 15 IS 2 BP 119 EP 136 DI 10.1016/0925-7535(92)90012-O PG 18 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA JF900 UT WOS:A1992JF90000004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chow, WK Li, JSM AF Chow, WK Li, JSM TI Case study: Vehicle fire in a cross-harbour tunnel in Hong Kong SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE tunnel; fire-fighting; fire safety management ID SAFETY AB A vehicle fire occurred in a cross-harbour tunnel in Hong Kong in May 2000. In that accident, nobody was hurt, but the traffic was blocked for several hours, leading to huge economic losses. A general description of the fire is reported. Regarding the safety requirements of the tunnel, the performance of the fire fighting systems is reviewed. Fire safety management in that incident is discussed and recommendations are made to the authority for better fire safety management. To improve the outdoor air quality, the Government is trying to replace diesel vehicles with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) vehicles. Fire safety aspects of running LPG cars in tunnels are also discussed. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. C3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University RP Chow, WK (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM bewkchow@polyu.edu.hk RI Chow, Wan Ki/HHS-5060-2022 OI Chow, Wan Ki/0000-0001-8398-3126 CR [Anonymous], SFPE HDB FIR PROT EN *ANSI NFPA, 1993, 130 ANSINFPA Chow WK, 1999, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V14, P13, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(99)00009-7 CHOW WK, 1999, J APPL FIRE SCI, V9, P79 CHOW WK, 2000, IN PRESS J SYS SAFET COMEAU E, 1997, NFPA FIRE J MAR, P58 DUNCAN IDT, 1976, LPG SAFE HANDLING FI *FIR SERV DEP, 1998, COD PRACT MIN FIR SE *GOV HONG KONG SPE, 1998, PROP INTR LPG TAX CO Li JSM, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P167, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00044-4 Liu E., 1997, A study on LPG as A fuel for vehicles, V4th 2000, S CHINA MORNING 0718 2000, S CHINA MORNING 0630 1972, S CHINA MORNING 1021 2000, S CHINA MORNING 0530 2000, APPLE DAILY 0530 NR 16 TC 22 Z9 22 U1 2 U2 26 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 EI 1878-4364 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD JAN PY 2001 VL 16 IS 1 BP 23 EP 30 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00026-8 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 444LN UT WOS:000169401100002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, WL Shao, YX Li, C Li, CQ Jiang, ZH AF Liu, Wenli Shao, Yixiao Li, Chen Li, Chengqian Jiang, Zehao TI Development of a non-Gaussian copula Bayesian network for safety assessment of metro tunnel maintenance SO RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY LA English DT Article DE Bayesian network; Pair copula construction; Metro tunnel; Risk assessment ID RISK ANALYSIS; SYSTEM; RELIABILITY; MODEL AB The operation and maintenance of metro systems play a crucial role in urban development, with a focus on ensuring the serviceability and safety of metro tunnels. Accurate evaluation of the condition of these tunnel states requires investigating the complex interaction of multiple factors that impact their safety state. This study developed a hybrid model that integrates pair copula constructions (PCCs) and Bayesian networks (BN) to assess the safety state of metro tunnels, considering complex dependencies among these factors. First, key performance indicators (KPIs) were selected to assess tunnel safety, based on six failure modes. Then, an improved copula-based PC algorithm was employed to learn the non-Gaussian bayesian network model, which eliminated the normality assumption in the marginal densities of the KPIs. Finally, a combination of forward reasoning and GM (1,1) was utilized to predict the safety state of the metro tunnel in time series, facilitating the formulation of effective operation and maintenance plans. Furthermore, the proposed approach was applied to a real case study of the Wuhan metro system to demonstrate its effectiveness and applicability. The results highlighted the sig-nificant influence of some KPIs, such as convergence deformation, dislocation displacement, and stripping area, on metro tunnel safety. These KPIs emerged as key factors requiring focused attention in the operation and maintenance of metro tunnels. C1 [Liu, Wenli; Shao, Yixiao; Li, Chen; Jiang, Zehao] Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil & Hydraul Engn, Dept Construct Management, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Li, Chengqian] Hunan Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Dept Construct Management & Disaster Prevent Engn, Changsha 410082, Hunan, Peoples R China. C3 Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Hunan University RP Jiang, ZH (通讯作者)，Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil & Hydraul Engn, Dept Construct Management, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM jiangzehao@hust.edu.cn RI Liu, Wenli/JRW-0517-2023; Li, Chen/GQY-6982-2022 OI Liu, Wenli/0000-0003-3981-3693; Li, Chen/0000-0002-8892-3111 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [72171094, 52192664, U21A20151] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 72171094, 52192664 and U21A20151) . 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Eng. Syst. Saf. PD OCT PY 2023 VL 238 AR 109423 DI 10.1016/j.ress.2023.109423 EA JUN 2023 PG 18 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA M9DZ9 UT WOS:001033159700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT S AU Lemke, K AF Lemke, K GP TRB TRB TRB TRB TRB TI Road safety in tunnels SO STRUCTURAL DESIGN ISSUES: BRIDGES, OTHER STRUCTURES, AND HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN 09-13, 2000 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB Roads in tunnels differ from comparable open-road sections in many respects. For most drivers a tunnel is an unusual driving environment in the road network that might even cause stress. A safety analysis was carried out to estimate average accident rates and accident cost rates for different cross sections of tunnels on German roads. The analysis is based on all the available accident data for German freeway and high. way tunnels reported to police. Personal injury accidents and material-damage-only accidents were analyzed separately. The findings indicate that accident rates are lower for roads in tunnels. Moreover, accidents with severe personal injury and material damage are less frequent on roads in tunnels. However. the fear of a maximum credible accident still remains. C1 Ruhr Univ Bochum, Inst Traff Engn & Transportat, D-44780 Bochum, Germany. C3 Ruhr University Bochum RP Lemke, K (通讯作者)，Fed Highway Res Inst, POB 10 01 50, D-51401 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. 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TI Sustainable tunnel lighting: One decade of proposals, advances and open points SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel lighting; Road safety; Energy savings; Sustainable infrastructures ID ROAD PRE-TUNNELS; ENERGY SAVINGS; TENSION STRUCTURES; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; SAFETY EVALUATION; CONTROL-SYSTEM; SUNLIGHT; DESIGN; PAVEMENT; OPTIMIZATION AB The lighting of road tunnels and underpasses is one of the most critical tasks when dealing with illumination due to, at least, two reasons. On one hand, the slightest visual impairment, by default or excess of light, puts human lives at immediate and high risk. On the other hand, the lighting of tunnels is extremely expensive in economic, energy, environmental and even social terms. The compromise between safe tunnels and sustainable lighting installations, has needed deep attention and optimization until recent times. Although there has been interesting attempts before, it wasn't until the last decade, when groups around the world seriously started to make reliable models and proposals to decrease the impact of these installations whilst keeping road safety in tunnels. This delay compared to other areas of tunneling is due to the high complexity of visual perception, stimuli inter-pretation, and drivers reactions. In this work, an exhaustive review of what has been done and what is still to be done is presented. C1 [Pena-Garcia, A.] Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, Granada 18071, Spain. [Pena-Garcia, A.] Univ Granada, Res Grp Lighting Technol Safety & Sustainabil, Granada 18071, Spain. C3 University of Granada; University of Granada RP Peña-García, A (通讯作者)，Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, Granada 18071, Spain.; Peña-García, A (通讯作者)，Univ Granada, Res Grp Lighting Technol Safety & Sustainabil, Granada 18071, Spain. 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PD JAN PY 2022 VL 119 AR 104227 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104227 EA OCT 2021 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA WR9ON UT WOS:000714822100003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, ZL Xing, GY Zhao, XH Li, HJ AF Li, Zhenlong Xing, Guanyang Zhao, Xiaohua Li, Haijian TI Impact of the connected vehicle environment on tunnel entrance zone SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Tunnel entrance zone; Connected vehicle environment; Safety; Driving simulator ID DRIVING SIMULATOR; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; ASSIST SYSTEM; DRIVER; ROAD; BEHAVIOR; INFORMATION; CAPTURE; TIMES AB The drastic changes of the space environment at the tunnel entrance can lead to frequent accidents with higher levels. The connected vehicle environment provides drivers with surrounding traffic information and improve their driving behavior by helping them make safe decisions efficiently. As such, this study is to examine the effects of the connected vehicle environment on driving behavior and safety at the tunnel entrance zone. To this end, this research simulates a connected vehicle environment and provides driving aids through the HumanMachine Interface (HMI). Secondly, 40 participants with diverse backgrounds drove the simulator under two different driving conditions: HMI-OFF (traditional driving environment) and HMI-ON (connected vehicle environment). Finally, indicators are selected from speed control, stability and urgency to analyze the impact of the connected vehicle environment on drivers' behaviors and safety at the warning zone and tunnel entrance zone. The results show that in the connected vehicle environment, the drivers' speed control in the warning zone is improved and their deceleration behavior is advanced. The driver's speed control and stability are improved while the danger level of the accident is reduced 100 m ahead of the tunnel entrance. Besides, the driver's speed control and stability have been both improved 300 m after the tunnel entrance. Overall, in the connected vehicle environment, the driver can recognize the tunnel in advance and adjust his driving speed in time to ensure his safety at the tunnel entrance. The results of this study play a critical role in the design and research of warning systems in a connected vehicle environment, and will also guide vehicle manufacturers in designing safetyrelated functions of automated vehicles. In this research, a connected vehicle environment test platform based on driving simulation technology is constructed and tested in specific tunnel entrance scenarios, which provides a reference for realizing active protection of vehicles at the tunnel entrance. C1 [Li, Zhenlong; Xing, Guanyang; Zhao, Xiaohua; Li, Haijian] Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing University of Technology RP Zhao, XH (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, 100 Pingleyuan, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM lzl@bjut.edu.cn; xinggy7174@163.com; zhaoxiaohua@bjut.edu.cn; lihaijian@bjut.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [61876011]; State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy [KF2017] FX This research was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project No. 61876011, and State Key Laboratory of Automotive Safety and Energy under Project No. KF2017. 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Anal. Prev. PD JUL PY 2021 VL 157 AR 106145 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106145 EA MAY 2021 PG 14 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA SU9HA UT WOS:000663439800012 PM 34020757 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YZ Du, ZG Pan, FQ Faus, M AF Yang, Yongzheng Du, Zhigang Pan, Fuquan Faus, Mireia TI Driving safety evaluation of longitudinal slope and curve combination of extra-long underwater tunnels SO COGNITION TECHNOLOGY & WORK LA English DT Article DE Extra-long underwater tunnel; Longitudinal slope and curve combination; Coupling coordination degree; Safety evaluation ID SIGHT DISTANCE; DESIGN; PORTALS AB Extra-long underwater tunnels are important channels for realising cross-water traffic and play a crucial role in urban traffic. To study the influence of longitudinal slope, curve and combination of both on the driving safety of extra-long underwater tunnels, the physiological changes of drivers under the effect of different combinations of longitudinal slope and curve are analyzed. A driving risk evaluation model is established by introducing the coupling coordination degree, quantifying the relationship between the longitudinal slope, curve radius, and driving risk, and a reasonable combination of the longitudinal slope and curve is selected. The results indicate that there are significant differences in the physiological load of drivers between each longitudinal slope and curve. More specifically, the smaller the longitudinal slope and the larger the curve radius, the smaller the coupling coordination degree and better the driving safety. For a small longitudinal slope area (- 1.5% < longitudinal slope < 1.5%), the minimum curve radius is 400 m, and the ideal curve radius is >= 1700 m. For a small radius curve area (curve radius < 1000 m), the maximum longitudinal slope is - 1.5% (downhill area) and 2% (uphill area), respectively. C1 [Yang, Yongzheng; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Pan, Fuquan] Qingdao Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Qingdao, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yongzheng; Faus, Mireia] Univ Valencia, Res Inst Traff & Rd Safety, INTRAS, Valencia, Spain. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; Qingdao University of Technology; University of Valencia RP Pan, FQ (通讯作者)，Qingdao Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Qingdao, Peoples R China. EM fuquanpan@yeah.net RI Pan, Fuquan/LXW-7691-2024; Faus, Mireia/ABA-6139-2021; yang, yongzheng/LJL-0203-2024 OI yang, yongzheng/0000-0001-6681-2237 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291]; Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [ZR2020MG021]; China Scholarship Council [202306950072] FX National Natural Science Foundation of China, 52072291, Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China, ZR2020MG021, and China Scholarship Council, 202306950072. 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Technol. Work PD NOV PY 2024 VL 26 IS 4 BP 603 EP 618 DI 10.1007/s10111-024-00778-2 EA SEP 2024 PG 16 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering GA L1P2R UT WOS:001306238200001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jiang, L Ingason, H AF Jiang, Lei Ingason, Haukur TI Use of mobile fans during tunnel fires SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Mobile fan; Tunnel fire; Flow development; Theoretical model; Full-scale tests ID SMOKE FLOW; TEMPERATURE; VELOCITY AB Smoke control is a key issue in tunnel fire accidents. While jet fans have been widely used in road tunnels, mobile fans provide a good complement, due to its flexibility to operate, especially if there are no fixed jet fans present. To confirm the feasibility of a mobile fan system, full scale fire tests were conducted in Kalldal tunnel in Sweden, with fire size in the range of 1-2.6 MW and a mobile fan placed at the tunnel portal. In the tests, it takes about 4-5 min to establish full flow in the opposite direction and the final flow velocity can reach 1.5-1.9 m/s. To describe the transient behavior of flow development inside tunnel, a one-dimensional lumped theoretical model has been developed. The model takes into account the pressure losses of external wind, the stack effect of fire and friction losses over tunnel walls and two portals. The model is validated using the data from Kalldal tunnel fire tests. Results show that the model can well predict the initial and final steady state velocity, but underestimates the flow development. The model gives prediction on the safe side. C1 [Jiang, Lei; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden RP Jiang, L (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM jiangleincepu@163.com RI Jiang, Lei/MIU-4712-2025 OI Jiang, Lei/0000-0001-9468-4586 FU Swedish Road Administration; RISE Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre (TUSC) FX The work was funded by the Swedish Road Administration. Acknowledgements to B I G Germany who provided with the mobile fan and to RISE Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre (TUSC) for the financial support to the project. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD DEC PY 2020 VL 106 AR 103618 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103618 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA OU6VF UT WOS:000591663500005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lombardi, M Berardi, D Galuppi, M Barbieri, M AF Lombardi, Mara Berardi, Davide Galuppi, Marta Barbieri, Maurizio TI Green Tunnel Solutions: An Overview of Sustainability Trends in the Last Decade (2013-2022) SO BUILDINGS LA English DT Review DE energy saving; green tunnel; renewable sources; road safety; sustainable infrastructure; safety tunnel lighting; systematic literature review ID ROAD TUNNELS; ENERGY DEMANDS; LIGHT-PIPES; SUNLIGHT; SAFETY; VEHICLE; SAVINGS; TOOL AB In the last decade, green solutions for road tunnels have steadily emerged in the field of engineering. The focus has been on using renewable energy sources to conserve energy and address issues of disaster risk management, territorial resilience and vulnerability, especially as these issues relate to critical infrastructures (CIs), such as roads and railways. Focusing on the equilibrium of the infrastructure through integrated system services and their external effects guarantees a better evaluation of both effects as they relate to other systems and energy consumption optimisation. To this end, a systematic literature review has been conducted herein that collects and analyses studies carried out in the last decade that relate to green energy solutions in tunnels. Upon a review of the Scopus database from 2013 to 2022, 46 conceptual and empirical studies were selected. Classifications and discussions were then developed according to the main issues identified (e.g., energy saving in road tunnels, zero-energy tunnels, renewable energy sources, tunnel safety lighting, and sustainable infrastructure). Each contribution constitutes a part of the current literature that combines the problems of tunnel safety (as represented by the energy costs of safety devices, e.g., tunnel lighting systems) with issues of renewable energy sources in tunnels. The results of this systematic review offer ideas for future directions of the 'green' vision for tunnel infrastructure. This study represents the state-of-the-art of renewable energy solutions currently present worldwide. Gaps in the literature that have yet to be addressed include how to build a green system as well as how to balance its life costs. The review supports the claim that the integration of renewable energy sources can exploit innovative solutions related to the concept of resilience. 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Yonggang Fang, 2020, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, V741, DOI [10.1088/1757-899x/741/1/012108, 10.1088/1757-899X/741/1/012108] Zeng LY, 2022, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V14, DOI 10.3390/su14010562 Zhao JD, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V109, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103768 OFFICIAL J EUROPEAN NR 82 TC 6 Z9 7 U1 10 U2 109 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2075-5309 J9 BUILDINGS-BASEL JI BUILDINGS-BASEL PD FEB PY 2023 VL 13 IS 2 AR 392 DI 10.3390/buildings13020392 PG 21 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 9G8MW UT WOS:000938401200001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Vuilleumier, F Weatherill, A Crausaz, B AF Vuilleumier, F Weatherill, A Crausaz, B TI Safety aspects of railway and road tunnel: example of the Lotschberg railway tunnel and Mont-Blanc road tunnel SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th World Tunnel Congress CY 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Int Tunnelling Assoc, Swiss Natl Tunnelling Comm, PIARC, UIC, UITP, UN EEC AB After serious accidents, which happened in tunnels in the last few years, most countries have established 'Task Forces' in order to evaluate the safety of existing tunnels and to establish new safety measures. Based on two actual examples, the new safety measures are presented in this paper on a practical view for the first and on a theoretical view for the second. In view of the recent events of the year 2001 (terrorism act on the 11th of September and the Gotthard fire on the 24th of October) particular attention should be turned on related safety aspects. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 BG Consulting Engineers Ltd, CH-1001 Lausanne, Switzerland. RP Vuilleumier, F (通讯作者)，BG Consulting Engineers Ltd, Ave De Cour 61,POB 241, CH-1001 Lausanne, Switzerland. NR 0 TC 102 Z9 119 U1 2 U2 38 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 17 IS 2 BP 153 EP 158 AR PII S0886-7798(02)00018-4 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00018-4 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S); Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 585QY UT WOS:000177537100007 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Cong, W Nie, SB Li, X Peng, W AF Cong, Wei Nie, Shibin Li, Xin Peng, Wei TI Numerical study on smoke temperature distribution in naturally ventilated inclined tunnels: Effects of tunnel width and tunnel slope SO CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Tunnel slope; Tunnel width; Natural ventilation; Smoke temperature; Back-layering length; Decay factor ID LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; CRITICAL VELOCITY; ROAD TUNNEL; CEILING-JET; FIRE GASES; FLOW; LENGTH; FIELD; HEAT AB Inclined tunnel fires exhibit unique characteristics compared to horizontal tunnel fires as a result of the stack effect. Nevertheless, there is still a lack of consensus among previous scholars regarding the smoke temperature distribution in inclined tunnel fires. This work conducts a numerical investigation on the smoke back-layering length upstream of the fire source and the temperature decay downstream of the fire source in naturally ventilated inclined tunnels with varying widths and slopes. Results indicate that as the tunnel slope increases from 0 degrees to 8 degrees, the smoke back- layering length first decreases and then continues at a constant value of 1.47H(4/3)/W-1/3, while the effect of tunnel width is negligible. The decay factor in the one-dimensional flow stage (x/H x / H >= 4) exhibits two distinct patterns related to tunnel width: it initially remains constant and then drops when the tunnel is wide, whereas it monotonically drops when the tunnel is narrow. Two empirical models are developed to identify the segmented characteristics and verified through the relevant data from existing literature with similar fire scenarios. This work offers a method for estimating the smoke temperature distribution in inclined tunnels, providing crucial insights for fire prevention, smoke detection, and safety strategies in tunnel engineering. C1 [Cong, Wei] Anhui Univ Sci & Technol, State Key Lab Min Response & Disaster Prevent & Co, Huainan 232001, Anhui, Peoples R China. [Nie, Shibin; Li, Xin; Peng, Wei] Anhui Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Publ Safety & Emergency Management, Hefei 231100, Anhui, Peoples R China. C3 Anhui University of Science & Technology; Anhui University of Science & Technology RP Peng, W (通讯作者)，Anhui Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Publ Safety & Emergency Management, Hefei 231100, Anhui, Peoples R China. EM weapon0818@163.com FU Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology [2022yjrc110]; Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee [2022AH050823] FX Acknowledgments This work was funded by Scientific Research Foundation for High-level Talents of Anhui University of Science and Technology (2022yjrc110) , and Natural Science Research Project of Anhui Educational Committee (2022AH050823) . We sincerely appreciate these supports. 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Therm. Eng. PD OCT PY 2024 VL 62 AR 105202 DI 10.1016/j.csite.2024.105202 EA SEP 2024 PG 13 WC Thermodynamics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics GA I3M3N UT WOS:001329327200001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, WC Deng, E Zhu, ZH He, XH Wang, YW AF Yang, Weichao Deng, E. Zhu, Zhihui He, Xuhui Wang, Youwu TI Deterioration of dynamic response during high-speed train travelling in tunnel-bridge-tunnel scenario under crosswinds SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Crosswind; High-speed train; Tunnel-bridge-tunnel scenario; Wind-train-bridge dynamic coupled system; Dynamic response; Running safety risk ID 2 WINDPROOF FACILITIES; AERODYNAMIC PRESSURE; WIND; VEHICLE; SAFETY; LOADS; PERFORMANCE; SYSTEM; MODEL AB The infrastructure types such as bridge-tunnel connection have become increasingly common along the highspeed railway lines in rugged terrains. The deterioration of traffic safety is inevitable when evoking the sudden variation of aerodynamic load when a train is running at the junction of two infrastructure scenarios (bridge to tunnel or tunnel to bridge) in a windy environment. This study is dedicated to discussing the temporal characteristic of aerodynamic loads acting on a three-car train by simulating an actual running process-running on an tunnel-bridge-tunnel infrastructure in canyon wind environment (TBT-W)-in the CFD software. The dynamic responses of the train when running in the TBT-W scenario, including the displacement and acceleration parameters, the wheel-rail response and the traffic safety indices, are analysed by constructing a wind-train-bridge dynamic coupled system. Results show that the deterioration effect of traffic safety does exist because of the sudden variation in aerodynamic impact at the junction of two infrastructure scenarios with respect to the single infrastructure scenario of bridge under crosswind; the time-resolved effects caused by the rapid transformation of train running scenario remarkably increase the fluctuation amplitudes of the aerodynamic forces and moments; the sudden variation effect of aerodynamic loads when a high-speed train runs in the transition section of tunnel-bridge is more remarkable than that at the bridge-tunnel junction; the wheels in the leeward side, especially for the leading vehicle, present the highest safety risk when running at the tunnel-bridge junction due to the high values of the traffic safety indices. C1 [Yang, Weichao; Deng, E.; Zhu, Zhihui; He, Xuhui] Cent South Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. [Yang, Weichao; Zhu, Zhihui; He, Xuhui] Natl Engn Lab Construct Technol High Speed Railwa, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. [Wang, Youwu] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; Hong Kong Polytechnic University RP Deng, E (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. EM weic_yang@csu.edu.cn; denge12@csu.edu.cn; zzhh0703@163.com; xuhuihe@csu.edu.cn; yw.wang@connect.polyu.hk RI Wang, You-Wu/KHC-9359-2024; Zhu, Zhi-hui/HDN-8464-2022 OI Wang, You-Wu/0000-0003-2293-4712; Zhu, Zhi-hui/0000-0003-0257-2128 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51978670, U1534206]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University [2019zzts291] FX This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51978670 and U1534206) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (Grant No. 2019zzts291). The authors are grateful for the supports awarded. Furthermore, the authors would like to thanks Ms. Xinyang Li for her great support for this paper. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD DEC PY 2020 VL 106 AR 103627 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103627 PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA OU6TU UT WOS:000591659700005 OA Green Submitted, Bronze DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Tomasch, E Heindl, SF Gstrein, G Sinz, W Steffan, H AF Tomasch, Ernst Heindl, Simon Franz Gstrein, Gregor Sinz, Wolfgang Steffan, Hermann TI Assessment of the Effectiveness of Different Safety Measures at Tunnel Lay-Bys and Portals to Protect Occupants in Passenger Cars SO INFRASTRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE tunnel lay-by; tunnel portal; road restraint system; concrete barrier; crash cushion; run-off-road accident ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; ROAD TUNNELS; FIRE SAFETY; EVENT; WALL AB Tunnel portals and tunnel lay-bys are hazardous spots for road users. Different infrastructure safety measures are in use, but the protection level is not known. In this study the following safety measures for reducing the injury risk are investigated: angular positioned 4 m and 8 m concrete barrier, crash cushion Alpina F1-50 and Alpina crash cushion. A passenger car equipped with a data acquisition unit is accelerated to 100 km/h and impacts the safety measure. The assessment of the latter is based on the EN 1317 criteria, specifically the Acceleration Severity Index (ASI), Theoretical Head Impact Velocity (THIV). Further assessment criteria are related to intrusions into the passenger compartment and post-crash motion. The best result in terms of ASI and THIV was achieved by the 8 m (ASI: 1.6, THIV: 30 km/h) concrete barrier. The crash cushion Alpina showed good results for the ASI (1.8) but the THIV (57 km/h) was less satisfactory, while the angular positioned 4 m concrete barrier (ASI: 2.9, THIV: 53 km/h) and the crash cushion Alpina F1-50 (ASI: 3.3, THIV: 74 km/h) performed worst. Even though some of the measures showed good results, no protection measure tested currently complies with all the assessment criteria used. C1 [Tomasch, Ernst; Heindl, Simon Franz; Gstrein, Gregor; Sinz, Wolfgang; Steffan, Hermann] Graz Univ Technol, Vehicle Safety Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria. C3 Graz University of Technology RP Tomasch, E (通讯作者)，Graz Univ Technol, Vehicle Safety Inst, A-8010 Graz, Austria. EM ernst.tomasch@tugraz.at; simon.heindl@tugraz.at; gregor.gstrein@tugraz.at; wolfgang.sinz@tugraz.at; h.steffan@tugraz.at RI Sinz, Wolfgang/ABB-7238-2021; Tomasch, Ernst/IQU-8888-2023 OI Sinz, Wolfgang/0000-0001-9607-7624; Heindl, Simon Franz/0000-0003-0687-4115; Gstrein, Gregor/0000-0001-8705-0550; Tomasch, Ernst/0000-0001-5291-905X FU Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) "Mobilitat der Zukunft [854613] FX This research was funded by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) "Mobilitat der Zukunft, 5. Ausschreibung Verkehrsinfrastrukturforschung" tender grant number 854613. 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The Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) has a fundamental role about. Researchers have spent resources on various topics involving numerical tools as the performance of a ventilation system, the influence of this on the air flow motion in the tunnel or the methods for fire schematization, fire-induced smoke characterization, turbulence models, etc. One of the main phenomena to consider for the safety when a fire occurs in a tunnel is the possibility of the fire-induced smoke to rise the tunnel (backlayering). A well-designed ventilation system shall provide almost a defined value of ventilation velocity (critical ventilation velocity) in order to avoid this phenomenon. The aim of this paper is to give an overview as complete as possible on numerical aspects about the cases of fire in road tunnel. Numerical strategies and schematization methods are presented for several cases, then a specific overview on the critical ventilation velocity formulations is proposed. Here, results show a variety of equations, each one slightly different from the others, aimed to relate the critical ventilation velocity to the main parameters able to influence it (e.g., heat release rate, tunnel geometry, etc.). This variety is mainly due to the wide range of factors that can influence the backlayering and the difficulty to keep them together in a single and "global" equation. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Barbato, Lorenzo; Musto, Marilena] Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Ingn Ind, I-80125 Naples, Italy. [Cascetta, Furio; Rotondo, Giuseppe] Univ Naples 2, Dipartimento Ingn Ind & Informaz, I-81031 Aversa, CE, Italy. C3 University of Naples Federico II; Universita della Campania Vanvitelli RP Musto, M (通讯作者)，Univ Naples Federico II, Dipartimento Ingn Ind, PleTecchio 80, I-80125 Naples, Italy. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUL PY 2014 VL 43 BP 253 EP 265 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.05.012 PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA AQ0NH UT WOS:000342479500026 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Mehri, A Sajedifar, J Abbasi, M Naimabadi, A Mohammadi, AA Teimori, GH Zakerian, SA AF Mehri, Ahmad Sajedifar, Javad Abbasi, Milad Naimabadi, Abolfazl Mohammadi, Ali Akbar Teimori, Gholam Heidar Zakerian, Seyed Abolfazl TI Safety evaluation of lighting at very long tunnels on the basis of visual adaptation SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Bright hole effect; Black hole effect; Luminance; Very long tunnel; Holladay polar diagram; Atmosphere luminance; Windshield luminance ID ROAD PRE-TUNNELS; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; PAVEMENT; METHODOLOGY; LUMINANCE AB Purpose: The present study aims to carry out safety evaluation of lighting at very long tunnels on the basis of visual adaptation in one of long tunnels in Ilam province. Methods: The required lighting in both lines of the tunnel was designed by considering equivalent veiling luminance, atmosphere luminance and windshield luminance. Moreover, luminance of different zones was measured using IESNA LM-71-96 and IESNA LM-50-99 standards in order to compare the designed values with measured values. Results: Veiling luminance in northern and southern lines of the tunnel are 116.7 and 127.5 cd/m(2), respectively. Moreover, windshield luminance are, respectively, 220 and 238.4 cd/m(2). In addition, atmosphere luminance are 290 and 307 cd/m(2) for northern and southern lines. According to these data, the designed luminance in threshold zone are 548 and 576 cd/m(2) for two northern and southern lines of the tunnel. Accordingly, the selected tunnel is very long, the required lighting in the first section of entrance zone are 6 and 6.2 cd/m(2), and 2 and 2.3 cd/m(2) in the second section of entrance zone for northern and southern lines. Furthermore, the required lighting at the end of exit zone are 10 and 11.5 cd/m(2) for northern and southern lines. Eventually, designed values of luminance (cd/m(2)) in the studied tunnel were compared with measured values of luminance (cd/m2). Conclusions: Using surfaces with low reflection coefficients and planting trees and meadows in surroundings of the tunnel can decrease the required lighting. C1 [Mehri, Ahmad] Iranshahr Univ Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Occupat Hlth Engn, Iranshahr, Iran. [Sajedifar, Javad] Neyshabur Univ Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Occupat Hlth Engn, Neyshabur, Iran. [Sajedifar, Javad; Zakerian, Seyed Abolfazl] Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Occupat Hlth Engn, Tehran, Iran. [Abbasi, Milad] Kermanshah Univ Med Sci, RCEDH, Kermanshah, Iran. [Abbasi, Milad] Univ Tehran Med Sci, Students Sci Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. [Naimabadi, Abolfazl; Mohammadi, Ali Akbar] Neyshabur Univ Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth Engn, Neyshabur, Iran. [Teimori, Gholam Heidar] Torbat Heydariyeh Univ Med Sci, Sch Hlth, Dept Environm Hlth, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran. C3 Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; Tehran University of Medical Sciences RP Zakerian, SA (通讯作者)，Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Occupat Hlth Engn, Tehran, Iran. EM sajedifarj1@nums.ac.ir; zakerian@tums.ac.ir RI Sajedifar, Javad/O-5074-2017; Abbasi, Milad/AAA-4614-2020; Teimori-Boghsani, Gholamheidar/P-4817-2017; naimabadi, abolfazl/Z-1167-2019; Mehri, Ahmad/B-9314-2018; Zakerian, seyed/AAU-1416-2020 OI Sajedifar, Javad/0000-0001-8241-7747; Abbasi, Milad/0000-0002-0787-1533; Teimori-Boghsani, Gholamheidar/0000-0003-4908-4324; naimabadi, abolfazl/0000-0002-7973-9072; CR Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 [Anonymous], 2003, COD PRACT DES ROAD 1 [Anonymous], THESIS Bahadorimonfared A, 2013, PLOS ONE, V8, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0065198 Buraczynski J. 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Sci. PD JUL PY 2019 VL 116 BP 196 EP 207 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.018 PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA HX8QA UT WOS:000467669200018 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bettelini, M AF Bettelini, Marco TI Systems approach to underground safety SO UNDERGROUND SPACE LA English DT Article DE Safety; Underground space; Tunnel AB The safety of underground traffic infrastructures can be considered from several viewpoints as a fairly mature field. Common minimum requirements for road tunnel safety were developed for all European countries in 2004. Furthermore, safety is codified in a detailed (at times even too detailed) manner, such as for road tunnels in several countries. Safety design can at times be extremely rigid and difficult for adapting to specific conditions, which in some cases may need to be more demanding than a "standard" tunnel. Other types of underground infrastructure, particularly, rail tunnels and underground industrial facilities, share a number of common safety-related issues with road tunnels, but are generally much less regulated. For example, there is no common regulation for the ventilation of rail tunnels in Europe. Various metro systems have different safety standards, in spite of having similar requirements. The present study illustrates selected aspects of a holistic approach required for achieving a high and sustainable safety level in underground infrastructure. Common aspects and differences between the various types of "conventional" and "emerging" underground infrastructure are outlined and the consequences are discussed, such as the different types of threats, widely differing probabilities of occurrence, and widely differing number of persons exposed. Different facilities require different safety systems; however, they can rely on common thinking and philosophies. It is essential for all stakeholders, ranging from operators and safety officers to fire services and administrative authorities, to grasp commonalities and differences to adapt requirements, regulations, and approaches to their specific needs. C1 [Bettelini, Marco] Amberg Engn Ltd, Regensdorf, Switzerland. RP Bettelini, M (通讯作者)，Amberg Engn Ltd, Regensdorf, Switzerland. EM mbettelini@amberg.ch CR Admiraal H., 2018, UNDERGROUND SPACES U Blennemann F., 2005, FIRE PROTECTION VEHI ERA-European Railway Agency, 2013, SAF UN INT REP DEV R Lonnermark A., 2012, Full-scale fire tests with a commuter train in a tunnel National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 2016, 520 NFPA Papaioannou P, 2003, HUMAN BEHAV TUNNEL A Reason J., 2006, J CLIN ENG, V27, P110 NR 17 TC 12 Z9 13 U1 2 U2 26 PU KEAI PUBLISHING LTD PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, BEIJING, DONGHENG DISTRICT 100717, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 2096-2754 EI 2467-9674 J9 UNDERGR SPACE JI Undergr. Space PD SEP PY 2020 VL 5 IS 3 BP 258 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.undsp.2019.04.005 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA NK5PL UT WOS:000566784400006 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, W Liu, LN Zhang, JR Li, QY AF Zhang, Wei Liu, Luna Zhang, Jianrong Li, Qingying TI Safety risk assessment and control measurements for utility tunnel in China using system thinking and case study SO ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION AND ARCHITECTURAL MANAGEMENT LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Utility tunnel; Safety risks; Case study; Fuzzy fault tree analysis; System thinking ID FAULT-TREE ANALYSIS; URBAN UNDERGROUND SPACE; PROBABILITY; RELIABILITY; EXPLOSION; GAS AB PurposeUtility tunnels serve as critical urban lifelines, and their safe operation directly impacts essential public services and sustainable urban development. This study aims to identify the critical risk factors in the operation and maintenance stages of utility tunnels by analyzing their structural components, major accident types and accident causation mechanisms.Design/methodology/approachUtilizing a systems-thinking approach, this study identifies the safety risks associated with utility tunnel accidents. A fault tree model integrated with fuzzy mathematics, is developed to calculate the fuzzy probabilities of basic events, determine the probability of the top event and assess the importance of various risk factors.FindingsThe research takes the DaMeiSha-Yantianao (D-Y) utility tunnel as an example, establishes the fault tree of the gas leakage fire accident and analyzes it quantitatively and qualitatively, then two significant findings are obtained: (1) the probability of gas leakage fire accident is determined to be "fairly high" and (2) unreasonable operation, incorrect maintenance and weld-seam defects are the critical risk factors.Originality/valueCombined with fuzzy mathematics, a comprehensive fault tree model is established and the risk factors leading to a hidden gas leakage fire accident are qualitatively and quantitatively measured. The results of fuzzy fault tree analysis (FFTA) can provide a basis for the safety control of utility tunnel system. C1 [Zhang, Wei; Liu, Luna; Zhang, Jianrong; Li, Qingying] Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil & Hydraul Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. C3 Huazhong University of Science & Technology RP Zhang, JR (通讯作者)，Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil & Hydraul Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. EM zhang_wei98@hust.edu.cn; 1223673554@qq.com; zhang_jr97@163.com; 845893907@qq.com RI Zhang, Wei/ADY-9626-2022; LI, Qingying/MGV-4950-2025 FU National Key R&D Program of China [2021YFB3301100] FX The research was financed by the National Key R&D Program of China (2021YFB3301100). The questionnaire survey was supported by experts about utility tunnels from universities, government and pipeline affiliation units. The authors would like to thank these supportive organizations as well as people. 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Constr. Archit. Manag. PD 2025 JUN 11 PY 2025 DI 10.1108/ECAM-12-2021-1130 EA JUN 2025 PG 23 WC Engineering, Industrial; Engineering, Civil; Management WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Business & Economics GA 3NP4L UT WOS:001504627200001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, B Mo, CC He, C Yan, QX AF Wang, Bo Mo, Chencong He, Chuan Yan, Qixiang TI Fuzzy Synthetic Evaluation of the Long-Term Health of Tunnel Structures SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE long-term safety monitoring; structure health monitoring; fuzzy synthetic evaluation; Cang Ling Tunnel ID OPTIMAL PLACEMENT; ALGORITHM; DECISION AB A tunnel is a coupled system of the surrounding rock and the supporting structure. The health status of a tunnel structure is complex and is influenced by various factors. In addition, these factors are coupled and interacted with each other, which calls for the linguistic description of the tunnel safety level. In this paper, we describe the health status of a highway tunnel structure in terms of four levels: safe; basically safe; potentially unsafe and unsafe. Based on the analysis of the safety characteristics of the tunnel structure and its proposed safety level, this research develops a multi-level fuzzy synthetic evaluation model for the long-term safety evaluation system of a tunnel structure. The Cang Ling Tunnel, which has embedded sensors to measure the stress values of the secondary lining and the contact pressure, is used as an example to study the proposed method. The results show that the structure of the entire Cang Ling Tunnel is in almost a safe condition under the current conditions, which is consistent with the actual operational situation. C1 [Wang, Bo; Mo, Chencong; He, Chuan; Yan, Qixiang] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Minist Educ, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University RP Yan, QX (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Minist Educ, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. EM ahbowang@home.swjtu.edu.cn; mochencong@163.com; chuanhe21@163.com; yanqixiang@home.swjtu.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51378434, 51578456] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51378434, 51578456). The authors would like to thank G. Song of University of Houston for introducing the special issue to us. 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Sci.-Basel PD FEB PY 2017 VL 7 IS 2 AR 203 DI 10.3390/app7020203 PG 20 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA EM7KC UT WOS:000395488900094 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Niu, JA Liang, B Wong, YD He, SY Qin, C Wen, S AF Niu, Jia'an Liang, Bo Wong, Yiik Diew He, Shiyong Qin, Can Wen, Sen TI Dynamic traffic safety risk assessment in road tunnel entrance zone based on drivers' psychophysiological perception states: Methodology and case-study insights SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Road tunnel entrance zone; Real -vehicle test; Psychophysiological perception state; Traffic safety risk; Machine learning; Questionnaire survey ID ACCIDENTS; PAVEMENT; CRASHES AB This study endeavored to accurately and comprehensively assess dynamic traffic safety risk at the road tunnel entrance zone. First, vehicle speeds and multiple types of psychophysiological indicators of drivers are collected in real-vehicle tests at different times and various measurement points in the tunnel entrance zone, and the drivers' psychophysiological perception states and change trends are analyzed. Second, a Traffic Safety Risk Value (TSRV) is quantified in terms of the difference in safe speeds and a traffic safety risk model that is established for the tunnel entrance zone. Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm is used to divide the threshold of TSRV into three traffic safety risk levels. Subsequently, through the optimization of three machine learning models, the dynamic traffic safety risk assessment model is constructed based on the optimal Decision Tree. Through further model hyperparameter optimization and pruning, the relationship between drivers' psychophysiological perception states and traffic safety risk levels is quantified. Finally, a questionnaire survey is used to obtain drivers' subjective feelings about traffic safety risks while driving in the tunnel entrance zone. The effectiveness of the assessment model is verified by combining driver's subjective feelings and objective physiological responses. The results show that the traffic safety risk identification accuracy of the machine learning model proposed in this study reaches 95.13%, and the model can dynamically assess the real-time driving risk level. The findings have practical implications for the prevention of traffic crashes in the tunnel entrance zone and the realization of safe and stable operation of road tunnels. C1 [Niu, Jia'an; Liang, Bo; Qin, Can] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, 66 Xuefudadao Rd, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Niu, Jia'an; Wong, Yiik Diew] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Singapore 639798, Singapore. [Liang, Bo; He, Shiyong] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Wen, Sen] China Merchants Chongqing Commun Res & Design Inst, Chongqing 400067, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Nanyang Technological University; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Liang, B (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, 66 Xuefudadao Rd, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. EM liang_laoshi@126.com RI WONG, Y. D./A-3761-2011; He, Shiyong/AGR-8932-2022; Niu, Jia An/JWP-1618-2024 OI Niu, Jia An/0000-0002-4592-902X FU National Natural Science Founda- tion of China [51878107, 52108362, 52378391]; China Post- doctoral Science Foundation [2020M683254]; Research and Innovation Program for Postgraduate in Chongqing Jiaotong University [2022B0004]; China Scholarship Council [202308500246] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Founda- tion of China (No. 51878107, 52108362, 52378391) , the China Post- doctoral Science Foundation (No. 2020M683254) , the Research and Innovation Program for Postgraduate in Chongqing Jiaotong University (No. 2022B0004) , and China Scholarship Council (No. 202308500246) . The authors are very grateful for the helpful comments of the anony- mous reviewers. 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PD MAY PY 2024 VL 147 AR 105677 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105677 EA MAR 2024 PG 16 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA QC4C5 UT WOS:001218657300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ingason, H Li, YZ Arvidson, M Jiang, L AF Ingason, Haukur Li, Ying Zhen Arvidson, Magnus Jiang, Lei TI Fire tests with automatic sprinklers in an intermediate scale tunnel SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Model scale; Tunnel velocity; Automatic sprinkler; Activation ID WATER AB A series of 1:3 intermediate scale tunnel fire tests was performed to investigate the performance of a fully automatic sprinkler system in a road tunnel. The experiments were carried in a container tunnel with scaled geometry, using wood pallets as the fire source to simulate HGV fires. The activation of the sprinklers was simulated by using thermocouples that corresponded to a given Thermal Response Index (RTI) of a sprinkler bulb or a link. A total of 12 tests were carried out with varying longitudinal velocities (0.8-1.7 m/s), sprinkler activation temperatures (68-141 degrees C), water densities (2.9-8.7 mm/min) and types of arrangement of the fuel. The activation times, number of activated sprinklers, maximum heat release rates and other key parameters are presented and analyzed. The results show that the water density plays a key role in the performance of the automatic sprinkler systems tested. A high tunnel ventilation velocity, low water density and low sprinkler activation temperature are not recommended. C1 [Ingason, Haukur; Li, Ying Zhen; Arvidson, Magnus; Jiang, Lei] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Boras, Sweden. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden RP Ingason, H; Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Boras, Sweden. EM haukur.ingason@ri.se; yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Jiang, Lei/MIU-4712-2025; Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Jiang, Lei/0000-0001-9468-4586; Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC); Swedish Transport Administration (STA) FX The research was sponsored by the Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) with additional funding from the Swedish Transport Administration (STA). The financiers of TUSC are the Swedish Transport Administration (STA), the Swedish Fortifications Agency, the Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management Company (SKB), and RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. Thanks to Ulf Lundstrom at STA who contributed extensively to the discussion and preparation for this work and the technical staff at RISE who made it possible to perform the tests. CR Arvidson M., 2017, WATER DISTRIBUTION T Blanchard E, 2014, FIRE TECHNOL, V50, P565, DOI 10.1007/s10694-013-0323-z Cheong MK, 2014, FIRE TECHNOL, V50, P249, DOI 10.1007/s10694-013-0367-0 Cheong M. 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J. PD MAY PY 2022 VL 129 AR 103567 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2022.103567 EA APR 2022 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 1C9CL UT WOS:000793408700005 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bai, YP Wu, JS Yuan, SQ Reniers, G Yang, M Cai, JT AF Bai, Yiping Wu, Jiansong Yuan, Shuaiqi Reniers, Genserik Yang, Ming Cai, Jitao TI Dynamic resilience assessment and emergency strategy optimization of natural gas compartments in utility tunnels SO PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Resilience assessment; Utility tunnel; Natural gas; Safety barrier; Emergency strategy optimization ID EXPLOSION; PIPELINE; METHANE; BEHAVIOR; RELEASE; SAFETY; FIRE AB As a kind of critical infrastructure of energy transportation, so-called 'utility tunnels' have been developed around the world. Hosting a natural gas pipeline inside the natural gas compartment of a utility tunnel facilitates its maintenance but also brings potential explosion concerns due to the confined space. Although some work focuses on the risk analysis of the natural gas pipeline inside utility tunnels, a resilience assessment is needed for dynamically modeling leakage with interacting safety barriers. In this paper, a resilience assessment model of the natural gas compartment of utility tunnels is elaborated based on numerical simulation considering interacting barrier modeling, including sensors, a ventilation system, and the possibility of emergency shutdown. Based on the calculated (natural gas compartment) resilience for casualty and economic loss, ventilation strategies and sensor layouts can be recommended and optimization is possible. Meanwhile, the delay effect of safety barriers is investigated in this work, and the unequal interval layouts of sensors are explored and proven to be effective without any further cost. The proposed resilience assessment model can be important to further improve the safety management of utility tunnels and other confined spaces where hazardous gases are transported. C1 [Bai, Yiping; Wu, Jiansong; Cai, Jitao] China Univ Min & Technol Beijing, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Bai, Yiping; Yuan, Shuaiqi; Reniers, Genserik; Yang, Ming] Delft Univ Technol, Safety & Secur Sci Grp, Delft, Netherlands. [Reniers, Genserik] Univ Antwerp, Fac Appl Econ, Antwerp Res Grp Safety & Secur ARGoSS, Antwerp, Belgium. [Reniers, Genserik] KULeuven, CEDON, Brussels, Belgium. C3 China University of Mining & Technology; Delft University of Technology; University of Antwerp; KU Leuven RP Wu, JS (通讯作者)，China Univ Min & Technol Beijing, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China.; Reniers, G (通讯作者)，Delft Univ Technol, Safety & Secur Sci Grp, Delft, Netherlands. EM jiansongwu@cumtb.edu.cn; G.L.L.M.E.Reniers@tudelft.nl RI Bai, Yiping/GQZ-1053-2022; Yang, Ming/JCE-4730-2023; Yuan, Shuaiqi/HDM-9886-2022; Cai, Jitao/OUI-2966-2025 OI Yang, Ming/0000-0002-6544-9226; Yuan, Shuaiqi/0000-0003-2758-546X; FU Beijing Nova Program [Z201100006820072]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52174223]; China Scholarship Council [202106430016] FX This work was supported by Beijing Nova Program (Grant No. Z201100006820072) , the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52174223) , and the China Scholarship Council (Grant No. 202106430016) . 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Environ. Protect. PD SEP PY 2022 VL 165 BP 114 EP 125 DI 10.1016/j.psep.2022.07.008 EA JUL 2022 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA 3F4FP UT WOS:000830625700005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Sturm, PJ Bacher, M AF Sturm, Peter J. Bacher, Michael TI Upgrading the Arlberg tunnel to current safety standards SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Road tunnel; Upgrading; Ventilation system; High-pressure water-mist system; FFFS; TERN AB Austrian road tunnels within the Trans-European Road Network (TERN) must fulfil the requirements of the Directive 2004/54/EC (European Commission, 2004) not later than April 2019. This regulation has to be applied to all tunnels in the TERN with a length of more than 500 m, whether they are in operation, under construction or at design stage, and aims at ensuring a minimum level of safety for road users. One of the main features of this directive is the requirement for providing an egress possibility to a safe environment every 500 m throughout the whole tunnel. The Arlberg road tunnel has a length of some 15.5 km and is in operation for more than 35 years. It is a single tube tunnel. operated with bi-directional traffic, but carries a quite low traffic volume. Hence, the construction of a second tube is not really cost effective. Currently the tunnel is equipped with a transversal ventilation system with remotely controlled smoke extraction dampers providing smoke extraction every 100 m. The maximum distance between egress possibilities to a save environment is some 1500 m. Due to the high costs of a construction of a second tube or a parallel running escape gallery, a novel solution was found. The existing fresh air duct will be used as safe escape way between the existing egress possibilities. This solution has big impacts on the ventilation system and on the requirements for thermal structure protection of the new egress ways, i.e. the fresh air duct. In order to overcome this problem, massive changes in the ventilation design have to be performed, accompanied by the installation of a high-pressure water-mist system for structure protection. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Sturm, Peter J.; Bacher, Michael] Graz Univ Technol, A-8010 Graz, Austria. C3 Graz University of Technology RP Sturm, PJ (通讯作者)，Graz Univ Technol, A-8010 Graz, Austria. EM sturm@ivt.tugraz.at OI Sturm, Peter/0000-0001-5789-7152 CR Almbauer R. A., 2004, P 2 INT C TUNNEL SAF, P32 [Anonymous], 2014, 090222 RVS FORSCH ST [Anonymous], 2006, 090145 RVS FORSCH ST [Anonymous], 2014, 090251 RVS FORSCH ST [Anonymous], 2014, 090231 RVS FORSCH ST Bacher M., 2014, P 7 S TUNN SAF VENT, P90 Koll M., 2008, P 4 S TUNN SAF VENT, P133 Lakkonen M., 2014, P 7 S TUNN SAF VENT, P203 Rothe R., 2014, P 7 S TUNN SAF VENT, P195 Sturm P., 2013, 15 INT S AER VENT FI, P105 Sturm P., 2008, P 4 S TUNN SAF VENT, P8 Sturm P., 2014, P 6 INT S TUNN SAF S Sturm P. J., 2012, P 6 INT C TUNNEL SAF, P90 NR 13 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 19 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR PY 2015 VL 48 BP 140 EP 146 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.02.006 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA CJ2ZL UT WOS:000355353100014 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Smazinka, D Kavan, S Hrinko, M AF Smazinka, Dalibor Kavan, Stepan Hrinko, Martin TI Evaluation of the current technologies used for the physical security and safety of selected railway tunnel portals as a case study in the Czech Republic SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SECURITY LA English DT Article DE Railway trespassing; Railway tunnels and safety; Train-person crashes; Risk localities AB The security and safety of the railway tunnels require technical measures, information processes, and trained experts. Proper implementation and integration of these elements is crucial to protect lives, property, and the operation of the rail network. The purpose of this study is to identify and describe technological security and safety measures at the portals of selected railway tunnels greater than 1000 m in the conditions of the Czech Republic and their subsequent evaluation. The method of semi-structured interviews with experts with experience in the implementation of security and safety measures was used for the elaboration. SWOT analysis was used to assess the safety level of selected railway tunnels. The evaluation was carried out based on multi-criteria decision making and pairwise evaluation on the principle of Fuller's triangle. The technical solutions of two currently known technological solutions in the case study for accident elimination based on lidar detection supplemented by cameras are characterized by fundamental differences. The solution in the Ejpovice tunnel focuses on the detection of objects in the immediate vicinity of the portal or already entered it. The solution in the BrezenskATIN SMALL LETTER Y WITH ACUTE tunnel focuses on a larger detection zone extending tens of meters in front of the tunnel portal and is divided into two parts with different logic, the pre-alarm and the alarm itself. Integration of individual elements into a proactive and automated system that uses modern AI-based analytical algorithms and respects the process and technology specifics of the railway environment is important for the safety and security of the railway tunnel. C1 [Smazinka, Dalibor] VSB TU Ostrava, Fac Safety Engn, Ostrava, Czech Republic. [Kavan, Stepan] Univ South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice, Fac Hlth & Social Sci, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. [Hrinko, Martin] CEVRO Inst, Prague, Czech Republic. C3 Technical University of Ostrava; University of South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice RP Kavan, S (通讯作者)，Univ South Bohemia Ceske Budejovice, Fac Hlth & Social Sci, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic. EM stepan.kavan@email.cz RI Smažinka, Dalibor/JKJ-1974-2023; Hrinko, Martin/ACG-3034-2022; Kavan, Stepan/L-2148-2018 OI Smažinka, Dalibor/0009-0001-7652-4703; Hrinko, Martin/0000-0002-5306-8258; Kavan, Stepan/0000-0001-7997-8711 FU University of South Bohemia in Ccaron;esk Budecaron;jovice FX No Statement Available CR [Anonymous], 1994, Sbirka zakonu Ceske republiky [Anonymous], 2014, Commission Regulation EU 1303/2014, P394 [Anonymous], 2002, Ceska technicka norma c. 73 7508 Axis Communications, 2023, Video integration. Innovating for a smarter, safer world Balazikova, 2015, MM SCI J, V2015, P764, DOI [10.17973/MMSJ.2015_12_201558, DOI 10.17973/MMSJ.2015_12_201558, 10.17973/MMSJ.201512201558, DOI 10.17973/MMSJ.201512201558] Burkhardt J.-M., 2014, Transport research arena (TRA) 2014 proceedings Catalano A, 2014, SENSORS-BASEL, V14, P18268, DOI 10.3390/s141018268 CT24, 2011, Ridic auta se projel zeleznicnim tunelem Diamantidis D, 2000, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V67, P135, DOI 10.1016/S0951-8320(99)00059-9 Drani inspekce, 2021, Vyroni zprava 2021 Dusek J, 2015, 18TH INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON REGIONAL SCIENCES, P300, DOI 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-7861-2015-40 Fine L, 2009, G The SWOT Analysis: Using your Strength to overcome Weaknesses, Using Opportunities to overcome Threats Hava GM, 2022, APPL ERGON, V102, DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2022.103752 Havârneanu GM, 2016, EUR TRANSP RES REV, V8, DOI 10.1007/s12544-016-0203-y Hexagon, 2023, Flexible Integration Hexagon, 2023, Accur8vision for intelligent security systems. 3dsurveillance Hexagon-volumetric detection system Hoterova K, 2019, TRANSP MEANS P INT C, P1491 Huntley D., 2021, Advances in Remote sensing for infrastructure monitoring. 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Integration products Silla A., 2012, European Transport Research Review, V1, P47, DOI DOI 10.1007/S12544-008-0005-Y Sindelar J, 2020, Zdopravy.cz Skládaná P, 2018, LAND-BASEL, V7, DOI 10.3390/land7010001 Skládaná P, 2016, TRANSP RES PROC, V14, P2091, DOI 10.1016/j.trpro.2016.05.224 Smazinka D, 2022, Safety in Cities and Transport through sound monitoring, V4, P72, DOI [10.26552/com.C.2022.4.F72-F81, DOI 10.26552/COM.C.2022.4.F72-F81] Sprava zeleznic, 2018, SZDC zahajila provoz v nejdelsim zeleznicnim tunelu v Ceske Republice, prvni vlak jim projel 15. listopadu Sprava zeleznic-Krusnohorsky tunel, 2023, Vysokorychlostni zeleznice v CR Sura J, 2019, AZD upravila cidla v tunelu Ejpovice, falesne poplachy maji skoncit Sventekova E, 2021, APPL SCI-BASEL, V11, DOI 10.3390/app11136174 Szurgacz D, 2021, ENERGIES, V14, DOI 10.3390/en14113258 Voicu V, 2023, COGENT ENG, V10, DOI 10.1080/23311916.2023.2244767 Wei Y, 2023, OPT FIBER TECHNOL, V79, DOI 10.1016/j.yofte.2023.103339 NR 48 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 13 PU SPRINGER PI NEW YORK PA ONE NEW YORK PLAZA, SUITE 4600, NEW YORK, NY, UNITED STATES SN 1938-7741 EI 1938-775X J9 J TRANSP SECUR JI J. Transp. Secur. PD DEC PY 2024 VL 17 IS 1 AR 6 DI 10.1007/s12198-024-00275-7 PG 28 WC Transportation WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Transportation GA LA2K6 UT WOS:001183986000001 OA Green Submitted, hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Guo, XP Zhang, QH AF Guo, Xiaoping Zhang, Qihui TI Measuring fire size in tunnels SO APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Ventilation; Fire size; Fire safety ID VENTILATED TUNNEL; SMOKE FLOW; VELOCITY; BLOCKAGE AB A new measure of fire size Q' has been introduced in longitudinally ventilated tunnel as the ratio of flame height to the height of tunnel. The analysis in this article has shown that Q' controls both the critical velocity and the maximum ceiling temperature in the tunnel. Before the fire flame reaches tunnel ceiling (Q' < 1.0), Froude number Fr increases with Q' which is the typical trend of small tunnel fire. Once the flame height exceeds the height of tunnel (Q' > 1.0), Fr approaches a constant value. This is also a wellknown phenomenon in large tunnel fires. Tunnel ceiling temperature shows the opposite trend. Before the fire flame reaches the ceiling, it increases very slowly with the fire size. Once the flame has hit the ceiling of tunnel, temperature rises rapidly with Q'. The good agreement between the current prediction and three different sets of experimental data has demonstrated that the theory has correctly modelled the relation among the heat release rate of fire, ventilation flow and the height of tunnel. From design point of view, the theoretical maximum of critical velocity for a given tunnel can help to prevent oversized ventilation system. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Guo, Xiaoping] Dalian Univ Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Qihui] GEODATA Engn, I-00197 Rome, Italy. C3 Dalian University of Technology RP Zhang, QH (通讯作者)，Dalian Univ Technol, Sch Energy & Power Engn, Dalian 116023, Peoples R China. EM qzh@geodata.it CR [Anonymous], 2008, 502 NFPA [Anonymous], 2008, The SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering Danziger N., 1982, P 4 INT S AER VENT V Grant GB, 1998, PHILOS T R SOC A, V356, P2873, DOI 10.1098/rsta.1998.0302 Guo X, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V32, P78, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.05.006 Hu LH, 2013, APPL THERM ENG, V56, P77, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.03.021 Ingason H., 2012, P 5 INT S TUNN SAF S, P2 Ingason H., 2006, 2 INT S LAUS INN EUR Lee YP, 2012, FIRE SAFETY J, V53, P35, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.06.013 Li YZ, 2010, FIRE SAFETY J, V45, P361, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.003 McCaffrey B.J., 1979, NBSIR Oka Y, 1995, FIRE SAFETY J, V25, P305, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(96)00007-0 PIARC, 2005, FIR SMOK CONTR ROAD Thomas P.H, 1968, MOVEMENT SMOKE HORIZ Wu Y, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V35, P363, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00031-X Zhang Q, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V30, P124, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.013 NR 16 TC 16 Z9 17 U1 1 U2 56 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 1359-4311 J9 APPL THERM ENG JI Appl. Therm. Eng. PD SEP 25 PY 2013 VL 59 IS 1-2 BP 101 EP 105 DI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.05.009 PG 5 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Mechanics GA 213RR UT WOS:000324077800012 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, W Liang, SF Shi, CL AF Liu, Wei Liang, Shufei Shi, Congling TI Risk modelling and simulation of thermal safety in underground railway tunnel surrounding SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Underground railway tunnel; Surrounding rock; Risk modelling; Thermal safety; Dual periodic temperature boundaries; Single periodic temperature boundaries ID HEAT-TRANSFER; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; ENERGY PERFORMANCE; ENVIRONMENT; AIR; CONDUCTION AB The temperature of surrounding rock of the underground railway tunnel is increasing year by year. This slowly changing thermal hazard not only has a prominent impact on the stability of tunnel surrounding structures, but also deteriorates the tunnel thermal environment, so the formation of the thermal hazard should be investigated. In this work, the thermal hazard model of tunnel surrounding rock was established under the superposition of ground atmospheric temperature wave and tunnel wind flow temperature wave. The corresponding simulation software was developed to estimate the thermal hazards. This dual periodic temperature boundary model (DPTB) was also investigated in comparison with the single periodic temperature boundary (SPTB) model that simplified the periodic ground atmospheric temperature to a constant. The results show that the overlying rock layer of the tunnel is more affected by the superposition of double periodic temperature waves, and its temperature will be significantly higher in autumn. For the calculation example, the average annual heat storage in the surrounding rock under the DPTB is 41,775 kJ/m2, reduced by 432 kJ/m2 compared to the SPTB. The average temperature rise in the shallow surface surrounding rock over 25 years under the DPTB is about 2.04 degrees C, which is 0.48 degrees C lower than that of the SPTB. These calculation results provide a reference for the thermal hazards control in underground railway tunnels. C1 [Liu, Wei; Liang, Shufei; Shi, Congling] China Univ Min & Technol Beijing, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. [Liu, Wei; Shi, Congling] China Acad Safety Sci & Technol, Beijing Key Lab Metro Fire & Passenger Transportat, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China. C3 China University of Mining & Technology; China Academy of Safety Science & Technology RP Shi, CL (通讯作者)，China Acad Safety Sci & Technol, Beijing Key Lab Metro Fire & Passenger Transportat, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China. EM shicl@chinasafety.ac.cn RI Liu, Wei/IQS-4669-2023 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52074303, 51874315, 51604277]; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2018M630183] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant numbers 52074303, 51874315 and 51604277). This work is also a funded project of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant numbers 2018M630183). We also appreciate the Editor's efforts and the anonymous reviewers who provided valuable comments and suggestions on our research. 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PD APR PY 2022 VL 168 AR 106620 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106620 EA FEB 2022 PG 13 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 1C5CW UT WOS:000793138100001 PM 35220084 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wu, K Luo, JC Wang, HB Shao, ZS Zhao, NN AF Wu, Kui Luo, Jiacheng Wang, Haibo Shao, Zhushan Zhao, Nannan TI Simplified Analytical Method for Exploring the Life-Cycle Safety of Tunnels Using a Composite Yielding Support System SO ROCK MECHANICS AND ROCK ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Deep soft rock tunnel; Time-dependent large deformation; Composite yielding support system; Life-cycle safety; Mathematical modelling ID TIME-DEPENDENT BEHAVIOR; LINED CIRCULAR TUNNELS; BACK ANALYSIS; ROCK; CONCRETE; STRESS AB In the design of deep soft rock tunnels, full consideration should be paid to preventing lining damage caused by time-dependent deformation of the surrounding rock throughout the entire life cycle. The composite yielding support system (deformable primary lining-buffer layer-secondary lining) has great potential in effectively ensuring the safety of tunnels during both construction and operation. In this study, a theoretical modelling attempt is conducted to predict the life-cycle mechanical responses of tunnels employing a composite yielding support system. In the established model describing the interaction between the time-dependent surrounding rock and composite yielding support system, the deformation process of both the deformable primary lining and buffer layer exhibits three-stage characteristics. The mathematical derivation is carried out in the unsupported stage, the deformable primary lining-supported stage, and the composite yielding support system-supported stage, respectively. Among them, the latter two stages are further subdivided into three stages. Analytical solutions for displacements and interface contact stresses in each stage are provided. The proposed solutions in this study can be reduced to the two simple cases provided in previous references. In addition, a numerical simulation is conducted on a tunnel using a composite yielding support system, and the consistency between the numerical simulation results and theoretical prediction results is verified. Finally, a detailed parametric investigation is performed based on the proposed analytical solutions. The supporting effects of different types of support systems are compared; the influences of several major parameters on the life-cycle safety of tunnels are determined, including important parameters of the compressible element, buffer layer, and surrounding rock. Some practical suggestions on the design of composite yielding support system are provided. C1 [Wu, Kui; Luo, Jiacheng; Shao, Zhushan; Zhao, Nannan] Xian Univ Architecture & Technol, Sch Sci, Xian 710055, Peoples R China. [Wang, Haibo] Hohai Univ, Key Lab Minist Educ Geomech & Embankment Engn, Nanjing 210024, Peoples R China. C3 Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology; Hohai University RP Zhao, NN (通讯作者)，Xian Univ Architecture & Technol, Sch Sci, Xian 710055, Peoples R China. EM zhaonannan@xauat.edu.cn FU Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Project [2025SF-YBXM-553]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [12202334, 52408438] FX National Natural Science Foundation of China, 12202334, Kui Wu, 52408438, Nannan Zhao, Shaanxi Province Key Research and Development Project, 2025SF-YBXM-553, Kui Wu. 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MATH MODEL, V155, DOI 10.1016/j.apm.2026.116765 NR 66 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 7 U2 7 PU SPRINGER WIEN PI Vienna PA Prinz-Eugen-Strasse 8-10, A-1040 Vienna, AUSTRIA SN 0723-2632 EI 1434-453X J9 ROCK MECH ROCK ENG JI Rock Mech. Rock Eng. PD 2026 FEB 20 PY 2026 DI 10.1007/s00603-026-05398-y EA FEB 2026 PG 36 WC Engineering, Geological; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Geology GA DZ5FQ UT WOS:001695785500001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Serrano, GL AF Llopis Serrano, Guillermo TI Traffic accidents in Spanish road tunnels SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-TRANSPORT LA English DT Article DE roads & highways; safety & hazards; tunnels & tunnelling AB This paper shows the results of work carried out to study accidents in Spanish road tunnels. The research focuses on tunnels longer than 500 m. It covers 449 accidents in 184 tubes and 230 more accidents close to their portals, all of them with casualties, during a 10-year period. This work analyses several relevant characteristics of traffic accidents in road tunnels, such as their frequency (comparing accident rates in tunnels and on the open road), type and cause. It also estimates the correlation with accident rates involving other characteristics of tunnels, such as circulation (unidirectional as opposed to bidirectional tunnels), length, traffic, longitudinal slope and location. Among other conclusions summarised in this paper, the study shows that tunnels have an accident-reducing effect compared to open stretches of road. This effect increases with tunnel length and it has a major impact for roads with higher accident rates, such as single-carriageway roads. C1 [Llopis Serrano, Guillermo] Minist Publ Works & Transport, Serv Rd Maintenance, Gen Directorate Rd, Valencia, Spain. RP Serrano, GL (通讯作者)，Minist Publ Works & Transport, Serv Rd Maintenance, Gen Directorate Rd, Valencia, Spain. EM gllopis@fomento.es CR Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 Hovd A, 1981, 64A8102 STF Hvoslef H, 1988, TRAFIKKULYKKER VEGTU Koetse MJ, 2009, TRANSPORT RES D-TR E, V14, P205, DOI 10.1016/j.trd.2008.12.004 Lingerser S, 1998, BREAKDOWNS ACCIDENTS Lu LJ, 2014, DISCRETE DYN NAT SOC, V2014, DOI 10.1155/2014/824360 Ma ZL, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P350, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.004 Nussbaumer C, 2010, TRAFFIC SAFETY HIGHW PIARC (World Road Association), 1995, ROAD SAF TUNN Statens Vegvesen, 2009, ANAL TRAFFIC ACCIDEN Yeung JS, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V38, P534, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.09.002 NR 11 TC 10 Z9 11 U1 1 U2 44 PU EMERALD GROUP PUBLISHING LTD PI Leeds PA Floor 5, Northspring 21-23 Wellington Street, Leeds, W YORKSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 0965-092X EI 1751-7710 J9 P I CIVIL ENG-TRANSP JI Proc. Inst. Civil Eng.-Transp. PD FEB PY 2022 VL 175 IS 1 BP 43 EP 49 DI 10.1680/jtran.18.00043 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA ZE7IL UT WOS:000759051700006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Frantzich, H Fridolf, K Liljestrand, S Henningsson, A Lundin, J AF Frantzich, Hakan Fridolf, Karl Liljestrand, Staffan Henningsson, Alex Lundin, Johan TI Locating people in tunnels using Wi-Fi technology SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel safety; Evacuation; Rescue services; Wi-Fi; Indoor localization; Indoor mapping; Sensor AB The aim of the project is to investigate the possibility of using people 's mobile phones to locate people in a tunnel environment using the mobile phone 's Wi-Fi connection. In total, 39 different trials were carried out under different conditions in a road tunnel in Stockholm, Sweden. In the trials, the Wi-Fi-based predicted location has been compared with the actual location of the recruited 16 participants in the tunnel. The conditions include the number of people in a group, the number of available access points in the tunnel, whether the mobile phone has an active or passive connection, whether a person is moving or standing still and whether the mobile phone is held in the hand or is stored in the person 's pocket. The results indicate that the mean value for the distance between actual and predicted locations is in the order of 20 m or less, which is higher than reported in other studies. Despite this, there is a good potential to locate individuals in a tunnel emergency as the distance between emergency exits is often much longer than the uncertainties in the predicted locations of people. Improving the location algorithms will possibly reduce the uncertainty of the predicted location. C1 [Frantzich, Hakan] Lund Univ, Lund, Sweden. [Fridolf, Karl] Swedish Transport Adm, Malmo, Sweden. [Liljestrand, Staffan] Bumbee Labs, Stockholm, Sweden. [Henningsson, Alex] NineFor Grp, Uppsala, Sweden. [Lundin, Johan] Brandskyddslaget, Stockholm, Sweden. [Frantzich, Hakan] Lund Univ, Fire Safety Engn, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. C3 Lund University; Lund University RP Frantzich, H (通讯作者)，Lund Univ, Fire Safety Engn, POB 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. EM hakan.frantzich@brand.lth.se OI Frantzich, Håkan/0000-0002-2497-9212 FU Swedish Fire Research Foundation (Brandforsk) [319 002]; Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) FX This project is funded by The Swedish Fire Research Foundation (Brandforsk) , a nonprofit organization which instantiate and finance knowledge development within the field of fire safety (project number 319 002) . The Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket) is highly acknowledged for providing access to the tunnel and assisting during the experiment. CR Agnew N., 2016, 7 INT S TUNN SAF SEC AIBN, 2015, Report ROAD 2015/02 An WJ, 2022, INT J INTELL TRANSP, V20, P793, DOI 10.1007/s13177-022-00327-z Bergqvist A., 2012, Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety, Vsecond Brændeland G, 2013, INT J EMERG MANAG, V9, P127, DOI 10.1504/IJEM.2013.055160 Bridge, 2015, BRIDGE: bridging resources and agencies in large-scale emergency management Brown R., 2015, 6 INT S HUM BEH FIR Carvel R., 2005, The Handbook Of Tunnel Fire Safety Devanshi Agrawal S., 2014, International Journal of Computer Applications, V97 Fraser-Mitchell J., 2005, Fire Saf. Sci., P543, DOI DOI 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.8-543 Fridolf K., 2015, Rail Tunnel Evacuation Galvan CE, 2012, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V35, P101, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.04.170 Haack A., 2003, INT S CAT TUNN FIR Hozhabri M., 2019, THESIS MALARDALEN U Ingason H., 2015, Tunnel Fire Dynamics, DOI DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2199-7 Kaplan E.D., 2006, Understanding GPS: Principles and applications Kumm M., 2010, 4 INT S TUNN SAF SEC Liu F, 2020, IET COMMUN, V14, P1372, DOI 10.1049/iet-com.2019.1059 Lonnermark A., 2015, 7 INT S TUNN SAF SEC Ohlsson A., 2017, Bumbee Labs Mater Stromningarna I Samhallet, P82 Palm A., 2014, Taktik och ledning vid brand i undermarksanlaggningar: analys av fullskaleforsok och tre verkliga handelser Rinne T., 2008, 9 INT S FIR SAF SCI Schiller J., 2004, Location-Based Services, DOI [10.1016/B978-1-55860-929-7.X5000-6, DOI 10.1016/B978-1-55860-929-7.X5000-6] Shields J., 2004, 3 INT S HUM BEH FIR NR 24 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 4 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI London PA 125 London Wall, London, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 EI 1873-7226 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD JUN PY 2024 VL 146 AR 104178 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2024.104178 EA MAY 2024 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA UG7A3 UT WOS:001246958200002 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bai, H Liu, HX Ye, F Wang, LH AF Bai Han Liu Haoxue Ye Fei Wang Lihua TI Optimization Calculation of Luminance in Highway Tunnel Entrance SO DISASTER ADVANCES LA English DT Article DE Tunnel lighting; Optimization model; Visual characteristics of drivers; Tunnel safety AB Driving safety and requirements of energy-saving and environmental protection should be considered in the optimization calculation of luminance in highway tunnel entrance. By using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, change law between pupil area and illumination was found through driver visual characteristics experiments in tunnel entrance. Double level optimization model was established combined with the requirement of energy-saving and environmental protection and also its solving method was given. The Nanwutai tunnel on Baotou to Maoming highway is selected as research case to prove the model. The results of this study provide quantitative evidence that luminance of tunnel entrance should change gradually, more attention should be paid to the requirements of tunnel portal luminance. C1 [Bai Han; Liu Haoxue; Ye Fei; Wang Lihua] Changan Univ, Sch Auto Mobile, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. [Bai Han] Shandong Jiao Tong Univ, Dept Traff Engn, Jinan 250023, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Shandong Jiaotong University RP Bai, H (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Auto Mobile, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. EM bai-han2002@163.com OI Ye, Fei/0000-0003-1226-2289 FU Scientific and Technological Research Projects in Shandong province [2011GGX10504]; Scientific Research Foundation of Shandong Jiao tong University [Z201237] FX This research is sponsored by the Scientific and Technological Research Projects in Shandong province (2011GGX10504) and the Scientific Research Foundation of Shandong Jiao tong University, under granted number Z201237. CR Ceriotti Matteo, 2011, C 10 ACM IEEE INT C Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage CIE, 2004, GUID LIGHT ROAD TUNN, V88 Du Zhi-gang, 2007, J HARBIN I TECHNOLOG Fan Xiao yi, 2010, DISASTER ADV Gil-Martin L.M., 2010, TUNNELLING UNDERGROU Hu Ying-kui, 2011, J CHONGQING U Iacoviello Daniela, 2007, COMPUTER MATH APPL Iguch I. S., 2008, NEURO SCI LETT Ito Hayato, 2009, ESTIMATION CRITICAL Konze A.G., 2008, ZEV RAIL GLASERS ANN Leitao S., 2009, 15 INT C INT SYST AP Liang Hua, 2010, J HARBIN I TECHNOLOG Mihaychuk J. G., 2005, J APPL PHYS Nanba T. N. K. A. R., 2002, J SYSTEMS RES I POLI Onaygil S, 2003, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V18, P85, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00097-4 Pachamanov Angel, 2008, ENG OPTIMIZATION Pan Xiaodong, 2009, J TONGJI U NATURAL S Parise Giuseppe, 2007, C IEEE IND APPL C 42 Xu Jingfeng, 2010, CHINA ILLUMINATIN EN Zuo Jin, 2010, DISASTER ADV NR 20 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 1 U2 23 PU DISASTER ADVANCES PI INDORE PA SECTOR AG-80, SCHEME NO 54, VIJAY NAGAR, A B RD, INDORE, 452010, INDIA SN 0974-262X EI 2278-4543 J9 DISASTER ADV JI Disaster Adv. PD OCT PY 2012 VL 5 IS 4 BP 1703 EP 1708 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA 064UE UT WOS:000313100100295 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Vidmar, P Petelin, S AF Vidmar, Peter Petelin, Stojan TI APPLICATION OF CFD METHOD FOR RISK ASSESSMENT IN ROAD TUNNELS SO ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTATIONAL FLUID MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE fire; tunnel ventilation; tunnel safety; benchmarking; risk analysis AB The definition of the deterministic approach in safety analyses arises from the need to understand the conditions that emerge during a fire accident in a road tunnel. The key factor of the tunnel operations during a fire is ventilation, which during the initial phases of the fire has a strong impact on the evacuation of people and later on the access of the intervention units to the tunnel. The paper presents the use of the CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) model in tunnel safety assessment process. The set-up of the initial and boundary conditions and the requirement for grid density found from validation tests of an FDS (Fire Dynamics Simulator) are used to prepare three kinds of fire scenarios-20 MW, 50 MW and 100 MW, with different ventilation conditions: natural, semi-transverse, transverse and longitudinal ventilation. The observed variables, soot density and temperature, are presented in minutes time steps through the entire tunnel length. Comparing the obtained data in a table allows the analyses of the ventilation conditions for different heat releases from fires. The second step is to add additional criteria of human behaviour inside the tunnel (evacuation) and human endurance to the elevated gas concentrations and temperature. What comes out is a fully deterministic risk matrix that is based on the calculated data where the risk is ranged on five levels, from the least to a very dangerous level. The deterministic risk matrix represents the alternative to a probabilistic safety assessment methodology, wherein the fire risk is represented in detail and the CFD model results are physically correct. C1 [Vidmar, Peter; Petelin, Stojan] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transportat, Portoroz, Slovenia. C3 University of Ljubljana RP Vidmar, P (通讯作者)，Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transportat, Pot Pomorscakov 4, Portoroz, Slovenia. EM Peter.Vidmar@fpp.edu RI Vidmar, Peter/ABH-8470-2022 CR Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 Bread A. N., 1997, J FIRE SCI, V15, P277 Carvel RO, 2001, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V16, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00025-6 *CEC, 2004, DIR EUR PARL COUNC M Cheng LH, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P597, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00013-3 Drysdale D., 1998, An Introduction to Fire Dynamics Fletcher C.A. J., 1991, COMPUTATIONAL TECHNI, VII, DOI DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-58239-4_8 FLOYD JE, 2001, P INT S INTERFLAM 20, P767 GANN R G., 1994, Fire and materials, V18, P193, DOI DOI 10.1002/FAM.810180306 GASSER I, 2002, COMPUTATIONAL FLUID, V19 Haack A, 1998, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V13, P377, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(98)00080-7 Haack A, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V17, P117, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00013-5 HESKESTAD G, 1995, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC, pCH2 Jang HM, 2000, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V86, P15, DOI 10.1016/S0167-6105(99)00135-X Kirchsteiger C, 1999, J LOSS PREVENT PROC, V12, P399, DOI 10.1016/S0950-4230(99)00012-1 Kunsch JP, 1999, ATMOS ENVIRON, V33, P13 Li JSM, 2003, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V18, P435, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00023-3 Lowndes IS, 2004, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V19, P139, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2003.09.003 MCGRATTAN KB, 2001, 6783 NISTIR NAT I ST Mégret O, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V34, P393, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00010-2 Persson M., 2002, Quantitative Risk Analysis Procedure for the Fire Evacuation of a Road Tunnel *PIARC TECHN COMM, 2003, FIR SMOK CONTR ROAD Sagaut P., 2002, LARGE EDDY SIMULATIO, V2nd TRUCANO T.G., 1998, PREDICTION UNCERTAIN Vidmar P., 2003, J MECH ENG, V49, P1 Woodburn PJ, 1996, FIRE SAFETY J, V26, P35, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(96)00018-5 NR 26 TC 11 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 17 PU HONG KONG POLYTECHNIC UNIV, DEPT CIVIL & STRUCTURAL ENG PI HONG KONG PA HUNG HOM, KOWLOON, HONG KONG, 00000, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1994-2060 J9 ENG APPL COMP FLUID JI Eng. Appl. Comp. Fluid Mech. PD DEC PY 2007 VL 1 IS 4 BP 273 EP 287 DI 10.1080/19942060.2007.11015199 PG 15 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Mechanics GA V11JB UT WOS:000207526800004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jurado-Piña, R Pardillo-Mayora, JM Jiménez, R AF Jurado-Pina, R. Pardillo-Mayora, J. M. Jimenez, R. TI Methodology to Analyze Sun Glare Related Safety Problems at Highway Tunnel Exits SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE Tunnel; Highway road design; Three-dimensional model; Traffic safety AB Good visibility of the road and its surroundings is a basic requirement for safe driving. Glare caused by direct sunlight interferes with drivers' vision performance. In high-glare conditions the visibility of objects is reduced thus increasing the probability of occurrence of incidents and crashes. Critical sections of existing or newly designed roads need to be analyzed in order to prevent these problems. The research presented in this paper provides a practical method to evaluate potential driver vision impairment situations caused by sun glare at tunnel exits. The methodology is based on the projection of the solar paths on a cylindrical chart; other geometrical variables involves in the model are also represented on the same projection. An application to an existing Spanish motorway tunnel is presented. Results show that the methodology can be successfully employed (1) to identify possible sun glare related problems; (2) to analyze different mitigation alternatives; and (3) to design physical countermeasures to avoid driver exposure to sun glare inside the tunnel and at its exit. C1 [Jurado-Pina, R.; Pardillo-Mayora, J. M.; Jimenez, R.] Tech Univ Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain. C3 Universidad Politecnica de Madrid RP Jurado-Piña, R (通讯作者)，Tech Univ Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain. EM rjurado@caminos.upm.es; jmpardillo@caminos.upm.es; rjimenez@caminos.upm.es RI PARDILLO MAYORA, JOSE MARIA/A-5861-2010; JIMENEZ ROIGUEZ, RAFAEL/AAA-4205-2019; JURADO PIÑA, RAFAEL/D-9019-2015 OI PARDILLO MAYORA, JOSE MARIA/0000-0002-7327-9511; JIMENEZ ROIGUEZ, RAFAEL/0000-0002-7720-2757; JURADO PIÑA, RAFAEL/0000-0002-6697-193X FU Extremadura Regional Highway Division of the Spanish Ministry of Infrastructures (Demarcacion de Carreteras del Estado en Extremadura del Ministerio de Fomento) FX The writers wish to thank Dr. Jose Puy Huarte, Emeritus Professor at UPM, and writer of the road design software TRIVIUM, for his help and support in building a new modulus for analyzing the variables taken from digital terrain models and the road design in the methodology. We would also like to thank the Extremadura Regional Highway Division of the Spanish Ministry of Infrastructures (Demarcacion de Carreteras del Estado en Extremadura del Ministerio de Fomento) for their funding and collaboration. CR Auffray B., 2008, P 87 ANN M TRANSP RE *CIE, 2002, 146 CIE Gray R, 2007, OPHTHAL PHYSL OPT, V27, P440, DOI 10.1111/j.1475-1313.2007.00503.x JURADOPINA R, 2009, 2120 TRANSP RES BOAR, P12 MICHALSKY JJ, 1988, SOL ENERGY, V40, P227, DOI 10.1016/0038-092X(88)90045-X MITRA S, 2008, P 87 ANN M TRANSP RE Tasman W., 2004, DUANES CLIN OPHTHALM Wolfson SS, 2000, VISION RES, V40, P2277, DOI 10.1016/S0042-6989(00)00088-2 NR 8 TC 18 Z9 27 U1 6 U2 42 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-947X J9 J TRANSP ENG-ASCE JI J. Transp. Eng.-ASCE PD JUN PY 2010 VL 136 IS 6 BP 545 EP 553 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000113 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA 597HB UT WOS:000277746300007 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, FY Wang, L Zhang, WG AF Chen Fuyong Wang Lin Zhang Wengang TI Reliability assessment on stability of tunnelling perpendicularly beneath an existing tunnel considering spatial variabilities of rock mass properties SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Reliability assessment; Crossing tunnels; Safety factor; Maximum settlement; FORM; Spatial variability ID GEOLOGICAL STRENGTH INDEX; BASAL-HEAVE STABILITY; BEARING CAPACITY; TWIN TUNNELS; EXCAVATION; DEFORMATION; FAILURE; DESIGN; CONSTRUCTION; SETTLEMENT AB This paper presents a simplified procedure to evaluate the failure probability of crossing tunnels considering the spatial variabilities of rock mass properties. Numerical package FLAC(3D) (Itasca, 2017) was adopted to carry out extensive parameter studies for crossing tunnels. Subsequently, two limit state functions have been developed via the logarithmic regression to estimate the global factor of safety as well as the induced maximum settlement of the existing tunnel. The developed surrogate models were implemented into the Excel First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) spreadsheet to calculate the ultimate limit state failure and the probability that the threshold maximum settlement value is exceeded. The variance reduction technique is incorporated into the FORM analysis for considering the spatial variabilities of rock mass properties. Based on the reliability results, a sensitivity analysis was carried out to determine the critical design factor in construction of crossing tunnel. The proposed method provides an effective way to evaluate the safety and serviceability of tunnelling perpendicularly beneath an existing tunnel in spatial variable rock mass. C1 [Wang Lin; Zhang Wengang] Chongqing Univ, Key Lab New Technol Construct Cities Mt Area, Chongqing 400045, Peoples R China. [Chen Fuyong; Wang Lin; Zhang Wengang] Chongqing Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Chongqing 400045, Peoples R China. [Wang Lin; Zhang Wengang] Chongqing Univ, Natl Joint Engn Res Ctr Geohazards Prevent Reserv, Chongqing 400045, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing University; Chongqing University; Chongqing University RP Zhang, WG (通讯作者)，Chongqing Univ, Key Lab New Technol Construct Cities Mt Area, Chongqing 400045, Peoples R China. EM zhangwg@cqu.edu.cn RI Zhang, Wengang/A-5427-2019 OI Zhang, Wengang/0000-0001-6051-1388 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51608071]; Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China [cstc2018jcyjAX0632]; Venture & Innovation Support Program for Chongqing Overseas Returnees [cx2017123]; Special Funding for Postdoctoral research projects in Chongqing [Xm2017007] FX The authors are grateful to the financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51608071), the sponsorship by Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (cstc2018jcyjAX0632), the Venture & Innovation Support Program for Chongqing Overseas Returnees (cx2017123), and Special Funding for Postdoctoral research projects in Chongqing (Xm2017007). 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PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUN PY 2019 VL 88 BP 276 EP 289 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.03.013 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA HU3SB UT WOS:000465193200022 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU He, K Li, YZ Ingason, H Cheng, XD AF He, Kun Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur Cheng, Xudong TI Overall smoke control performance using naturally ventilated shafts in tunnel fires with multiple fire sources SO UNDERGROUND SPACE LA English DT Article DE Overall smoke control performance; Natural ventilation; Vertical shafts; Multiple fire sources; Tunnel fire ID URBAN ROAD TUNNEL; ROOF OPENINGS; EXTERNAL WIND; POOL FIRES; SIMULATION; SPREAD; LENGTH; FLOW; VELOCITY; SAFETY AB This study investigates the overall smoke control performance using shafts in a naturally ventilated tunnel in the case of multiple fire sources. Detailed comparisons were also made with the corresponding single fire source scenarios. The results show that the interaction between multiple fire sources affects smoke control performance, resulting in a lower smoke layer height compared to the corresponding single fire scenario. For the multiple fire sources scenarios, the smoke layer height in the fire section first decreases and then keeps stable, as the fire center spacing increases. The smoke layer height in the fire section is 20%-25% lower than that in a single fire source scenario for a given total heat release rate. The minimum smoke layer height at the adjacent non-fire tunnel section is much lower than that in the fire section due to the disturbance of the first group of shafts. For a small tunnel fire such as a car fire, the critical safety distances for firefighters and evacuees increase as the fire source spacing decreases. For a large tunnel fire such as a bus fire, the effect of fire source spacing on the critical safety distance is limited, while the shaft interval plays an important role. The fire source spacing and the number of fire sources have limited influences on the smoke spread length due to the small differences in the induced air flow velocity and overall smoke exhaust rate through shafts. When the fire sources are located under one shaft, the number of shafts required for complete smoke exhaust is the least and the total smoke spread length is the shortest. For a given fire location, the smoke spread length increases significantly with an increasing shaft interval. This study contributes to the design of natural ventilation shafts in tunnels possibly with multiple fire sources. C1 [He, Kun; Cheng, Xudong] Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China. [Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire & Safety, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire & Safety, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011; Cheng, Xudong/AAF-3731-2020 FU National Key Research and Development Program of China [2022YFC3005201]; Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation [2408085QE139]; Tunnel and Underground Safety Center FX This project was financially supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2022YFC3005201) , Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2408085QE139) and the Tunnel and Underground Safety Center. Besides, the authors would like to acknowledge China Scholarship Council for providing Kun He with the opportunity to study at RISE Research Institutes of Sweden where the work was carried out. 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Space PD JUN PY 2025 VL 22 BP 168 EP 185 DI 10.1016/j.undsp.2024.10.005 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA 0HU3W UT WOS:001447698300001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Vidmar, P Petelin, S Luin, B AF Vidmar, Peter Petelin, Stojan Luin, Blaz TI UPGRADE OF A TRANSVERSE VENTILATION SYSTEM IN A BI-DIRECTIONAL TUNNEL SO THERMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tunnel safety; computational fluid dynamics simulation; pipe model; ventilation; fire safety ID TRAFFIC TUNNELS; ROAD TUNNELS; FIRE AB The Karavanke tunnel forms an important link between Slovenia and Austria. The almost 8 km long tunnel is operated with bi-directional traffic and does not have dedicated escape routes. Moreover, the ventilation in case of fire does not satisfy requirements of the EU Directive 2004/54/EC that specifies the minimum requirements for tunnels in the trans-European road network. The paper present results of the research conducted regarding the possibility of upgrade the existing system in order to reach the required level of safety at lower costs possible. It is shown that with simple but novel adaptations of the ventilation system, a sizeable increase in the overall level of safety can be achieved. The methodology applied is a combination of a simple pipe model for tunnel ventilation and for detailed fluid dynamics analysis the computational fluid dynamics model is used. The existing ventilation system that in fire ventilation extracts smoke from a single duct is replaced with the smoke extraction from both ducts applying four axial fans. The analysis is focused on air/smoke flow through the vents and ducts and on pressure drops calculated over the length of the ventilation duct and its influence on the total flow. The change of the flow condition also has influence on ventilation fan operation point that is investigated in the paper as well. C1 [Vidmar, Peter; Petelin, Stojan; Luin, Blaz] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transport, Portoroz, Slovenia. C3 University of Ljubljana RP Vidmar, P (通讯作者)，Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transport, Portoroz, Slovenia. EM peter.vidmar@fpp.uni-lj.si OI Luin, Blaž/0000-0001-5576-409X CR [Anonymous], 2010, PIP FLOW EXP [Anonymous], 2003, FIR SMOK CONTR ROAD [Anonymous], 2003, 2 INT C TRAFF SAF RO Bread A. N., 1997, J FIRE SCI, V15, P277 Carvel RO, 2001, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V16, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00025-6 Cheng LH, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P597, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00013-3 Fletcher C.A. 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PY 2012 VL 16 IS 4 BP 1067 EP 1080 DI 10.2298/TSCI120212053V PG 14 WC Thermodynamics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics GA 048MV UT WOS:000311917000011 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Sun, HW Ma, F Wang, X Du, ZG Xu, R AF Sun, Haowen Ma, Fei Wang, Xu Du, Zhigang Xu, Run TI How periodic decorations in extra-long highway tunnels affect driving safety: A simulation study SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Extra-long highway tunnels; tunnel landscape decoration zones; vehicle operation characteristics; physiological responses; visual behavior ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; IMPACT AB ObjectiveThe enclosed environment and monotonous driving conditions of extra-long tunnels often induce driver fatigue and unstable operations, undermining both safety and comfort. As an effective intervention, tunnel landscape decoration zones are designed to alleviate fatigue, enhance alertness, and improve driving continuity. To investigate the influence of tunnel landscape decoration zones on driving behavior, this study evaluates their comprehensive effects across vehicle operation characteristics, physiological responses, and visual behavior, while proposing optimization strategies.MethodThis study used the under-construction Qingdao Jiaozhou Bay Second Subsea Tunnel in China as a case study. Twelve simulated landscape schemes were constructed within a driving simulation environment, culminating in a total of 28 samples. Multidimensional driver data-including vehicle operation, eye movement, and heart rate-were collected and analyzed.ResultResults show that patterned vaults and periodic sidewall design significantly improve operational stability, while a proper pattern spacing provides the optimal balance between visual stimulation and cognitive load. Among all tested conditions, featuring sidewall-consistent vault patterns, periodic sidewall design, and 15 m spacing achieved the best performance in both safety and comfort.ConclusionThese findings provide theoretical foundations and practical guidance for the systematic design and environmental evaluation of extra-long tunnels. C1 [Sun, Haowen; Ma, Fei; Wang, Xu] Shandong Univ, Sch Qilu Transportat, Jinan, Peoples R China. [Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Xu, Run] Shandong Prov Commun Planning & Design Inst Grp Co, Jinan, Peoples R China. C3 Shandong University; Wuhan University of Technology RP Wang, X (通讯作者)，Shandong Univ, Sch Qilu Transportat, Jinan, Peoples R China. 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Natural Science], V48, P215 He SY, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V67, P52, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.020 Kircher K, 2012, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V47, P153, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2012.01.019 [梁波 Liang Bo], 2024, [地下空间与工程学报, Chinese Journal of Underground Space and Engineering], V20, P657 Liu YY, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V112, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103867 Ma YQ, 2017, INT J INJ CONTROL SA, V24, P293, DOI 10.1080/17457300.2016.1170044 Miller EE, 2015, TRANSPORT RES REC, P60, DOI 10.3141/2518-08 Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China, 2014, GUIDELINES DESIGN LI Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China, 2024, STAT COMMUNIQUE DEV Su EJ, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V137, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105136 Wan HL, 2015, TRANSPORT RES REC, P1, DOI 10.3141/2485-01 [叶飞 Ye Fei], 2022, [中国公路学报, China Journal of Highway and Transport], V35, P23 Yeung JS, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V38, P534, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.09.002 Zhang Qi, 2020, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, V741, DOI [10.1088/1757-899x/741/1/012084, 10.1088/1757-899X/741/1/012084] Zhao XH, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V127, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104591 Zhao XH, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V130, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104731 Zheng ZJ, 2017, SAFETY SCI, V95, P75, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2017.02.006 NR 21 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 1 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1538-9588 EI 1538-957X J9 TRAFFIC INJ PREV JI Traffic Inj. Prev. PD 2026 JAN 8 PY 2026 DI 10.1080/15389588.2026.2613729 EA JAN 2026 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA DN8CP UT WOS:001687830500001 PM 41672485 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Gandit, M Kouabenan, DR Caroly, S AF Gandit, Marc Kouabenan, Dongo Remi Caroly, Sandrine TI Road-tunnel fires: Risk perception and management strategies among users SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Fire; Road tunnel; Risk perception; Safety; Prevention; Accident ID UNREALISTIC OPTIMISM AB The present study was aimed M investigating road users' perceptions and behaviors in case of it fire in it tunnel. It is grounded on the idea that in order to effectively prevent accidents and fires in tunnels, it may be useful to take tunnel users' beliefs, representations, and coping strategies into account [Kouabenan, D.R., 1998. Beliefs and the perception of risks and accidents. Risk Analysis, all International Journal 18, 243-252; Kouabenan, D.R., 2001. Management de la securite: role des croyances et des perceptions. In : Levy-Leboyer, C., Huteau, M., Louche, C., Rolland, J.P. (Eds.), RH: Les apports de la psychologie du travail. Les Editions d'Organisation, Paris, pp. 453474; Kouabenan, D.R., Cadet, B., 2005. Risk evaluation and accident analysis. Advances in Psychology Research 36, 61-80; Kouabenan, D.R., Dubois, M., Scarnato, F., De Gaudemaris, R., Mallaret, M.R., 2007. Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Risk Perception by Healthcare Personnel in it Public Hospital. Social Behavior and Personality, 35, 1] One hundred and fifty-one road users (firemen, truck drivers, regular drivers, and driving-school students) filled Out it questionnaire measuring their perceptions of risks and control in road tunnels, their awareness of safety and rescue devices, their level of anxiety, and their behavioral intentions in the event of a fire in it road tunnel. The results indicated it relationship between fire-risk perception, awareness of rescue and safety devices, and road-tunnel experience; it tendency toward comparative optimism (CO); ail effect of perceived control on optimism; and a relationship between CO and awareness of safety devices. A significant interaction Was found between tunnel users' anxiety level and their perceived control over the situation. The evacuation behaviors and coping strategies reported by the participants were far from reflecting the expected behaviors. Recommendations for it long-term prevention policy bearing jointly oil beliefs, behaviors, improved information and warning systems are suggested. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Gandit, Marc; Kouabenan, Dongo Remi] Univ Pierre Mendes France, UFR SHS, Lab Psychol Sociale, F-38040 Grenoble 9, France. [Caroly, Sandrine] Univ Pierre Mendes France, Ctr Innovat Sociotech & Org Ind, Lab CRISTO, F-38040 Grenoble 9, France. C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA) RP Kouabenan, DR (通讯作者)，Univ Pierre Mendes France, UFR SHS, Lab Psychol Sociale, BP 47, F-38040 Grenoble 9, France. EM marc.gandit@upmf-grenoble.fr; remi.kouabenan@upmf-grenoble.fr; sandrine.caroly@upmf-grenoble.fr FU Rhone-Alpes Regional Council; Isere General Council (France) FX This Study received financial support from the Rhone-Alpes Regional Council and the Isere General Council (France). 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Sci. PD JAN PY 2009 VL 47 IS 1 BP 105 EP 114 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2008.01.001 PG 10 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 390ZF UT WOS:000262201500011 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yeung, JS Wong, YD AF Yeung, Jian Sheng Wong, Yiik Diew TI The effect of road tunnel environment on car following behaviour SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Car following; Tunnel expressway; Headways; Time-to-collision; Safety margin; Traffic safety ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; SAFETY; COLLISION; SPEED; TIME; IMPACT; RISK; AGE AB In order to overcome urban space constraints, underground road systems are becoming popular options for cities. Existing literature suggests that accident rates in road tunnels are lower than those in open roads. However, there is a lack of understanding in how the road tunnel environment affects inter-vehicle interactions. In this study, car following data are obtained from traffic video footages of open and tunnel expressways in Singapore. A total of 15,325 car following headways (with car as the follower) are analysed and significant factors affecting headways are found to be speed, and lane. Significant effect of leading vehicle type is only found for tunnel expressway. Headways are generally longer in the tunnel environment. Assessment of collision time measures and safety margins also reveal safer car following behaviour and lower rear-end collision risks in the tunnel expressway. The results are discussed from a behavioural perspective. Overall, the findings show that road tunnels are superior in terms of safety but at reduced traffic capacity. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Anal. Prev. PD SEP PY 2014 VL 70 BP 100 EP 109 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2014.03.014 PG 10 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA AJ7CR UT WOS:000337855300013 PM 24713218 OA Green Submitted, Bronze DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Pervez, A Huang, HL Lee, J Han, CY Wang, J Zhang, X AF Pervez, Amjad Huang, Helai Lee, Jaeyoung Han, Chunyang Wang, Jie Zhang, Xuan TI Crash analysis of expressway long tunnels using a seven-zone analytic approach SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY & SECURITY LA English DT Article DE tunnel safety; expressway tunnel; zoning method; three or four-zone approach; seven-zone approach ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AB Research efforts have been made to understand tunnels' traffic safety. Most of the previous studies have not considered the different features of tunnels with different ranges of length comprehensively. Generally, three- or four-zone approach has been adopted, with which the entrance and exit parts of a tunnel are considered symmetrical in the safety analysis. This study employs a seven-zone analytic approach for the safety investigation of 18 expressway tunnels with length ranging from 2 to 3 km. The results reveal that the crash rate increases firstly for the entrance zone, then decreases for the midzone and again increases at the exit zone. The high crash rates at the access, entrance, and transition zones are attributed to rear-end crashes. Although single-vehicle crashes take place in the mid and exit zones (1) at the tunnel entrance: failure to maintain safe distance; (2) in the midarea: failure to maintain safe distance, fatigue driving, overspeeding, and improper lane change; and (3) at the tunnel exit: overspeeding and improper lane change mainly contribute to the crash occurrence. Friedman test was performed to test the significance of the contributing factors. The crash occurrence mechanism is discussed for the selected long tunnels. Finally, engineering and policy countermeasures are recommended to improve traffic safety in expressway tunnels. C1 [Pervez, Amjad; Huang, Helai; Lee, Jaeyoung; Han, Chunyang; Wang, Jie; Zhang, Xuan] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Lee, Jaeyoung] Univ Cent Florida, Dept Civil Environm & Construct Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. C3 Central South University; State University System of Florida; University of Central Florida RP Lee, J (通讯作者)，Univ Cent Florida, Dept Civil Environm & Construct Engn, Orlando, FL 32816 USA. EM jaeyoung@knights.ucf.edu RI Lee, Jaeyoung Jay/O-7674-2019; Chunyang, Han/HGU-4525-2022; Huang, Helai/HPD-6657-2023; Pervez, Amjad/AAW-4967-2020 OI Lee, Jaeyoung Jay/0000-0003-1211-688X; Chunyang, Han/0000-0001-9876-8824; Huang, Helai/0000-0003-2334-4124; Pervez, Amjad/0000-0001-6283-2871 FU Joint Research Scheme of National Natural Science Foundation of China/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong [71561167001, N_HKU707/15]; Natural Science Foundation of China [713711921] FX This work was jointly supported by (1) the Joint Research Scheme of National Natural Science Foundation of China/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Project No. 71561167001 & N_HKU707/15), (2) the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 713711921). 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Transp. Saf. Secur. PD JAN 2 PY 2021 VL 13 IS 1 BP 108 EP 122 DI 10.1080/19439962.2019.1605642 PG 15 WC Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Transportation GA SF1YA UT WOS:000652557300004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Holicky, M AF Holicky, Milan TI Probabilistic risk optimization of road tunnels SO STRUCTURAL SAFETY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT European Safety and Reliability Conference (ESREL 2006) CY SEP 18-22, 2006 CL Estoril, PORTUGAL DE Risk; Optimization; LQI; Road tunnels; Escape routes AB Probabilistic methods of risk optimization are applied to identify the most effective safety measures considered in the design of road tunnels. The total consequences of alternative tunnel arrangements are assessed using Bayesian networks supplemented by decision and utility nodes. It is shown that the probabilistic optimization of societal and economic consequences may provide valuable information enabling a rational decision concerning effective safety Measures in road tunnels. A general procedure is illustrated by the optimization of a number of escape routes using the concept of life quality index. It appears that the discount rate and specified life time of a tunnel affect the total consequences and the optimum arrangements of the tunnel more significantly than the number of escape routes. Further investigation of relevant input data including Societal and economic consequences Of Various hazard scenarios is needed. (c) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All Fights reserved. C1 Czech Tech Univ, Klokner Inst, CR-16635 Prague, Czech Republic. C3 Czech Technical University Prague; Klokner Institute RP Holicky, M (通讯作者)，Czech Tech Univ, Klokner Inst, CR-16635 Prague, Czech Republic. 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Saf. PY 2009 VL 31 IS 3 BP 260 EP 266 DI 10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.06.003 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering GA 429QR UT WOS:000264935700007 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Salata, F Golasi, I Bombelli, E Vollaro, ED Nardecchia, F Pagliaro, F Gugliermetti, F Vollaro, AD AF Salata, Ferdinando Golasi, Iacopo Bombelli, Emiliano Vollaro, Emanuele de Lieto Nardecchia, Fabio Pagliaro, Francesca Gugliermetti, Franco Vollaro, Andrea de Lieto TI Case Study on Economic Return on Investments for Safety and Emergency Lighting in Road Tunnels SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Article DE road tunnels; lighting systems; backup and safety lighting systems; PV; investments; costs amortization; Dialux software ID RELIABILITY; ENERGY; SYSTEMS AB While planning a double-hole road tunnel with a length higher than one km, it is important to pay attention to the safety factor if an accident occurs. If there is a power outage, in order to avoid critical situations that could jeopardize the safety of the people present (facilitating the stream coming out from the tunnel and the arrival of the emergency personnel), it is really important to guarantee uninterrupted lighting of roadways, mandatory emergency lay-bys, and ways of escape. Uninterrupted service of the lighting systems supply must be guaranteed, in accordance with the current regulations, through the exertion of UPS (Uninterruptible Power Supply) and power units. During tunnel construction, such devices represent a cost that must be amortized. In this case study, which takes into consideration a section of a road tunnel characterized by emergency lay-bys and ways of escape, emergency and security lighting were planned and installation and management costs were evaluated. The goal of this research was the creation of a cash flow thanks to the energy generated by photovoltaic panels, in a way that the service life of the system (25 years) coincided with the amortization of the costs of the backup electrical equipment installation (complying with the regulations). The possibility of over-dimensioning the UPS and providing it with a proper photovoltaic panel surface (235 kW(p)) to generate and exchange electric energy with the grid was taken into consideration. C1 [Salata, Ferdinando; Golasi, Iacopo; Bombelli, Emiliano; Nardecchia, Fabio; Pagliaro, Francesca; Gugliermetti, Franco; Vollaro, Andrea de Lieto] Univ Roma La Sapienza, DIAEE, Area Fis Tecn, I-00184 Rome, Italy. [Vollaro, Emanuele de Lieto] Univ Roma TRE, DIMI, I-00146 Rome, Italy. C3 Sapienza University Rome; Roma Tre University RP Salata, F (通讯作者)，Univ Roma La Sapienza, DIAEE, Area Fis Tecn, Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Rome, Italy. EM ferdinando.salata@uniroma1.it; iacopo.golasi@uniroma1.it; bombelli.1482388@studenti.uniroma1.it; emanuele.delietovollaro@uniroma3.it; fabio.nardecchia@uniroma1.it; francesca.pagliaro@uniroma1.it; franco.gugliermetti@uniroma1.it; andrea.delietovollaro@uniroma1.it RI ; Salata, Ferdinando/I-4627-2015; gugliermetti, franco/F-2513-2011; Pagliaro, Francesca/AIE-4300-2022 OI Golasi, Iacopo/0000-0002-9942-0560; de Lieto Vollaro, Emanuele/0000-0002-9230-4962; Salata, Ferdinando/0000-0001-9740-034X; Nardecchia, Fabio/0000-0002-1482-7629; Pagliaro, Francesca/0000-0001-7336-7936 CR AEEG (Autorita Energia Elettrica e Gas), PREZ TAR AEEG (Autorita Energia Elettrica e Gas), GSE PAG DISP AEEG (Autorita Energia Elettrica e Gas), AUT EN EL GAS AEEG (Autorita Energia Elettrica e Gas), DAT STAT American National Standards Institute; Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, 1996, AM NAT STAND PRACT T ANAS (Azienda Nazionale Autonoma delle Strade), MAN ES MAN [Anonymous], 2013, 18382013 BS EN Asdrubali F, 2015, RENEW SUST ENERG REV, V42, P1113, DOI 10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.082 Autostrade per l'Italia, LIBR FATT Buraczynski J., 2010, P 4 INT S TUNN SAF S *EUR COMM, WHIT PAP EUR TRANSP Ferlazzo F, 2014, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V39, P92, DOI 10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.03.005 Gugliermetti F., 2005, Lighting Research & Technology, V37, P3, DOI 10.1191/1365782805li123oa Gugliermetti F., 2005, P 9 INT IBPSA C International Commission on Illumination, 2000, INT COMM ILL PUBL, V140 International Commission on Illumination, 2004, INT COMM ILL PUBL, V88 Kroener E, 2014, APPL THERM ENG, V70, P510, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.05.033 Leitao S., 2009, P 15 INT C INT SYST Marche Region, PRIC TAR TECHN SYST Moncada L. G. G., 2013, EC POLICY ENERGY ENV, V3, P67 Peruzzi L, 2014, ENERG BUILDINGS, V68, P19, DOI 10.1016/j.enbuild.2013.09.027 Regione Lazio, 2015, B UFF REG LAZ Salata F, 2014, ENERG CONVERS MANAGE, V84, P623, DOI 10.1016/j.enconman.2014.04.063 Salata F, 2015, THERM SCI, V19, P461, DOI 10.2298/TSCI120528119S Salata F, 2015, APPL THERM ENG, V78, P268, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2014.12.059 Salata F, 2015, ENERG BUILDINGS, V86, P118, DOI 10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.09.056 Salata F, 2014, ENRGY PROCED, V45, P482, DOI 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.052 Salata F, 2014, ENRGY PROCED, V45, P1195, DOI 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.125 UNECE, REC GROUP EXP SAF RO Unification Italian Committee, 2003, UNI 11095 2003 11095 Unification Italian Committee, 2012, UNI 11248 2012 STREE Valente A., 2012, ITA COSUF WORKSH 201 Verde P., ENERGY SAVINGS PERFO Verde P., 2014, P IEEE AEIT ANN C RE Vollaro RD, 2014, APPL THERM ENG, V62, P390, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.09.002 NR 35 TC 12 Z9 12 U1 0 U2 26 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2071-1050 J9 SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL JI Sustainability PD AUG PY 2015 VL 7 IS 8 BP 9809 EP 9822 DI 10.3390/su7089809 PG 14 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA CR8KM UT WOS:000361600400004 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, WC Deng, E Zhu, ZH Lei, MF Shi, CH He, H AF Yang, Weichao Deng, E. Zhu, Zhihui Lei, Mingfeng Shi, Chenghua He, Hong TI Sudden Variation Effect of Aerodynamic Loads and Safety Analysis of Running Trains When Entering Tunnel Under Crosswind SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE tunnel entrance; crosswind; wind-train-track coupling dynamic model; transient response of aerodynamic load; sudden wind effect; traffic safety ID HIGH-SPEED TRAINS; 2 WINDPROOF FACILITIES; TURBULENT WIND; NOSE SHAPE; FLOW; OPTIMIZATION; SIMULATION; VEHICLES; RAILWAY; BRIDGES AB Featured Application The results of this paper can provide further theoretical basis for the traffic safety command of high-speed trains in different infrastructure scenarios. Abstract Sudden variation of aerodynamic loads is a potential source of safety accidents of high-speed trains (HSTs). As a follow-up investigation on the aerodynamic response of a HST that enters a tunnel under crosswind environment, this paper focuses on the transient response of a HST's safety indices based on the train-track coupling interaction model. Firstly, a wind-train-track coupling dynamic model is proposed by introducing transient aerodynamic loads into the vehicle-track system. Secondly, the temporal evolution of safety coefficients indicates that the train's safety risk increases during tunnel entry with crosswind. Results show that the derailment coefficients and wheel load reduction rate during tunnel entry are not only larger than those in open air, but also those inside the tunnel are due to the sudden disappearance of wind excitation at the tunnel entrance. In addition, the characteristic wind curve, which is the wind velocity against the train speed, is presented for application based on the current specification of the safety criteria threshold. The investigation will be useful in assessing the safety risk of a running train subjected to other aerodynamic attacks, such as the coupling effect of an infrastructure scenario and crosswind in a windy area. C1 [Yang, Weichao; Deng, E.; Zhu, Zhihui; Lei, Mingfeng; Shi, Chenghua; He, Hong] Cent South Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University RP Yang, WC (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. EM weic_yang@csu.edu.cn; denge12@csu.edu.cn; zzhh0703@163.com; mingdfenglei@csu.edu.cn; csusch@163.com; hehong_csu@163.com RI Zhu, Zhi-hui/HDN-8464-2022 OI Zhu, Zhi-hui/0000-0003-0257-2128; Deng, E/0000-0002-0943-9541; Shi, Chenghua/0000-0003-2291-2046 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51978670, U1534206]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University [2019zzts291] FX This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51978670 and U1534206) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (Grant No. 2019zzts291). 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Sci.-Basel PD FEB PY 2020 VL 10 IS 4 AR 1445 DI 10.3390/app10041445 PG 28 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA LC4IK UT WOS:000525287900252 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Gao-Shang, Y Yong-Lin, A Li-Min, P Jin-Hua, Z AF Gao-shang, Yang Yong-lin, An Li-min, Peng Jin-hua, Zhang TI Simulation of smoke flow and longitudinal ventilation in tunnel fire SO TRANSACTIONS OF NONFERROUS METALS SOCIETY OF CHINA LA English DT Article DE tunnel safety; tunnel fire; smoke flow; longitudinal ventilation; simulation AB Understanding the characteristics of smoke flow in tunnel fire is very important for tunnel safety. The characteristics of tunnel fire were analyzed. The smoke development in different situations of an engineering example was simulated using commercial CFD software PHOENICS 3.5 by field modeling method. The spreading rules and characteristics of concentration field and temperature field of smoke flow with different longitudinal ventilation speeds were studied, which may provide the theoretical background for evacuation design in tunnel fire. The effective measures of fire rescue and crowd evacuation were also described. C1 Cent S Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Architecture, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. Hunan Prov Commun Planning Survey & Design Inst, Changsha 410008, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University RP Gao-Shang, Y (通讯作者)，Cent S Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Architecture, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. EM ygaoshang@mail.csu.edu.cn CR Alekseev V. A., 2000, SIBERIAN FIR SHOOT R CAO ZM, 2003, UNDERGROUND SPACE, V23, P196 Dai Guoping, 2001, RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION, P6 DU JK, 1998, SAFETY, V19, P1 FENG L, 2004, UNDERGROUND SPACE, V24, P359 JURIJ M, 2003, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V18, P525 Lacroix D., 1998, 3 INT C SAF ROAD RAI, P185 LING D, 2002, J NATURAL PUBLICATIO, V1, P58 Mégret O, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V34, P393, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00010-2 PARTANKAR SV, 1984, NUMERICAL CALCULATIO, P12 Vauquelin O, 2002, FIRE SAFETY J, V37, P525, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00014-0 WANG MN, 2003, UNDERGROUND SPACE, V23, P317 [徐志胜 Xu Zhisheng], 2004, [铁道学报, Journal of the China Railway Society], V26, P124 YAN ZG, 2003, UNDERGROUND SPACE, V23, P191 ZENG QL, 1997, RAILWAY J, V19, P92 ZENG YH, 2004, UNDERGROUND SPACE, V24, P69 NR 16 TC 15 Z9 19 U1 2 U2 33 PU ELSEVIER PI AMSTERDAM PA RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 1003-6326 EI 2210-3384 J9 T NONFERR METAL SOC JI Trans. Nonferrous Met. Soc. China PD JUN PY 2006 VL 16 IS 3 BP 741 EP 746 DI 10.1016/S1003-6326(06)60131-3 PG 6 WC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Metallurgy & Metallurgical Engineering GA 062ZM UT WOS:000238985600046 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Vidmar, P AF Vidmar, Peter TI RISK EVALUATION IN ROAD TUNNELS BASED ON CFD RESULTS SO THERMAL SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE tunnel safety; fire safety; risk assessment; CFD; F-N curves; quantitative risk assessment ID FIRE; SAFETY AB Approaches to risk assessment in tunnelling and underground spaces were introduced in 2004 as a result of several serious accidents in tunnels such as Mont Blanc and Tauern Tunnel in 1999. The EU has published the minimum safety requirements for tunnels over 500 m on Trans-European Road Network. The risk assessment is mandatory and should cover all components of the system, i.e. infrastructure, operation, users and vehicles. The professional community has started using the quantitative risk assessment approach, where the crucial issue is the consequence analysis of fire scenarios in a tunnel. Fire development is a complex physical phenomenon and its calculation is time consuming, therefore, complex models have rarely been used in quantitative risk assessment approaches. This paper presents the methodology of integrating fast-processing risk assessment methods with time-consuming CFD methods for fire consequence analysis in the process of tunnel safety assessment. The main variables are soot density and temperature, which are analyzed in one-minute time steps during the fire. Human behavior is considered with the evacuation model, which is needed to evaluate fatalities during the fire process. The application of the methodology is presented based on the evaluation of the national tolerable risk for tunnel transport and compared with referenced EU risk criteria. Furthermore, the presented methodology links CFD simulation results and the quantitative risk assessment approach, still representing the collective risk with F-N curves. C1 [Vidmar, Peter] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transportat, Portoroz, Slovenia. C3 University of Ljubljana RP Vidmar, P (通讯作者)，Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transportat, Portoroz, Slovenia. EM peter.vidmar@fpp.uni-lj.si RI Vidmar, Peter/ABH-8470-2022 CR Ang CD, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V52, P119, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.11.003 [Anonymous], 2008, RISK ANAL ROAD TUNNE [Anonymous], 1996, MEMORIAL TRUNNEL FIR Artyszuk J, 2005, SCI J MARIT UNIV SZC, V6, P21 Ayalon O, 2016, Journal of Environmental Protection, V07, P1259, DOI 10.4236/jep.2016.710111 Brussaard LA, 2004, PROBABILISTIC SAFETY ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT, VOL 1- 6, P2660 Cassini P, 2007, TRANSPORT DANGEROUS Cheng LH, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P597, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00013-3 GANN R G., 1994, Fire and materials, V18, P193, DOI DOI 10.1002/FAM.810180306 Guo XP, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V42, P307, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.03.011 Hartzell GE, 1996, TOXICOLOGY, V115, P7, DOI 10.1016/S0300-483X(96)03492-0 Li JSM, 2003, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V18, P435, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00023-3 Lohansen I. L., 2009, FDN FALLACIES RISK A McGrattan K., 2017, FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULA Ntzeremes P, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V81, P619, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.020 Nyvlt O, 2011, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V26, P71, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2010.06.010 Persson M., 2002, Quantitative Risk Analysis Procedure for the Fire Evacuation of a Road Tunnel Sagaut P., 2002, LARGE EDDY SIMULATIO, V2nd Spoure J., 2014, HARMONISED RISK ACCE Trbojevic V. M., 2005, P EUR SAF REL C GDYN Vidmar P., 2003, J MECH ENG, V49, P1 Vidmar P, 2018, SAFETY SCI, V105, P178, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2018.02.009 Vidmar P, 2007, ENG APPL COMP FLUID, V1, P273, DOI 10.1080/19942060.2007.11015199 Weng MC, 2016, APPL THERM ENG, V94, P422, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.10.059 Zhang X, 2019, CASE STUD THERM ENG, V13, DOI 10.1016/j.csite.2018.100375 NR 25 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 4 U2 38 PU VINCA INST NUCLEAR SCI PI BELGRADE PA MIHAJLA PETROVICA-ALASA 12-14 VINCA, 11037 BELGRADE. POB 522, BELGRADE, 11001, SERBIA SN 0354-9836 EI 2334-7163 J9 THERM SCI JI Therm. Sci. PY 2022 VL 26 IS 2 BP 1435 EP 1450 DI 10.2298/TSCI201108174V PN B PG 16 WC Thermodynamics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics GA 0Z6YO UT WOS:000791221600016 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Caroly, S Kouabenan, DR Gandit, M AF Caroly, Sandrine Kouabenan, Dongo Remi Gandit, Marc TI Analysis of danger management by highway users confronted with a tunnel fire SO SAFETY SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Behavior; Perception of risks; Safety; Pivot point method; Information ID RISK PERCEPTION; PSYCHOLOGY; STRATEGIES AB The aim of this article is to show that risk-management behaviors of highway users in tunnel-fire situations are dependent on their knowledge of safety devices and their danger-handling behavior. We hypothesized that the unpredictability of the circumstances in which fires start, as well as drivers' lack of knowledge about safety devices, are likely to have an impact on their behavior. The present study is a detailed analysis of actual fires that have occurred in tunnels, with a close examination of users' evacuation strategies and procedures. In our analysis of 11 tunnel fires, we studied driver behaviors and the strategies they use to cope with a fire. The tunnel users in these fires encountered difficulties both in perceiving signs of danger and in receiving warnings of the danger. The analysis showed that they engaged in a variety of evacuation behaviors and implemented few collective strategies to protect themselves. The problems were related to poor design or equipment, difficulty using safety devices or processing information, or a lack of emergency signals. Some recommendations are made regarding ways of modifying existing prevention and warning devices in view of promoting safer choices among the available options. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Caroly, Sandrine] Univ Grenoble, IEP, Lab PACTE Polit Publ Act & Terr, F-38040 Grenoble 9, France. [Kouabenan, Dongo Remi; Gandit, Marc] Univ Grenoble 2, UFR SHS, Equipe Travail Sante Changement Org TSCO, LIP PC2S, F-38040 Grenoble 9, France. C3 Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA); Communaute Universite Grenoble Alpes; Universite Grenoble Alpes (UGA) RP Caroly, S (通讯作者)，Univ Grenoble, IEP, Lab PACTE Polit Publ Act & Terr, BP 48, F-38040 Grenoble 9, France. EM sandrine.caroly@ujf-grenoble.fr; Remi.Kouabena-n@upmf-grenoble.fr; Marc.Gandit@upmf-grenoble.fr FU Rhone-Alpes Regional Council (Lyon, France) FX The studies presented in this article are part of a broader research project on highway tunnel management in case of fire, conducted by three laboratories: the Work Psychology Team of the Social Psychology Laboratory (LPS) at the University of Grenoble II (today LIP/PC2S), the Fluid Mechanics Laboratory at Lyon Central School (ECL), and the Center for Tunnel Research (CETU) based in Lyon. The ergonomic/work psychology team at LPS in association with the Centre of Socio-Technic and Organizational Innovation Reaseach Center (CRISTO) laboratory of the University of Grenoble II (today PACTE laboratory) was assigned more specifically to aspects related to perceptions of fire risks in tunnels, users' behavior, and their perception of intervention means, including ergonomic aspects. The entire project was supported and financed by the Rhone-Alpes Regional Council (Lyon, France), to which we extend our gratitude. 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PD DEC PY 2013 VL 60 BP 35 EP 46 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2013.06.006 PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA 224OW UT WOS:000324898900004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Si, PC Li, CY Wang, XF He, YT Che, QX Zhao, SB AF Si, Pengcheng Li, Changyong Wang, Xiangfeng He, Yintao Che, Qixing Zhao, Shunbo TI A Case Study of Systemic Risk Assessment for the Operational Safety of a Long-Distance Water Delivery Tunnel SO PROCESSES LA English DT Article DE water delivery tunnel; operation safety; systemic risk assessment; analytical hierarchy process; fuzzy comprehensive evaluation; integrated model ID INRUSH AB In the operation period of long-distance water delivery tunnels, safety may be impacted by the risks that arise from different aspects including the complex geological conditions with fault fracture zones and karst caves, the diverse environment affecting structural safety and stability, and the construction defects of tunnels. It is crucial to assess and mitigate potential risks to ensure operation safety. To address this challenge, this study presents a systemic risk assessment for the operation safety of a real project of a water delivery tunnel. The potential risks of this project were first summarized based on the analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and a model that integrates the AHP and fuzzy comprehensive evaluation (FCE) was built to effectively quantify and categorize risks for the project in its operation stage. Results of the assessment indicate that the risk of this tunnel operation can be classified at a moderate grade with a calculted specific risk score of 43.935, with the high-risk factors including segment lining cracking, flow control, and regular maintenance. In response to the high-risk factors, the preventative and control measures are proposed to guide effective risk management. The model presented offers an efficient risk assessment tool for water delivery tunnels, aiding decision makers making more rational management decisions in complex and uncertain environments. C1 [Si, Pengcheng] Zhongyuan Inst Sci & Technol, Xuchang Innovat Ctr Intelligent Construct & Bldg I, Zhengzhou 451400, Peoples R China. [Si, Pengcheng; Li, Changyong; Wang, Xiangfeng; Zhao, Shunbo] North China Univ Water Resources & Elect Power, Collaborat Innovat Ctr Efficient Utilizat Water Re, Zhengzhou 450046, Peoples R China. [He, Yintao; Che, Qixing] Zhongzhou Water Supply Holding Co Ltd, Zhengzhou 450046, Peoples R China. C3 North China University of Water Resources & Electric Power RP Li, CY; Zhao, SB (通讯作者)，North China Univ Water Resources & Elect Power, Collaborat Innovat Ctr Efficient Utilizat Water Re, Zhengzhou 450046, Peoples R China. EM pengcheng772@163.com; lichang@ncwu.edu.cn; w1787691807@163.com; hyt_1988@163.com; 1974cheqx@163.com; sbzhao@ncwu.edu.cn RI ; He, Yintao/AAG-6881-2021 OI Li, Changyong/0000-0002-4823-7723; Zhao, Shunbo/0000-0002-9360-940X; FU First-Class Discipline Innovation Team of Henan, China [CXTDPY-6]; Fund for First-Class Discipline Innovation Team of Henan, China FX This research was funded by the Fund for First-Class Discipline Innovation Team of Henan, China (grant no. CXTDPY-6). CR [Anonymous], 2008, GB 50487-2008 Boix-Cots D, 2022, BUILD ENVIRON, V223, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109515 Chen HY, 2024, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V152, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105936 Chen Z., 2022, J. North China Univ. Water Resour. Electr. 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Many reflections and solutions adopted in the framework of the rehabilitation were conveyed into the current rules and recommendations which form the basis of modern tunneling. Twenty years later, some reflections are proposed on the evolution of the "state of the art" in the field of infrastructural safety, on the current situation and on future perspectives. C1 [Bettelini, Marco] Amberg Engn SA, Regensdorf Watt, Switzerland. RP Bettelini, M (通讯作者)，Amberg Engn SA, Regensdorf Watt, Switzerland. EM mbettelini@amberg.ch CR AIPCR/PIARC, 2007, SYST EQ FIR SMOK CON ANAS Condirezione Generale Tecnica Direzione Centrale Progettazione, 2009, LIN GUID PROG SIC NE [Anonymous], DIRETTIVA 2004 54 CE [Anonymous], 1999, RAPP COM COMM AMM IN ATMB-SITMB, 1999, RIPR AD TRAF MONT BI BETTELINI M, 2001, AITES ITA 2001 WORLD Bettelini M., 2022, ITA AITES WORLD TUNN Bettelini M, 2002, MONT BLANC FIRE SAFE Bettelini M., 2001, ITC C BASEL Cialdini P., 2007, CONVEGNO LA SICUREZZ Franchini F., 1993, TRAFORO MONTE BIANCO Pozzi V., 2001, LE STRADE UNECE, 2001, Recommendations of the Group of Experts on Safety in Road Tunnels-Final Report Zignoli V., 1965, AUTOSTRADE NR 14 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 4 PU PATRON EDITORE S R L PI BOLOGNA PA VIA BADINI 12, QUARTO INFERIORE, BOLOGNA, 00000, ITALY SN 0393-1641 J9 GALLERIE GD OPER SOT JI Gallerie Gd. Opere Sotter. PD JUN PY 2022 IS 142 BP 9 EP 17 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA 5V7TV UT WOS:000877429400003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT S AU Gonzalez, J Pease, K AF Gonzalez, J Pease, K GP TRB TI Escape adits for tunnel safety SO DESIGN OF STRUCTURES 2001: BRIDGES, OTHER STRUCTURES, AND HYDRAULICS AND HYDROLOGY SE TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 80th Annual Meeting of the Transportation-Research-Board CY JAN, 2001 CL WASHINGTON, D.C. SP Transportat Res Board AB The Upper Narrows Tunnel on Highway 160 in southern Colorado has been designed with a unique system of escape adits to provide for life safety in the event of emergencies in the tunnel. The use of adits provides for a higher level of safety in this application than would be provided by the more common ventilation system. A summary of the unique project conditions that facilitate such a system is presented, and the methods of analyses and results of calculations used during the design are reviewed. C1 Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas Inc, Boston, MA 02116 USA. C3 Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas (PBQD) RP Gonzalez, J (通讯作者)，Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade & Douglas Inc, 75 Arlington St, Boston, MA 02116 USA. CR *PARS BRINCK QUAD, 1999, SH160 WOLF CREEK TUN *PARS BRINCK QUAD, 1980, SUBW ENV DES HDB, V2 NR 2 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 0 PU TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH BOARD NATL RESEARCH COUNCIL PI WASHINGTON PA 500 FIFTH ST, NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20001 USA SN 0361-1981 BN 0-309-07232-8 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC PY 2001 IS 1770 BP 204 EP 208 PG 5 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S); Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA BU64X UT WOS:000176595200026 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhao, EZ Dong, LL Chen, Y Lou, Q Xu, WH AF Zhao, En-Zhong Dong, Li-Li Chen, Yang Lou, Qi Xu, Wen-Hai TI The Impact of LED Color Rendering on the Dark Adaptation of Human Eyes at Tunnel Entrances SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article DE dark adaptation; color rendering; tunnel entrance; traffic safety; tunnel lighting ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; SAFETY AB The dark adaptation of drivers' eyes at a tunnel entrance seriously affects traffic safety. This can be improved by the design of tunnel lighting. Light-Emitting Diode (LEDs) have been applied as a new type of luminaire in tunnel lighting in recent years, but at present, there are few studies on the influence of color rendering of LEDs on tunnel traffic safety, and there is no explicit indicator for the selection of appropriate color rendering parameters in tunnel lighting specifications, which has aroused researchers' concern. In this article, several new color rendering evaluation indexes were compared, and as a result, it is considered that CRI2012 (a color difference-based color rendering index) is more suitable for evaluating the color rendering of LEDs used at tunnel entrances. The dark adaptation phenomenon was simulated in the laboratory. Four CRI2012s, three color temperatures and eight colored targets were used in the experiments. The results showed that yellow, silver and white can provide shorter reaction times, while red and brown lead to longer reaction times, which can provide a reference for the design of road and warning signs at tunnel entrances. The effect of target color on reaction time was greater than that of color rendering. Under most target colors, the higher the CRI2012, the shorter the reaction time. When designing the color rendering of the LEDs at a tunnel entrance, the value should thus be as large as possible (close to 100), and a lower color temperature value (about 2800 K) should be selected. This paper provides technical support for tunnel lighting design and a reference for tunnel lighting specifications, which is of significance to improve driving safety and avoid traffic accidents in highway tunnels. C1 [Zhao, En-Zhong; Dong, Li-Li; Chen, Yang; Lou, Qi; Xu, Wen-Hai] Dalian Maritime Univ, Sch Informat Sci & Technol, Dalian 116026, Peoples R China. C3 Dalian Maritime University RP Dong, LL (通讯作者)，Dalian Maritime Univ, Sch Informat Sci & Technol, Dalian 116026, Peoples R China. EM zhaoenzhong@dlmu.edu.cn; donglili@dlmu.edu.cn; chenyang123@dlmu.edu.cn; louqi@dlmu.edu.cn; xuwenhai@dlmu.edu.cn OI Zhao, Enzhong/0000-0001-7791-1951 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [61701069]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China [3132019340, 3132019200] FX This paper was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61701069. This paper was supported in part by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China under Grant 3132019340 and 3132019200. 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J. Environ. Res. Public Health PD MAR PY 2020 VL 17 IS 5 AR 1566 DI 10.3390/ijerph17051566 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA KY2GJ UT WOS:000522389200106 PM 32121272 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Faggioni, N Marchionni, V Cambiaso, R AF Faggioni, Nicolo Marchionni, Valentina Cambiaso, Roberta TI Ventilation systems inside tunnel escape routes SO GALLERIE E GRANDI OPERE SOTTERRANEE LA Italian DT Article DE Ventilation; tunnel fire; smoke proof filter; fire safety engineering AB The analysis presented in this paper focuses on the safety of road-tunnels, which are very sensitive infrastructures. Fires are among the most dangerous incidents. Their effects could be devastating, as experienced in the last decades. Thus, escape routes, which allow to evacuate the tunnel users, play a very important role for fire safety. This paper analyzes the ventilation and pressurization system installed in a pedestrian bypass connecting the two tubes of an existing road tunnel. The system, designed based on obsolete guidelines, does not fully cope with current requirements. The analysis will be approached using Fire Safety Engineering (FSE), to highlight the importance and validity of the application of the performance approach to fire prevention design. Its objective is to verify the effectiveness and limitations of the existing ventilation system. C1 [Faggioni, Nicolo; Cambiaso, Roberta] DBA PRO SpA, Santo Stefano Di Cadore, BL, Italy. [Marchionni, Valentina] Autostrade Italia SpA, Direz 4 Tronco, Florence, Italy. RP Faggioni, N (通讯作者)，DBA PRO SpA, Santo Stefano Di Cadore, BL, Italy. EM nicolo.faggioni@dbagroup.it CR [Anonymous], 2009, LINEE GUIDA PROGETTA ASCENZI G., 2010, INGEGNERIA SICUREZZA BEARD A., 2005, HDB TUNNEL SAFETY DiNenno P.J., 2002, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, VThird Hurley M.J., 2015, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, DOI DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0 Ingason H., 2015, Tunnel Fire Dynamics, DOI DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2199-7 MARSELLA S., 2006, INGEGNERIA SICUREZZA MCGRATTAN K., 2013, SPECIAL PUBLICATION, V1018 NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 1 PU PATRON EDITORE S R L PI BOLOGNA PA VIA BADINI 12, QUARTO INFERIORE, BOLOGNA, 00000, ITALY SN 0393-1641 J9 GALLERIE GD OPER SOT JI Gallerie Gd. Opere Sotter. PD SEP PY 2022 IS 143 BP 29 EP 37 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA M3QN9 UT WOS:001029363600005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Han, L Du, ZG Wang, SS AF Han, Lei Du, Zhigang Wang, Shoushuo TI Exploring drivers' psychological responses in spiral tunnel: visual attention and subjective perceptions SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Spiral tunnel; curved tunnel; visual attention; cognitive workload; tunnel driving safety ID COGNITIVE LOAD; EYE; PERFORMANCE AB ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to investigate the challenges associated with driving in spiral tunnels through a comprehensive analysis of both visual performance and subjective perceptions of drivers. By comparing driving behavior in spiral tunnels to that in conventional curved tunnels, the study aimed to identify specific differences in visual attention, cognitive processing, and perceived workload, ultimately informing tunnel design and safety improvements.MethodsNaturalistic driving experiments were conducted in two different tunnel environments: A conventional curved tunnel and a spiral tunnel. Participating drivers were equipped with eye-tracking device to measure visual performance indicators such as average fixation duration, average pupil diameter, average saccade duration, and average saccade amplitude. Additionally, drivers' subjective perceptions of workload were assessed using the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index (NASA-TLX) scale, which evaluates mental, physical, temporal, and emotional demands, as well as overall performance and frustration.ResultsThe results of the study revealed significant differences in drivers' visual performance and subjective perceptions between spiral and curved tunnels. In spiral tunnels, drivers exhibited longer average fixation durations and larger average pupil diameters, indicating increased cognitive processing and visual attention requirements. Furthermore, drivers in spiral tunnels had longer average saccade durations and smaller average saccade amplitudes, suggesting a more cautious and focused visual scanning strategy due to the tight turns and limited visibility. Subjectively, drivers reported significantly higher workload across all dimensions of the NASA-TLX scale in spiral tunnels, indicating greater mental, physical, temporal, and emotional demands compared to curved tunnels.ConclusionsThis study reveals the challenges of spiral tunnels for drivers, especially regarding visual attention and cognitive load. It suggests that improving tunnel design elements like lighting, signage, and road surfaces can lower drivers' cognitive demands and improve their visual processing. The research also emphasizes the importance of specialized driver training for navigating these tunnels safely. In summary, the findings enhance transportation safety by offering insights into driving behavior in complex tunnels and suggesting methods to reduce risks. C1 [Han, Lei] Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China. [Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Wang, Shoushuo] Guangzhou Maritime Univ, Sch Intelligent Transportat & Engn, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. C3 Shijiazhuang Tiedao University; Wuhan University of Technology; Guangzhou Maritime University RP Han, L (通讯作者)，Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China. EM hanleibest@stdu.edu.cn RI Wang, Shoushuo/AAF-2645-2021 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291, 52402423] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52072291 and 52402423). 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Prev. PD OCT 3 PY 2025 VL 26 IS 7 BP 775 EP 784 DI 10.1080/15389588.2025.2459860 EA FEB 2025 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA 8GK3I UT WOS:001427472700001 PM 39983127 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Rakoczy, AM Wilk, ST Jones, M AF Rakoczy, Anna M. Wilk, Stephen T. Jones, MaryClara TI Security and Safety of Rail Transit Tunnels SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article AB Transportation Technology Center, Inc., with support from the Center for Urban Transportation Research at the University of South Florida, was tasked by the FTA to research areas of transit safety risk, identify existing specifications and guidelines for rail transit tunnel design, construction, maintenance, and rehabilitation, and perform a gap analysis to establish the need for additional standards, guidance, or recommended practices to support and further the safe operation of the United States' public transportation industry. This paper presents industry needs with a focus on security and safety that were identified by reviewing past tunnel incidents and related literature. The compilation of past tunnel incidents includes available reports published by the National Transportation Safety Board and other U.S. and European agencies. These reports generally involve rare but high-risk events such as fires and flooding, and emphasize public safety. A summary of needs obtained through a literature review emphasizes the need for continually updated specifications and best practices. The industry needs findings include the need for working fire detection, ventilation, and emergency egress along with coordinated emergency response plans that can be utilized by trained personnel. C1 [Rakoczy, Anna M.; Wilk, Stephen T.; Jones, MaryClara] Transportat Technol Ctr Inc, Pueblo, CO 81001 USA. C3 Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) RP Rakoczy, AM (通讯作者)，Transportat Technol Ctr Inc, Pueblo, CO 81001 USA. EM anna_rakoczy@aar.com RI Rakoczy, Anna/AAF-8965-2021 OI Rakoczy, Anna/0000-0003-1208-5729 FU FTA; CUTR FX This research was conducted as part of the Review of Specifications and Guidelines for Rail Tunnel Design, Construction, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation (1) prepared for Federal Transit Administration (FTA) and Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) (https://www.cutr.usf.edu/).The authors would like to thank FTA and CUTR for supporting this study. CR American Railway Engineering Maintenance-of-Way Association, 2017, AREMA MAN RAILW EN 4 [Anonymous], 2017, NAT PUBL TRANSP SAF [Anonymous], 2003, NFPA 130 [Anonymous], 2015, NTSB/RAR-16/01 NTSB [Anonymous], 1979, RAR7905 NAT TRANSP S [Anonymous], 2014, 13032014 EUR UN [Anonymous], 2015, SSSISRP1615 APTA [Anonymous], 2010, 110 NFPA [Anonymous], 2004, RAB0408 NAT TRANSP S [Anonymous], 2016, 111 NFPA [Anonymous], 2017, 70 NEPA [Anonymous], 2014, 1561 NFPA [Anonymous], 2015, Tunnel Operations, Maintenance, Inspection, and Evaluation (TOMIE) Manual [Anonymous], 2006, 86 TCRP, V12 [Anonymous], 2017, AASHTO LRFD ROAD TUN [Anonymous], 502 NFPA International Code Council ICC, 2015, INT FIR COD IFC Maevski I., 2016, 836 NCHRP TRANSP RES Rakoczy A., 2018, P18008 FTA CUTR U. S. Department of Transportation, 1998, 021421093 MA US DEP NR 20 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 1 U2 31 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0361-1981 EI 2169-4052 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC JI Transp. Res. Record PD JAN PY 2019 VL 2673 IS 1 BP 92 EP 101 DI 10.1177/0361198118822819 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA HX6RR UT WOS:000467531500008 OA Bronze DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ejrup, AM AF Ejrup, Anna-Maria TI Towards Design Options and Trade-offs for Road Tunnels Incorporating Suppression Systems SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel; Fire safety; Design fire; Suppression; Tunnel ventilation; Trade-off AB The possibility of trade-offs in road tunnel design incorporating suppression has been evaluated. Different tunnel configurations and ventilation conditions is considered to identify potential trade-offs, offering options of design alternatives for future substantial cost-benefit savings. Suppression systems are regularly used in Australia and Japan, and the interest regarding suppression systems in tunnels are growing in the rest of the world and slowly getting implemented in tunnels in Europe and other continents. Due to changes for instance in research regarding the acceptable design fire size and the growing focus on the fire safety in tunnels in general around the world, there is an opportunity of introducing trade-offs in tunnel design incorporating suppression systems. Possible trade-offs has been identified and outlined using risk based comparison approach as part of an evaluative process considering relevant safety objectives. Reliability of suppression systems is shown to be an important aspect, as well as the behavior of tunnel users. One may argue that suppression systems should always be considered as a primary option in tunnel design to achieve a desirable level of safety, enable fire brigade intervention and limit any costs associated with a tunnel fire. As an additional benefit to suppression systems offer the opportunity of potential trade-offs, opening a window of more innovative solutions and cost-benefit approaches compared to traditional prescriptive tunnel safety design. Residual value of this evaluative work and its conclusions shows that, when incorporating trade-offs, aspects like 'point of no return', visibility and consequences of trade-offs in the event of suppression system failure must be addressed from a fire engineering and risk management point of view. C1 WSP Fire & Risk, Stockholm, Sweden. RP Ejrup, AM (通讯作者)，WSP Fire & Risk, Stockholm, Sweden. EM anna-maria.ejrup@wspgroup.se CR Agnew N, 2008, FULL SCALE CAR BURNS [Anonymous], 2008, 502 NFPA [Anonymous], 101 NFPA [Anonymous], 2008, WP2 UPTUN Aralt TT, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P75, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.04.001 Backman J, 2008, RAPPORTER UPPSATSER Bafsa, 2006, SPRINKL SAF US BEN I Blomqvist J, 2002, 3117 LUNDS TH BRANDS, P239 Carvel R, 2008, 3 INT S TUNN SAF SEC Carvel R., 2005, The Handbook Of Tunnel Fire Safety Directive European, 2004, OFF J EUR UNION Ejrup A-M, 2011, 5305 DEP FIR SAF ENG Ejvegard R, 2003, VETENSKAPLIG METOD Eurocode 2, 2004, 1992122004 BS EN FIT, 2004, FIR TUNN DES FIR S 1 Hewitt J, 2005, NFPA WORLD SAF C EXP Huijben JW, 2005, NFPA WORLD SAF C EXP International Tunnelling Association (ITA), 2004, GUID STRUCT FIR RES ISTSS, 2008, P 3 INT S TUNN SAF S Johnson P., 2008, 3 INT S TUNN SAF SEC, P107 Johnson P, 2007, BURNLEY TUNNEL FIRE Johnson P, 2009, SUPPRESSION SYSTEMS Liu ZG, 2007, NRCC49232 NRCCNRC, P1 Marioff/HI-FOG, 2008, TUNN FIR PROT ISTSS Mashimo H, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V18, P113 Mawhinney JR, 2002, INT WAT MIST C Nystedt F, 2003, THESIS DEP FIRE SAFE Opstad K, 2006, SAFE RELIABLE TUNNEL PIARC, 2004, FIR SMOK CONTR ROAD PIARC, 2008, ROAD TUNN ASS FIX FI RTA, 2006, ROAD TUNN DES GUID SOLIT, 2007, SAF LIF TUNN Stroeks R, 2001, BFA10012 CHIYOD ENG UPTUN, 2006, ENG GUID WAT BAS FIR Vasilovska M, 2006, EFFECTIVE USE DELUGE, P143 Wu Y, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V35, P363, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00031-X NR 36 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 0 U2 8 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 EI 1572-8099 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD MAY PY 2014 VL 50 IS 3 BP 545 EP 563 DI 10.1007/s10694-012-0313-6 PG 19 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA AD1AD UT WOS:000332965300006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lin, CL Chien, CF AF Lin, Chien Liang Chien, Chao Fu TI Lessons learned from critical accidental fires in tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Systems thinking; Lessons learned; Accidental tunnel fires; Causal loop diagram ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; HIGHWAY TUNNEL; ROAD TUNNELS; SAFETY; SYSTEMS; INCIDENTS; TECHNOLOGY; STATE AB Historical data indicate that tunnel fires often cause casualties and damage to both vehicles and tunnels. These severe consequences suggest that (1) humans seldom effectively learn from history, and (2) people lack optimal safety response strategies for tunnel fires. To investigate the root causes of accidental tunnel fires and learn from them, we first surveyed the literature on historical tunnel accidents and described the common timeline of accidental tunnel fires. We employed systems thinking, based on the past research, to depict a causal loop diagram of common accidental tunnel fires. We arrived at the following three findings: (1) the literature review proved that the causes of tunnel fires are far more complex than other types of fires, and the damage they generate is greater; (2) in the context of systems thinking, accidental tunnel fires involve many causal relationships which are both continuous and dynamic, including at least three systems, namely vehicles, tunnel control, and safety response; (3) the mental models "the experience of the operators at the tunnel operation control center is just as vital as the safety response" and "safety is more critical than the traffic volume in the tunnel", can strengthen safety response systems and ensure safe driving in tunnels. Although the structure of each tunnel and the characteristics of each fire differ and present different causal relationships, this study elucidated lessons from accidental tunnel fires and provided required messages for establishing effective safety measures. The results of this study can be used to establish systems thinking models of tunnel fires and can serve as a reference for policy planning and establishing standard operating procedures for safety responses. C1 [Lin, Chien Liang; Chien, Chao Fu] Natl Kaohsiung Univ Sci & Technol, Kaohsiung, Taiwan. [Lin, Chien Liang] 1 Univ Rd, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan. C3 National Kaohsiung University of Science & Technology RP Chien, CF (通讯作者)，1 Univ Rd, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUL PY 2021 VL 113 AR 103944 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103944 EA APR 2021 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA SG7RA UT WOS:000653636100003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU KOHNO, S ANG, AHS TANG, WH AF KOHNO, S ANG, AHS TANG, WH TI RELIABILITY EVALUATION OF IDEALIZED TUNNEL SYSTEMS SO STRUCTURAL SAFETY LA English DT Article DE FAILURE PROBABILITY; AVAILABILITY; TUNNEL SYSTEM; RELIABILITY; TUNNEL SUPPORT; ROCK AB In order to discuss the overall safety of a tunnel project, it is necessary to consider the reliability of a given length of the tunnel system rather than that at a cross-section. Since the failure pattern along a tunnel axis consists of failed and unfailed sections with varying lengths, a two-state availability model is introduced. Results show that the reliability of a tunnel system within one type of rock would depend upon the correlation characteristics of the ground along the tunnel axis and the reliability of a cross-section. The effect of alternating rock types along the tunnel axis upon the reliability of the tunnel system is also investigated. C1 UNIV CALIF IRVINE,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,IRVINE,CA 92717. UNIV ILLINOIS,DEPT CIVIL ENGN,URBANA,IL 61801. C3 University of California System; University of California Irvine; University of Illinois System; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign RP KOHNO, S (通讯作者)，SHIMIZU CORP,SEAVANS S,2-3 SHIBAURA 1 CHOME,MINATO KU,TOKYO 10507,JAPAN. RI Tang, Wenhui/LDF-8564-2024 CR Ang A.H.-S., 2006, PROBABILITY CONCEPTS, V2nd CORDING EJ, 1977, P INT S FIELD MEASUR JAN MLV, 1982, GROUND LINING BEHAVI KOHNO S, 1990, STRUCTURAL SAFETY RE, V1, P247 Kohno S, 1989, THESIS U ILLINOIS UR MATSUO M, 1983, 4TH P INT C APPL STA, P1517 NR 6 TC 29 Z9 37 U1 1 U2 21 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0167-4730 J9 STRUCT SAF JI Struct. Saf. PD APR PY 1992 VL 11 IS 2 BP 81 EP 93 DI 10.1016/0167-4730(92)90001-4 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA HN060 UT WOS:A1992HN06000001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Cubuk, MK Öztürk, EA Hatipoglu, S Sinoplu, MZ AF Cubuk, M. Kursat Ozturk, Ebru Arikan Hatipoglu, Seda Sinoplu, M. Zafer TI Traffic safety in highway tunnels in Turkey SO TEKNIK DERGI LA Turkish DT Article AB Tunnels form a supplementary part of the highways. Crossing the geographical barriers which forms difficulty in passing over by tunnels provides great advantages in national and international communication. Fewer traffic accidents happen in the tunnels than on areas without tunnel. On the other hand accidents in tunnels, especially fires, can have dramatic consequences, since they happen in a closed area. The European Union prepared and put into force the directive on minimum safety requirements in road tunnels in 2004, due to the accidents happening in the tunnels within the boundaries in recent years. In this study, the current situation of 18 road tunnels in Turkey is examined; compliance of the tunnels in Turkey to EU directive is considered; and the things to do to secure the traffic safety in these tunnels are stated. C1 [Cubuk, M. Kursat] Gazi Univ, Insaat Muhendisligi Bolumu, Ankara, Turkey. [Ozturk, Ebru Arikan; Hatipoglu, Seda] Gazi Univ, Fen Bilimleri Enstitusu, Ankara, Turkey. [Sinoplu, M. Zafer] Karayollari Genel Mudurlugu, Ankara, Turkey. C3 Gazi University; Gazi University; Ministry of Transport, Maritime & Communications - Turkey RP Cubuk, MK (通讯作者)，Gazi Univ, Insaat Muhendisligi Bolumu, Ankara, Turkey. EM ckursat@gazi.edu.tr; eozturk@gazi.edu.tr; sedab@gazi.edu.tr; msinoplu@kgm.gov.tr RI Arıkan Öztürk, Ebru/N-8678-2014 CR [Anonymous], 2001, ENlearning and training in Europe A survey into the use of eNlearning in training and professional development in the European Union, P3 *EUR, 2006, EUR TUNN ASS PROGR T *EUR UN, 2006, SAF EUR ROAD TUNN KGM (Karayollari Genel Mudurlugu Arastirma ve Gelistirme Dairesi Baskanligi), 1997, KAR GEN MUD BAK DAIR, P1 *KGM MATB, 2006, KAR GEN MUD BAK DAIR KRAUSMANN E, 2005, D45, P7 *PIARC WORLD ROAD, 1999, FIR SMOK CONTR ROAD, P39 *SAF SEC ROADINFR, 2006, TUNN TEST TARG SAF G NR 8 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 4 PU TURKISH CHAMBER CIVIL ENGINEERS PI KIZILAY PA SELANIK CAD NO 19-1, KIZILAY, ANKARA 06650, TURKEY SN 1300-3453 J9 TEK DERGI JI Tek. Dergi PD JUL PY 2008 VL 19 IS 3 BP 4471 EP 4486 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA 327NT UT WOS:000257736500005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jin, JL Huang, HL Li, Y Dong, YX Zhang, GQ Chen, JG AF Jin, Jieling Huang, Helai Li, Ye Dong, Yuxuan Zhang, Gongquan Chen, Jiguang TI Variable speed limit control strategy for freeway tunnels based on a multi-objective deep reinforcement learning framework with safety perception SO EXPERT SYSTEMS WITH APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Variable speed limit; Freeway tunnel; Real-time safety perception; Deep reinforcement learning ID TIME CRASH RISK; TRAFFIC FLOW; CONGESTION; MODELS; SYSTEM AB This study proposes a novel application-oriented variable speed limit (VSL) control strategy based on a multiobjective deep reinforcement learning (MDRL) framework for freeway tunnels to improve traffic efficiency while prioritizing safety. The MDRL-based VSL strategy incorporates a real-time crash risk prediction model based on random deep and cross networks for implementing the safety perception function. The MDRL framework is designed based on a dueling double deep Q-network algorithm, and the design of the reinforcement learning components takes full account of the application conditions of most existing tunnels. The inclusion of a speed limit change trigger in the design of the VSL strategy helps to avoid the loss of safety performance that might result from frequent speed changes. The effectiveness of the proposed VSL strategy is validated in a simulation scenario built based on a real freeway tunnel traffic environment. The results show that the proposed strategy significantly improves traffic safety performance by 14-19% and traffic efficiency by 2-4% compared to the fixed speed limit strategy. Specifically, the proposed strategy outperforms the VSL strategy that solely aimed to improve efficiency in safety performance, and it is more efficient than the VSL strategy that solely aimed to improve safety performance, indicating the proposed strategy provides a good balance between safety and efficiency. C1 [Jin, Jieling; Huang, Helai; Li, Ye; Dong, Yuxuan; Zhang, Gongquan] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. [Chen, Jiguang] Hunan Newhood S Co Ltd, Changsha, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University RP Li, Y (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Urban Transport Res Ctr, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha, Peoples R China. EM jielingkim@csu.edu.cn; huanghelai@csu.edu.cn; yelicsu@csu.edu.cn; 214201028@csu.edu.cn RI JIN, Jieling/GPS-9546-2022; LI, YE/AAQ-9602-2020 OI JIN, Jieling/0000-0002-2063-5156; FU National Natural Science Founda-tion of China [52472371]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University [2024ZZTS0497] FX This study was sponsored by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No.52472371) , and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (No.2024ZZTS0497) . 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PD APR 1 PY 2025 VL 267 AR 126277 DI 10.1016/j.eswa.2024.126277 EA DEC 2024 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science; Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA S7X8L UT WOS:001400313400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Palmero, NM Vardy, A AF Montenegro Palmero, Natalia Vardy, Alan TI Tunnel gradients and aural health criterion for train passengers SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART F-JOURNAL OF RAIL AND RAPID TRANSIT LA English DT Article DE Aural safety criterion; passenger comfort; long tunnels; elevation change; gradients; high-speed AB An inconvenient consequence of the UIC health and safety criterion for allowable pressure changes in railway tunnels is highlighted. It is shown that the criterion limits allowable speeds in long tunnels with large changes of elevation much more than it does in equivalent tunnels with small changes in elevation. The constraint is especially strong for trains travelling uphill, but it can also exist for trains travelling downhill. Possible ways of avoiding the problem without reducing speed are considered and are found to be practicable in some cases. However, they are of uncertain suitability because they rely on exploiting a particular feature of the safety criterion in a manner that is unlikely to have been intended when it was mandated. In addition, attention is drawn to an ambiguity inherent in the application of the criterion to certain types of tunnel. Suggestions are made for simple modifications to the criterion and comparisons are made with conditions experienced routinely in commercial aviation. C1 [Montenegro Palmero, Natalia] INECO, Madrid, Spain. 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Rail Rapid Transit PD SEP PY 2014 VL 228 IS 7 BP 821 EP 832 DI 10.1177/0954409713490684 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA AS1RM UT WOS:000344058300009 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, WL Wu, XG Zhang, LM Wang, YY Teng, JY AF Liu, Wenli Wu, Xianguo Zhang, Limao Wang, Yanyu Teng, Jiaying TI Sensitivity analysis of structural health risk in operational tunnels SO AUTOMATION IN CONSTRUCTION LA English DT Article DE Global sensitivity analysis; Structural safety risk; Operational tunnels; Epistemic uncertainty; Stochastic finite element; EFAST ID FINITE-ELEMENT-ANALYSIS; SHIELD TUNNEL; PROBABILISTIC ANALYSIS; SAFETY RISK; MODEL; CONSTRUCTION; RELIABILITY; UNCERTAINTY; CHINA; METHODOLOGY AB During the operation of metro tunnels, structural performance could inevitably degrade due to the combined effects of the stochastic and disadvantageous environment. In order to reduce the randomness and uncertainty underlying the structural safety risk analysis in operational tunnels, this paper develops a novel hybrid approach to perform global sensitivity analysis. The deterministic and stochastic finite element (FE) model is used to develop the approximate relationship between input and output parameters with a high level of accuracy. Based on the simulated data from an FE model, a meta-model is constructed by a built Particle Swarm Optimization-Least Square Support Vector Machine (PSO-LSSVM) model. In this research, 10,000 groups of data are generated by the built PSO-LSSVM model, which provides data support for the global sensitivity analysis through Extended Fourier Amplitude Sensitivity Test (EFAST). The input variables with a high global sensitivity are identified as crucial variables which should be well controlled and managed during tunnel operation. A Hankou-Fanhu (H-F) tunnel section in the Wuhan metro system is utilized as a case study to verify the applicability of the proposed approach. Global sensitivity analysis enables the reduction of the epistemic uncertainty in tunnel structural safety management, providing insight into a better understanding of (1) the input-output causal relationships of the structural safety risk in operational tunnels, (2) the reduction of the epistemic uncertainty in project safety management of operational tunnels. C1 [Liu, Wenli; Wu, Xianguo; Wang, Yanyu] Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Mech, Wuhan 430074, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Limao] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore. [Teng, Jiaying] Jilin Jianzhu Univ, Sch Econ & Management, Changchun 130118, Jilin, Peoples R China. C3 Huazhong University of Science & Technology; Nanyang Technological University; Jilin Jianzhu University RP Zhang, LM (通讯作者)，Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore. EM limao.zhang@ntu.edu.sg RI Zhang, Limao/A-1320-2016; Liu, Wenli/U-1303-2019 OI Zhang, Limao/0000-0002-7245-3741; Liu, Wenli/0000-0003-3981-3693; Wang, Yanyu/0000-0002-5505-9312 FU National Key Research Projects of China - China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2016YFC0800208, 2018M632880]; Natural Science Foundation of China [71571078, 51308240, 51378235]; Wuhan City Technology Bureau of Scientific Research Innovation Project [201619] FX This research has been supported by the National Key Research Projects of China (Grant No. 2016YFC0800208), Project funded by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Grant No. 2018M632880), the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 71571078, No. 51308240, and No. 51378235), and the Wuhan City Technology Bureau of Scientific Research Innovation Project (Grant No. 201619). The authors gratefully acknowledge this support. 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PD OCT PY 2018 VL 94 BP 135 EP 153 DI 10.1016/j.autcon.2018.06.008 PG 19 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA GS4YN UT WOS:000443663900013 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Feng, ZX Yang, MM Du, YJ Xu, J Huang, CJ Jiang, X AF Feng, Zhongxiang Yang, Miaomiao Du, Yingjie Xu, Jin Huang, Congjun Jiang, Xu TI Effects of the Spatial Structure Conditions of Urban Underpass Tunnels' Longitudinal Section on Drivers' Physiological and Behavioral Comfort SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article DE traffic safety; urban underpass tunnel; driving simulator experiment; physiological characteristics; tunnel height; slope; slope length ID MENTAL WORKLOAD; ROAD TUNNEL; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; SAFETY; SIMULATOR; REAL; RISK; EEG AB To investigate the physiological and behavioral comfort of drivers traversing urban underpass tunnels with various spatial structure conditions, a driving simulator experiment was conducted using 3DMAX and SCANeRTM studio software. Three parameters, including the slope, slope length, and height of a tunnel, were selected as research objects to explore the optimal combination of structural parameters in urban underpass tunnels. The heart rate (HR), interbeat (RR) interval, speed, and lane centerline offset value were collected for 30 drivers. Then, a measurement model of the relationship among HR, RR interval, speed, lane centerline offset value, and structural parameters was established by using partial correlation analyses and the stepwise regression method. On this basis, a structural constraint model based on the drivers' physiological and behavioral comfort thresholds was also constructed. The results show that the driver's HR, RR interval, speed, and lane centerline offsets are significantly related to the tunnel height, slope, and slope length. More importantly, this paper not only analyzed the effects of various structural parameters on drivers' physiology and behavior but also proposed an optimized combination of structural parameters based on drivers' physiological and behavioral comfort. It can reasonably improve tunnel design in China, ensure tunnel traffic safety, and seek the maximum comfort of the driver in the driving process.

C1 [Feng, Zhongxiang; Yang, Miaomiao] Southeast Univ, Sch Transportat, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China. [Du, Yingjie] Hefei Univ Technol, Sch Automobile & Traff Engn, Hefei 230009, Peoples R China. [Xu, Jin] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Coll Traff & Transportat, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Huang, Congjun; Jiang, Xu] Hefei Urban Planning & Design Inst, Hefei 230009, Peoples R China. C3 Southeast University - China; Hefei University of Technology; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Yang, MM (通讯作者)，Southeast Univ, Sch Transportat, Nanjing 210096, Peoples R China. EM fzx@hfut.edu.cn; 230218399@seu.edu.cn; rajondu@163.com; yhnl_996699@163.com; hcj13965051002@outlook.com; jiangxu_524@live.com OI XU, Jin/0000-0002-6522-6989; zhongxiang, feng/0000-0002-4388-0787 FU China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2019M661694]; Open Fund for the Key Traffic Safety Laboratory of the Ministry of Public Security [2021ZDSYSKFKT01]; Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Hunan Provincial Department of Education [18B142]; technological achievements of Intelligent Manufacturing Institute of Hefei University of Technology [IMIPY2021019] FX FundingThis paper is supported by the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (No. 2019M661694), the Open Fund for the Key Traffic Safety Laboratory of the Ministry of Public Security (Grant No. 2021ZDSYSKFKT01), the Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by Hunan Provincial Department of Education (18B142) and technological achievements of Intelligent Manufacturing Institute of Hefei University of Technology (No. IMIPY2021019). 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Public Health PD OCT PY 2021 VL 18 IS 20 AR 10992 DI 10.3390/ijerph182010992 PG 20 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA WT7HP UT WOS:000716033000001 PM 34682737 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Shao, XY Yang, SY Yuan, YL Jia, HL Zheng, LG Liang, CP AF Shao, Xiangyu Yang, Shenyin Yuan, Yongliang Jia, Hailin Zheng, Ligang Liang, Changping TI Study on the difference of dispersion behavior between hydrogen and methane in utility tunnel SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Utility tunnel; Hydrogen; Leakage; Dispersion; Safety ID CONCENTRATION LAYER ADJACENT; HIGHLY PRESSURIZED HYDROGEN; LIQUID-HYDROGEN; CRYOGENIC HYDROGEN; CEILING WALL; RELEASE; LEAKAGE; VENTILATION; SIMULATION; DIFFUSION AB Compared to liquid/gas hydrogen tank, the pipeline is an economical way for hydrogen transportation. With the quick development of utility tunnel in China, hydrogen pipeline enters the gas compartment can be expected soon. However, all the safety requirements of the gas compartment in the current standards are designed for natural gas, and the applicability for hydrogen is unknown. Therefore, a series of studies were started to investigate the safety of hydrogen in utility tunnel. In this work, a real utility tunnel locates at Shanghai was selected as the physical object. A 3D numerical model was built and successfully validated by a scaled tunnel test. The model has the maximum deviation of +9.5%. After that, a comparatively study of the dispersion behavior of CH4 and H2 was conducted. The assumed scenario was a 20 mm small-hole leaks with gauge pressure of 1.0 MPa in the middle of the tunnel. Numerical results shown that, H2 has a larger dispersion velocity and higher concentration, and is more dangerous compared to CH4. The current emergency ventilation strategy of air change rate of 12 times/h is not effective enough to dilute the H2 flammable cloud. The alarm time of the testing points shown strong linear law. There was a sharp variation in the range of 20%-100% LFL (Lower Flammable Limit), so the alarm strategy in the tunnel standards is too ideal for both CH4 and H2. The numerical results in the present study could provide a guidance for the design and safety management of the hydrogen tunnel. C1 [Shao, Xiangyu; Jia, Hailin; Zheng, Ligang] Henan Polytech Univ, Coll Safety Sci & Engn, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan, Peoples R China. [Yang, Shenyin] Beijing Inst Aerosp Testing Technol, Beijing 100074, Peoples R China. [Yuan, Yongliang] Henan Polytech Univ, Sch Mech & Power Engn, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan, Peoples R China. [Liang, Changping] Changshu Inst Technol, Sch Mech Engn, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. C3 Henan Polytechnic University; Henan Polytechnic University; Suzhou University of Technology RP Jia, HL (通讯作者)，Henan Polytech Univ, Coll Safety Sci & Engn, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan, Peoples R China.; Yuan, YL (通讯作者)，Henan Polytech Univ, Sch Mech & Power Engn, Jiaozuo 454003, Henan, Peoples R China. EM yuanyongliang@hpu.edu.cn; jiahailin@hpu.edu.cn RI Shao, Xiangyu/KZU-3838-2024 OI Shao, Xiangyu/0000-0002-1926-0377; Zheng, Ligang/0000-0002-1746-9492; Jia, Hailin/0000-0003-0485-3302 FU Natural Science Foundation of Henan Polytechnic University [B2021-03, B202131]; Science and Technology Plan Project of Henan Province [212102210226]; Henan Key Laboratory of Underground Engineering Disaster Prevention FX This research work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Polytechnic University (B2021-03, B202131), and the Science and Technology Plan Project of Henan Province (NO.212102210226). 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J. Hydrog. Energy PD FEB 8 PY 2022 VL 47 IS 12 BP 8130 EP 8144 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.12.123 PG 15 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA YV1AI UT WOS:000752464200002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kashkarov, S Dadashzadeh, M Sivaraman, S Molkov, V AF Kashkarov, Sergii Dadashzadeh, Mohammad Sivaraman, Srinivas Molkov, Vladimir TI Quantitative Risk Assessment Methodology for Hydrogen Tank Rupture in a Tunnel Fire SO HYDROGEN LA English DT Article DE risk assessment; hydrogen safety; tunnel ID BLAST WAVE; STORAGE; PERFORMANCE AB This study presents a methodology of a quantitative risk assessment for the scenario of an onboard hydrogen storage tank rupture and tunnel fire incident. The application of the methodology is demonstrated on a road tunnel. The consequence analysis is carried out for the rupture of a 70 MPa, 62.4-litre hydrogen storage tank in a fire, that has a thermally activated pressure relief device (TPRD) failed or blocked during an incident. Scenarios with two states of charge (SoC) of the tank, i.e., SoC = 99% and SoC = 59%, are investigated. The risks in terms of fatalities per vehicle per year and the cost per incident are assessed. It is found that for the reduction in the risk with the hydrogen-powered vehicle in a road tunnel fire incident to the acceptable level of 10-5 fatality/vehicle/year, the fire-resistance rating (FRR) of the hydrogen storage tank should exceed 84 min. The FRR increase to this level reduces the societal risk to an acceptable level. The increase in the FRR to 91 min reduces the risk in terms of the cost of the incident to GBP 300, following the threshold cost of minor injury published by the UK Health and Safety Executive. The Frequency-Number (F-N) of the fatalities curve is developed to demonstrate the effect of mitigation measures on the risk reduction to socially acceptable levels. The performed sensitivity study confirms that with the broad range of input parameters, including the fire brigade response time, the risk of rupture of standard hydrogen tank-TPRD systems inside the road tunnel is unacceptable. One of the solutions enabling an inherently safer use of hydrogen-powered vehicles in tunnels is the implementation of breakthrough safety technology-the explosion free in a fire self-venting (TPRD-less) tanks. C1 [Kashkarov, Sergii; Sivaraman, Srinivas; Molkov, Vladimir] Ulster Univ, Hydrogen Safety Engn & Res Ctr HySAFER, Shore Rd, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, North Ireland. [Dadashzadeh, Mohammad] Efectis UK Ireland, 307 Euston Rd, London NW1 3AD, England. C3 Ulster University RP Kashkarov, S (通讯作者)，Ulster Univ, Hydrogen Safety Engn & Res Ctr HySAFER, Shore Rd, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, North Ireland. EM s.kashkarov@ulster.ac.uk RI Dadashzadeh, Mohammad/AAU-2825-2020; Sivaraman, Srinivas/JUV-2254-2023 OI Sivaraman, Srinivas/0000-0001-9422-0159; Molkov, Vladimir/0000-0002-9545-021X; Kashkarov, Sergii/0000-0003-1715-3268 FU Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC); EPSRC [EP/P024807/1] Funding Source: UKRI; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/P024807/1] Funding Source: researchfish FX No Statement Available CR A Garbage Truck Explosion Leaves Some Homes Damaged, 2016, about us Aloqaily A., 2018, Cross Country Pipeline Risk Assessments and Mitigation Strategies Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 [Anonymous], 2021, What Are the Average Dimensions of a Car in the UK? 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Statista Today Caught on Camera, 2016, Today UK Health and Safety Executive Risk Management, Expert Guidance-Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) Checklist n.d UNECE, 2013, Global Technical Regulation on Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Vehicles UNECE, 2015, Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Motor Vehicles and Their Components with Regard to the Safety-Related Performance of Hydrogen Fuelled Vehicles (HFCV) US DOT National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), 2015, Traffic Safety Facts 2015: A Compilation of Motor Vehicle Crash Data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System Weyandt N., 2005, Southwest Research Institute Report for the Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute Weyandt N., 2006, Southwest Research Institute Report for the Motor Vehicle Fire Research Institute Yamashita A., 2015, SAE 2015 WORLD C EXH, DOI DOI 10.4271/2015-01-1169 Zheng JY, 2010, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V35, P8191, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.12.092 NR 55 TC 18 Z9 22 U1 1 U2 7 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2673-4141 J9 HYDROGEN-BASEL JI Hydrogen PD DEC PY 2022 VL 3 IS 4 BP 512 EP 530 DI 10.3390/hydrogen3040033 PG 19 WC Chemistry, Physical; Energy & Fuels WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Chemistry; Energy & Fuels GA NG2Q8 UT WOS:001199238500001 OA Green Submitted, Green Published, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ingason, H Li, YZ AF Ingason, Haukur Li, Ying Zhen TI Model scale tunnel fire tests with longitudinal ventilation SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Model scale; Tunnel fire; Longitudinal ventilation; Heat release rate ID VEHICLE FIRES; FLAME AB Results from a series of tests in a model tunnel (1:23) are presented. Tests were carried out with longitudinal ventilation under different fire conditions. Wood cribs were used to simulate the fire source, which was designed to correspond to a scaled-down HGV (Heavy Goods Vehicle) fire load. The parameters tested were: the number of wood cribs, type of wood cribs, the longitudinal ventilation rate and the ceiling height. The heat release rate, fire growth rate, maximum gas temperature beneath the ceiling, temperature distribution, total heat flux at floor level, flame length, and back-layering length were investigated. Correlations for these parameters were investigated and proposed for longitudinal flow in tunnels. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ingason, Haukur; Li, Ying Zhen] SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Boras, Sweden. [Li, Ying Zhen] SW Jiaotong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Chengdu, Peoples R China. C3 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden; Southwest Jiaotong University RP Ingason, H (通讯作者)，SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Boras, Sweden. EM haukur.ingason@sp.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Swedish Fire Research Board (BRANDFORSK); SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre FX This study was sponsored by the Swedish Fire Research Board (BRANDFORSK) and the SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre. We also like to acknowledge Dr. Margaret McNamee and Dr. Anders Lonnermark for their valuable comments. CR AXELSSON J, 2001, P 9 INT FIR SCI ENG, P507 BROUSSE B, 2001, P 3 INT C TUNN FIR E, P211 Carvel R.O., 2004, P 10 INT FIR SCI ENG, P815 Carvel R.O., 1999, INT 99 8 INT FIR SCI, P1267 Carvel RO, 2001, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V16, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00025-6 Carvel RO, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P569, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(01)00010-8 Drysdale D., 1999, An Introduction to Fire Dynamics, Vsecond French S.E., 1994, Proceedings of the International Conference on Fires in Tunnels, P63 HARMATHY TZ, 1978, COMBUST FLAME, V31, P259, DOI 10.1016/0010-2180(78)90138-4 Heskestad C., 1972, Symposium (International) on Combustion, V14, P1021 Heskestad G., 1975, J FIRE FLAMMABILITY, V6, P253 Ingason H, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P646, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.06.002 Ingason H, 2006, FLAMMABILITY TESTING OF MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION, TRANSPORT AND MINING, P231, DOI 10.1533/9781845691042.2.231 Ingason H., 2005, The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety, P231, DOI [10.1680/hotfs.31685.0011, DOI 10.1680/HOTFS.31685.0011] Ingason H., 2001, P 4 INT C SAF RAIL R, P425 Ingason H, 2004, P 1 INT S SAF REL TU Ingason H., 2005, 200549 SP SWED NAT T Janssens M., 1995, OXYGEN CONSUMPTION C, P31 Li YZ, 2010, FIRE SAFETY J, V45, P361, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.003 Lönnermark A, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P506, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.05.003 Lonnermark A., 2004, Safety in Infrastructure-Sveduletes!, Budapest 20th-21st October 2004 LONNERMARK A, 2003, P INT S CAT TUNN FIR, P93 Lönnermark A, 2006, FIRE TECHNOL, V42, P283, DOI 10.1007/s10694-006-7508-7 Massachusetts Highway Department and Federal Highway Administration, 1995, MEM TUNN FIR VENT TE MCCAFFREY BJ, 1976, COMBUST FLAME, V26, P125, DOI 10.1016/0010-2180(76)90062-6 NEWMAN JS, 1983, COMBUST FLAME, V51, P347, DOI 10.1016/0010-2180(83)90112-8 QUINTIERE JG, 1989, FIRE SAFETY J, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(89)90045-3 Rew C., 1999, P INT C TUNNEL FIRES, P397 Saito N., 1995, P 2 INT C SAF ROAD R, P303 *STUD SELLSCH STAH, 1995, FIR TRANSP TUNN REP TEWARSON A, 1976, COMBUST FLAME, V26, P85, DOI 10.1016/0010-2180(76)90059-6 THOMAS P, 1958, 3511958 FR FIR RES S VANTELON JP, 1991, IAFSS FIRE SAFETY SC, P90 Wickstrom U, 1989, 198903 SP SWED NAT T, P03 [No title captured] NR 35 TC 366 Z9 407 U1 9 U2 253 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD NOV-DEC PY 2010 VL 45 IS 6-8 BP 371 EP 384 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.004 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 678MX UT WOS:000284082500004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU He, SY Liang, B Tähkämö, L Maksimainen, M Halonen, L AF He, Shiyong Liang, Bo Tahkamo, Leena Maksimainen, Mikko Halonen, Liisa TI The influences of tunnel lighting environment on drivers' peripheral visual performance during transient adaptation SO DISPLAYS LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnel lighting environment; Spatial distribution; Transient adaptation; Visual performance; Traffic safety; Energy saving ID ROAD PRE-TUNNELS; PAVEMENT; METHODOLOGY; LUMINANCE AB Highway tunnel lighting environments include sidewall, pavement, ceiling, etc., their surface luminance were affected by the distribution of luminous flux of the lamps. While driving through a highway tunnel, the driver needs to complete a series of visual tasks. The spatial distribution of the luminance and color on the road surface and sidewall, as well as the correlated color temperature, influence the driver's visual performance. The process of driving through a highway tunnel lighting environment was simulated in a laboratory where the luminance of the non-uniform visual environment was gradually decreased. The effects of the spatial distribution of the lighting environment parameters on a driver's visual performance was studied by testing each subject's reaction times and missed target rates. The tests showed that the spatial distribution of the lighting environment parameters significantly influences a driver's visual performance, and the effects on test subjects' peripheral visual performance are different in threshold, transition, and interior zones. The optimization of the spatial distribution of the lighting environment parameters can enhance traffic safety and energy saving of highway tunnel lighting. C1 [He, Shiyong; Liang, Bo] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Tahkamo, Leena; Maksimainen, Mikko; Halonen, Liisa] Aalto Univ, Sch Elect Engn, Dept Elect Engn & Automat, Lighting Unit, Espoo, Finland. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Aalto University RP He, SY (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM he-sy@hotmail.com RI He, Shiyong/AGR-8932-2022 FU Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [51678096, 51878107]; Basic Research and Frontier Exploration Project of Chongqing [cstc2018jcyjAX0118]; Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission [KJQN201800734, 2018HVRC06] FX This research work was sponsored by the Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number 51678096, 51878107]; the Basic Research and Frontier Exploration Project of Chongqing [grant number cstc2018jcyjAX0118]; the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission [grant number KJQN201800734]; and the open founding of Chongqing Key laboratory of "Human-Vehicle-Road" cooperation & safety for mountain complex environment [grant number 2018HVRC06]. 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A total of 28 tests were carried out in a 1:15 model scale tunnel using an automatic sprinkler system with glass bulbs. The maximum heat release rate, energy content and failure of the automatic sprinkler system were analysed. The results show that high ventilation rates and low water flow rates result in a failure of the automatic sprinkler system in a longitudinal ventilated tunnel fire. The main reason for the failure under the tested water flow rates was the effect of the longitudinal flow on the fire development and the hot gas flow close to the sprinklers. The fire development and the activation heat release rate of the first activated bulb are intimately related to the ventilation velocity. The fire spread to the neighbouring wood crib was investigated and a presentation of tests conducted using a deluge system are given. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. EM yingzhen.li@sp.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Swedish Fire Research Board (BRANDFORSK); SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre FX This project was sponsored by the Swedish Fire Research Board (BRANDFORSK) and the SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre which are greatly acknowledged. The technicians Sven-Gunnar Gustafsson, Tarmo Karjalainen and Michael Magnusson at SP Fire Technology are acknowledged for the construction of the test rig and the assistance during performance of the tests. Thanks also to Jonatan Gehandler and Hans Nyman for their help during the tests. 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PD OCT PY 2013 VL 61 BP 298 EP 313 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.09.024 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 257EF UT WOS:000327365700031 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, B Zhang, Z He, C Zheng, HL AF Wang, Bo Zhang, Zhe He, Chuan Zheng, Hao-long TI Implementation of a long-term monitoring approach for the operational safety of highway tunnel structures in a severely seismic area of China SO STRUCTURAL CONTROL & HEALTH MONITORING LA English DT Article DE entire life cycle; long-term health monitoring; representative; soft rock; tunnel structure AB With the rapid development of highway and railway transportation in China, many tunnels are constructed at the same time within the same region. It has become a challenge how to control dynamically such a large number of tunnel structures in long-term operation and ensure their safety. In this work, we focus on the construction of common characteristics of these tunnels built during the same period in the same region. In particular, we propose a concept and a systematic component of long-term health monitoring and develop a representative system of tunnel structure for such regional tunnels. Aiming at the engineering background, we consider the soft-rock tunnels in the Guang-Gan Expressway (GGE), which are located at the core of the Wenchuan earthquake zone, taking the Dujiashan Tunnel as a representative project. Based on the loading data of the secondary lining from long-term monitoring, the fuzzy model is employed to evaluate the structure conditions for its safety. On the basis of such theoretical analysis, we therefore establish the relationships between the representative project and other soft-rock tunnels, and then the structural safety status of the nonrepresentative project is deduced and achieved. The present study shows that the vast majority of segments of the soft-rock tunnels on the GGE are safe. At the same time, the network transmission hardware platform and security evaluation with the alerting software system are installed successfully for those tunnels. Using the long-term health monitoring and representative system of tunnel structure for soft-rock tunnels at the core of the Wenchuan earthquake zone, real-time monitoring and management of the safe status of all the soft-rock tunnels on the GGE across the entire life cycle can be realized. C1 [Wang, Bo; Zhang, Zhe; He, Chuan; Zheng, Hao-long] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University RP Wang, B (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, Peoples R China. EM ahbowang@163.com RI Zhang, Zhe/GLQ-7517-2022; Zheng, Haolong/PHP-1999-2026 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51578456, 51378434] FX National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant/Award Number: 51578456. and 51378434. CR Bhalla S, 2005, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V20, P487, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2005.03.003 Brownjohn JMW, 2007, PHILOS T R SOC A, V365, P589, DOI 10.1098/rsta.2006.1925 Chae MJ, 2008, 25TH INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON AUTOMATION AND ROBOTICS IN CONSTRUCTION - ISARC-2008, P286, DOI 10.3846/isarc.20080626.286 Guan B. S., 2004, KEY POINTS TUNNEL MA, V7 Huang M. S. K., 2008, THESIS Lee JS, 2001, J KOREAN TUNNELLING, V3, P63 Li X., 2008, MODERN TUNNEL TECHNO, V23, P289 Liu Y.-H., 2009, THESIS Shi B, 2003, MAR GEORESOUR GEOTEC, V21, P333, DOI 10.1080/713773406 [施斌 Shi Bin], 2005, [岩石力学与工程学报, Chinese Journal of Rock Mechanics and Engineering], V24, P2622 SU Jie, 2007, CHINESE J ROCK MECH, V26, P3785 van Oosterhout G.P. 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PD NOV PY 2017 VL 24 IS 11 AR e1993 DI 10.1002/stc.1993 PG 18 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Instruments & Instrumentation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Instruments & Instrumentation GA FJ3QU UT WOS:000412647600008 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Pervez, A Huang, HL Lee, J Han, CY Li, Y Zhai, XQ AF Pervez, Amjad Huang, Helai Lee, Jaeyoung Han, Chunyang Li, Ye Zhai, Xiaoqi TI Factors Affecting Injury Severity of Crashes in Freeway Tunnel Groups: A Random Parameter Approach SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING PART A-SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Traffic safety; Tunnel group; Crash severity; Random parameter model ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; RISK-FACTORS; VEHICLE; IMPACT; MODEL; AGE AB On mountainous freeways, some tunnels are located adjacent to each other, composing a tunnel group where the safety conditions are more challenging compared to a single tunnel. However, most of the existing studies have focused on single tunnel safety, and the research efforts to investigate traffic safety, especially the injury-severity analysis of the tunnel group crashes, is scarce. Therefore, the present study employed a random parameter logit model to examine the factors affecting the injury severity of the freeway tunnel group crashes. The analysis is based on a five-year of police-reported data set of 377 crashes collected from six tunnel groups in Hunan Province, China. The results indicate that the daytime, weekdays, entrance zone, downgrades, elder drivers, speeding, fatigue driving, and rollover collisions are positively associated, while winter, curves, and sideswipes are negatively associated with severe crashes and have signs consistent with engineering intuition. More importantly, due to the complex driving environment of the tunnel groups, the summer, access zone, connecting zone, and drivers with less driving experience increases the probability of severe crashes. Also, the effects of the access zone, elderly drivers, speeding, and sideswipe collisions were found to be best modeled with random parameters in this study. Multiple countermeasures are provided to improve tunnel groups traffic safety, including the provision of variable message signs to provide information to the drivers regarding the speeding limits and distance to the tunnel, periodic maintenance of the illumination according to the lighting guidelines in the tunnel groups, implementation of the automatic section speed control for speeding, and public awareness about the complex driving environment of the tunnel groups. C1 [Pervez, Amjad; Huang, Helai; Li, Ye; Zhai, Xiaoqi] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Lee, Jaeyoung] Cent South Univ, ASCE Transportat Safety Comm, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Han, Chunyang] Tsinghua Univ, Beijing Natl Res Ctr Informat Sci & Technol, Dept Automat, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; Central South University; Tsinghua University RP Lee, J (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, ASCE Transportat Safety Comm, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. EM amjadpervez04@yahoo.com; huanghelai@csu.edu.cn; jaeyoung@knights.ucf.edu; sandiant@foxmail.com; yelicsu@csu.edu.cn; zhaixq_csu@foxmail.com RI Pervez, Amjad/AAW-4967-2020; Lee, Jaeyoung Jay/O-7674-2019; Han, Chunyang/HGU-4525-2022; Huang, Helai/HPD-6657-2023; LI, YE/AAQ-9602-2020 OI Pervez, Amjad/0000-0001-6283-2871; Lee, Jaeyoung Jay/0000-0003-1211-688X; FU National Key R&D Program of China [2020YFB1600400]; Joint Research Scheme of National Natural Science Foundation of China/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong [71561167001, N_HKU707/15]; Natural National Science Foundation of China [713711921, 71901223]; Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University [2020CX013]; Foundation of Central South University [50204501] FX This study was funded by: (1) National Key R&D Program of China (2020YFB1600400); (2) the Joint Research Scheme of National Natural Science Foundation of China/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Project Nos. 71561167001 and N_HKU707/15); (3) the Natural National Science Foundation of China (Nos. 713711921 and 71901223); (4) Innovation-Driven Project of Central South University (2020CX013); and (5) the Foundation of Central South University (No. 50204501). 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PD APR 1 PY 2022 VL 148 IS 4 AR 04022006 DI 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000617 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Transportation GA ZB0DX UT WOS:000756524700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Parise, G Martirano, L Parise, L Carrarini, L Mitolo, M AF Parise, Giuseppe Martirano, Luigi Parise, Luigi Carrarini, Luigi Mitolo, Massimo TI The Electrical Systems of Roadway Tunnels: Safety Design and Ecomanagement SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article DE Electric power systems; energy savings; fire hazard; road tunnels lighting; special installations ID POWER SYSTEMS; FAULT; PROTECTION; CIRCUITS; CABLES; CORDS; MODEL AB This paper discusses the design criteria for the electrical systems of roadway tunnels with particular regard to the safety in the daily operation and in the case of fire events. It proposes a fit distribution system and an adaptive criterion for the support lighting system in order to minimize costs and energy impact. Electric systems of roadway tunnels need sophisticated architecture to allow the presence of extensively distributed loads and more stringent installation requirements due to the presence of fire hazard. Mechanical and electrical design criteria must be based on equipment qualification categories (EQCs), which are characterized by thermal inherent resistance and environmental parameters. Design criteria must include variable configurations to simplify installation, allow flexible operation, and optimize the cost-benefit ratio. A special power distribution, herein defined as "brush distribution," and a temperature zone classification are proposed for road tunnels with a higher risk in the case of a fire event. Therefore, this paper suggests as design parameters the temperature exposure levels characterizing the thermal demand in each zones and the EQCs in order to choose the equipment with adequate thermal resistance. C1 [Parise, Giuseppe; Martirano, Luigi; Parise, Luigi] Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Astronaut Elect & Energet Engn, I-00184 Rome, Italy. [Carrarini, Luigi] ANAS, I-0173 Rome, Italy. [Mitolo, Massimo] Eaton Corp, Irvine, CA 92618 USA. C3 Sapienza University Rome; Eaton Corporation RP Parise, G (通讯作者)，Univ Roma La Sapienza, Dept Astronaut Elect & Energet Engn, I-00184 Rome, Italy. EM parise@ieee.org; martirano@ieee.org; l.parise@ieee.org; l.carrarini@stradeanas.it; massimomitolo@eaton.com RI Mitolo, Massimo/AAR-9490-2021; PARISE, LUIGI/AAA-1772-2020 OI Mitolo, Massimo/0000-0003-2107-6859; PARISE, Giuseppe/0000-0002-0997-2477; Martirano, Luigi/0000-0003-0784-265X; PARISE, LUIGI/0000-0002-8060-0254 CR [Anonymous], 140200 CIE INT COMM [Anonymous], ISO8341 [Anonymous], 110952011 UNI [Anonymous], 136321999 BS EN [Anonymous], 2004, 882004 CIE INT COMM [Anonymous], FIRE TECHNOL SP REP [Anonymous], 1210132002 BS EN [Anonymous], RP2205 ANSIIESNA [Anonymous], IEEE T IND APPL [Anonymous], TECHN M UNI 11095 LI [Anonymous], 104392001 UNI Carni Domenico Luca, 2013, 2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems (IDAACS), P786, DOI 10.1109/IDAACS.2013.6663033 Parise G, 2004, IEEE T IND APPL, V40, P896, DOI 10.1109/TIA.2004.827474 Parise G, 2002, IEEE IND APPLIC SOC, P2209, DOI 10.1109/IAS.2002.1043839 Parise G, 1997, IEEE T IND APPL, V33, P1342, DOI 10.1109/28.633815 PARISE G, 1993, IEEE T POWER DELIVER, V8, P580, DOI 10.1109/61.216863 Parise G, 2000, IEEE T IND APPL, V36, P22, DOI 10.1109/28.821791 Parise G., 2009, P IEEE IND COMM POW, P1, DOI [10.1109/ICPS.2009.5463972, DOI 10.1109/ICPS.2009.5463972] Parise G., 2013, C REC IEEE IAS ANN M, P1 Parise G., 2011, P IEEE IAS I CPS TEC, V565, P1 Parise G, 2007, IEEE IND APPLIC SOC, P1244 Parise G, 2014, IEEE T IND APPL, V50, P2156, DOI 10.1109/TIA.2013.2283197 Parise G, 2014, IEEE T IND APPL, V50, P4, DOI 10.1109/TIA.2013.2271605 Parise G, 2013, IEEE T IND APPL, V49, P1703, DOI 10.1109/TIA.2013.2256452 Parise G, 2013, IEEE T IND APPL, V49, P1697, DOI 10.1109/TIA.2013.2256332 Parise G, 2011, IEEE T POWER DELIVER, V26, P1952, DOI 10.1109/TPWRD.2011.2131690 Parise G, 2011, IEEE IND APPL MAG, V17, P14, DOI 10.1109/MIAS.2010.939809 Parise G, 2010, IEEE T IND APPL, V46, P2099, DOI 10.1109/TIA.2010.2059352 Parise L., 2012, P IEEE IND APPL SOC, P1 Yi L, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V35, P135, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.01.005 NR 30 TC 16 Z9 16 U1 1 U2 8 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0093-9994 EI 1939-9367 J9 IEEE T IND APPL JI IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. PD MAR-APR PY 2015 VL 51 IS 2 BP 1920 EP 1927 DI 10.1109/TIA.2014.2361173 PG 8 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA CE3WJ UT WOS:000351760400085 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Caliendo, C Russo, I Genovese, G AF Caliendo, Ciro Russo, Isidoro Genovese, Gianluca TI CFD Modeling to Evaluate User Safety by Using Flame Retardants in Asphalt Road Pavements during Large Tunnel Fires SO CMES-COMPUTER MODELING IN ENGINEERING & SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Asphalt pavement combustion; flame retardants; road tunnel fire; CFD modeling; user safety; operability of fire brigade ID MECHANISM; MIXTURES AB Road pavements in tunnels are usually made of asphalt mixtures, which, unfortunately, are flammable materials. Hence, this type of pavement could release heat, and more specifically smoke, in the event of a tunnel fire, thereby worsening the environmental conditions for human health. Extensive research has been conducted in recent years to enhance the fire reaction of traditional asphalt mixtures for the road pavements used in tunnels. The addition of the Flame Retardants (FRs) in conventional asphalt mixtures appears to be promising. Nevertheless, the potential effects of the FRs in terms of the reduction in consequences on tunnel users in the event of a large fire do not seem to have been sufficiently investigated by using fluid dynamics analysis as a computational tool. Given this gap of knowledge, this article aims to quantitatively evaluate whether the use of flame-retarded asphalt mixtures, as opposed to traditional ones without FRs, might mitigate the adverse effects on the safety of evacuees and fire brigade by performing numerical analyses in the case of a tunnel fire. To achieve this goal, 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models, which were executed using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) tool, were established in the case of a major fire of a Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) characterized by a maximum Heat Release Rate (HRRmax) of 100 MW. The people evacuation process was also simulated, and the Evac tool was used. Compared to the traditional asphalt pavements without FRs, the simulation findings indicated that the addition of the FRs causes a reduction in CO and CO2 levels in the tunnel during the aforementioned fire, with a minor number of evacuees being exposed to the risk of incapacity to self-evacuate, as well as certain safety benefits for the operability of the firefighters entering the tunnel downstream of the fire when the tunnel is naturally ventilated. C1 [Caliendo, Ciro; Russo, Isidoro; Genovese, Gianluca] Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy. C3 University of Salerno RP Russo, I (通讯作者)，Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy. EM isrusso@unisa.it RI Russo, Isidoro/ABA-2633-2022 OI Russo, Isidoro/0000-0002-7054-5896 CR Avenel R, 2007, P 10 INT C FIR MAT J Bonati A, 2015, FIRE SAFETY J, V74, P25, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.04.003 Bonati A, 2013, CONSTR BUILD MATER, V47, P990, DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.06.002 Caliendo C, 2024, FIRE-BASEL, V7, DOI 10.3390/fire7060195 Caliendo C, 2021, APPL SCI-BASEL, V11, DOI 10.3390/app11073198 Caliendo C, 2018, COGENT ENG, V5, DOI 10.1080/23311916.2018.1530834 CFPA Europe, GUIDELINES NO 192009 DiNenno PJ, 2002, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC European Parliament and Council, DIRECTIVE 200454EC M Gupta Rishubh, 2024, Heliyon, V10, pe39662, DOI [10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39662, 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39662] Haack A, 2005, FIT EUROPEAN THEMA 1 Italian Ministry of Infrastructures and Transports, ATT DIR 2004 54 CE M Korhonen T, 2018, FIRE DYNAMIC SIMULAT Li XL, 2017, J MATER CIVIL ENG, V29, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0001788 McGrattan K, 2019, FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULA National Fire Protection Agency, 2020, 502 NFPA National Research Council, 2010, HCM 2010 HIGHWAY CAP, V2 Qian GP, 2019, J MATER CIVIL ENG, V31, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002951 Qin XT, 2013, CONSTR BUILD MATER, V41, P852, DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2012.12.048 Schrefler BA, 2002, COMPUT MECH, V29, P43, DOI 10.1007/s00466-002-0318-y Sheng YP, 2022, CONSTR BUILD MATER, V359, DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129559 Singh AP, 2025, J VINYL ADDIT TECHN, V31, P505, DOI 10.1002/vnl.22185 Sun MK, 2025, CONSTR BUILD MATER, V465, DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.140266 Tan YW, 2020, MATERIALS, V13, DOI 10.3390/ma13204509 Wu K, 2016, MATER DESIGN, V103, P223, DOI 10.1016/j.matdes.2016.04.057 Xia WJ, 2024, J CLEAN PROD, V443, DOI 10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141003 Xue H, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P37, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00043-6 Yang XL, 2021, CONSTR BUILD MATER, V309, DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2021.125077 Yao HW, 2023, CMES-COMP MODEL ENG, V136, P733, DOI 10.32604/cmes.2023.022155 Zhang ZQ, 2024, POLYM DEGRAD STABIL, V228, DOI 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2024.110911 Zhao Y, 2023, CONSTR BUILD MATER, V392, DOI 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.131408 NR 31 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 6 U2 6 PU TECH SCIENCE PRESS PI HENDERSON PA 871 CORONADO CENTER DR, SUTE 200, HENDERSON, NV 89052 USA SN 1526-1492 EI 1526-1506 J9 CMES-COMP MODEL ENG JI CMES-Comp. Model. Eng. Sci. PY 2025 VL 144 IS 1 BP 693 EP 715 DI 10.32604/cmes.2025.068123 EA JUL 2025 PG 23 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Mathematics GA 9JX3C UT WOS:001534524900001 OA gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ntzeremes, P Kirytopoulos, K AF Ntzeremes, Panagiotis Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos TI Supporting decision-making processes for selecting fire safety measures for road tunnels SO JOURNAL OF TRAFFIC AND TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-ENGLISH EDITION LA English DT Article DE Road tunnel; Critical infrastructure; Decision-making; Quantitative-risk-assessment ID QUANTITATIVE RISK ANALYSIS; UNDERGROUND ROAD; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEMS; DESIGN AB Selecting fires safety measures for road tunnels relies mainly on strict regulatory re-quirements. However, the choice should also be based on many different criteria and ranking of alternatives should take place. Existing methods exhibit lack in dealing rigor-ously with measures' selection amongst different alternatives. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by proposing a novel method, named EVADE, which aims to incorporate diverse stakeholders' views and provide a meaningful ranking of alternatives. To do so, it estimates the tunnel level of safety taking into account only any standard measures existing. Subsequently, the performance of additional measures is examined. Then, a list of the most significant criteria that are valuable to judge the appropriateness of selected measures is introduced. The relative importance amongst the decision criteria is calculated through the Analytic Hierarchy Process, based on the expert opinion. Sensitivity analysis through Monte Carlo simulation is embedded to allow for a meaningful prioriti-zation of the decision criteria. Thus, the alternatives' ranking comes as a distribution instead of a single number, providing the decision-maker richer information for selecting the most suitable measure(s) according to the specific tunnel situation. At last, a typical tunnel is examined to showcase the utilization of the method.(c) 2022 Periodical Offices of Chang'an University. Publishing services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co. Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC -ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). C1 [Ntzeremes, Panagiotis; Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens 10682, Greece. C3 National Technical University of Athens RP Ntzeremes, P (通讯作者)，Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens 10682, Greece. EM ntzery@mail.ntua.gr; kkir@mail.ntua.gr RI Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/H-1348-2018 CR AADT, 1999, TASK FORC TECHN INV AAT, 2011, RISK AN METH CONS VE Abrahamsen EB, 2018, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V174, P108, DOI 10.1016/j.ress.2018.02.011 Ale BJM, 2015, SAFETY SCI, V76, P90, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2015.02.012 AMUNDSEN FH, 1994, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V9, P9, DOI 10.1016/0886-7798(94)90004-3 Aslett LJM, 2017, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V165, P188, DOI 10.1016/j.ress.2017.03.003 Ayyub B.M., 2006, Uncertainty Modeling and Analysis in Engineering and the Sciences Barbato L, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V43, P253, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.05.012 Bassan S, 2016, IATSS RES, V40, P35, DOI 10.1016/j.iatssr.2016.02.002 Beard A., 2008, ASSESSMENT SAFETY TU Beard A., 2012, ROAD TUNNEL FIRE SAF, V2nd Benekos I, 2017, SAFETY SCI, V91, P1, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2016.07.013 Borg A, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V43, P300, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.05.004 Caliendo C, 2017, RISK ANAL, V37, P116, DOI 10.1111/risa.12594 Caliendo C, 2012, PROCD SOC BEHV, V53, P166, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.870 Caliendo C, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V31, P33, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.04.004 Caputo AC, 2013, SAFETY SCI, V53, P202, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.10.006 EU, 2004, MIN SAF REQ TUNN TRA Fridolf K, 2013, FIRE TECHNOL, V49, P451, DOI 10.1007/s10694-011-0217-x Gheorghe A.V., 2006, CRITICAL INFRASTRUCT INERIS, 2005, TRANSP DANG GOODS RO Ingason H., 2015, Tunnel Fire Dynamics, DOI DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2199-7 Ingason H, 2016, FIRE TECHNOL, V52, P1445, DOI 10.1007/s10694-016-0607-1 ITA, 2019, INT TUNN UND SPAC AS Kaplan S., 1981, Risk Analysis, V1, P11, DOI DOI 10.1111/J.1539-6924.1981.TB01350.X Kinateder M, 2014, APPL ERGON, V45, P1649, DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.05.014 Kinateder Max T, 2015, Fire Sci Rev, V4, P1, DOI 10.1186/s40038-014-0005-z Kirytopoulos K, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V63, P244, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.002 Kirytopoulos KA, 2010, J RISK RES, V13, P1027, DOI 10.1080/13669877.2010.494331 Kuligowski E, 2013, FIRE TECHNOL, V49, P101, DOI 10.1007/s10694-011-0245-6 Levary RR, 1998, EUR J OPER RES, V106, P116, DOI 10.1016/S0377-2217(97)00134-3 Li YZ, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V81, P568, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.013 Lönnermark A, 2006, FIRE TECHNOL, V42, P283, DOI 10.1007/s10694-006-7508-7 Martón I, 2016, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V153, P151, DOI 10.1016/j.ress.2016.04.015 Ntzeremes P., 2018, STOCHASTIC BASED EVA Ntzeremes P., 2020, J RISK ANAL CRISIS R, V10, P12 Ntzeremes P, 2020, ASCE-ASME J RISK U A, V6, DOI 10.1061/AJRUA6.0001029 Ntzeremes P, 2019, J TRAFFIC TRANSP ENG, V6, P282, DOI 10.1016/j.jtte.2018.10.008 Ntzeremes P, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V81, P619, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.020 Ntzeremes P, 2018, INT J CRIT INFRASTRU, V14, P40, DOI 10.1504/IJCIS.2018.10011738 PIARC, 2017, DES FIR CHAR ROAD TU *PIARC, 1999, FIR SMOK CONTR ROAD PIARC, 2013, CURR PRACT RISK EV R PIARC, 2008, RISK AN ROAD TUNN Pocketbook S, 2016, EU TRANSP FIG STAT P, P2016 Pribyl P, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V44, P88, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.07.014 Purser D., 2009, ADV RES WORKSH FIR P, P23 RABT, 2006, Richtlinien fur die Ausstattung und den Betrieb von Strassentunneln (RABT) Ronchi E, 2016, FIRE TECHNOL, V52, P623, DOI 10.1007/s10694-015-0462-5 Saaty T., 1996, The analytic hierarchy process: planning, priority setting, resource allocation Seike M, 2017, SAFETY SCI, V94, P116, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2017.01.005 Seike M, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V53, P61, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.01.003 Shire MI, 2018, SAFETY SCI, V106, P104, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2018.03.010 Vincent F., 2005, CAMATT 2 0 USERS GUI, Vsecond Voeltzel A, 2004, ROUTESROADS, P18 World Bank, 2018, Overview NR 56 TC 4 Z9 5 U1 2 U2 30 PU KEAI PUBLISHING LTD PI BEIJING PA 16 DONGHUANGCHENGGEN NORTH ST, Building 5, Room 411, BEIJING, DONGCHENG DISTRICT 100009, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 2095-7564 J9 J TRAFFIC TRANSP ENG JI J. Traffic Transp. Eng.-Engl. Ed. PD JUN PY 2022 VL 9 IS 3 BP 473 EP 489 DI 10.1016/j.jtte.2020.07.006 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering; Transportation GA 3K6EK UT WOS:000834167600001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lu, LJ Lu, J Xing, YY Wang, C Pan, FQ AF Lu, Linjun Lu, Jian Xing, Yingying Wang, Chen Pan, Fuquan TI Statistical Analysis of Traffic Accidents in Shanghai River Crossing Tunnels and Safety Countermeasures SO DISCRETE DYNAMICS IN NATURE AND SOCIETY LA English DT Article ID ROAD TUNNELS AB A large number of traffic tunnel accidents have been reported in China since the 21th century. However, few studies have been reported to analyze traffic accidents that have occurred in urban road tunnels. This study aims to examine the characteristics of the temporal, spatial, and modality distributions of traffic in Shanghai river crossing tunnels using statistical analysis and comparative analysis. Employing these techniques tunnel accident data obtained from Shanghai center 110 was analyzed to determine temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of traffic accidents in river crossing tunnels in Shanghai. The results of this analysis are discussed and summarized in this paper. Identification of the characteristics of tunnel traffic accidents can provide valuable information for development of effective countermeasures to improve tunnel safety in China. C1 [Lu, Linjun; Xing, Yingying; Wang, Chen] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Naval Architecture Ocean & Civil Engn, Shanghai 200240, Peoples R China. [Lu, Jian] Univ S Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. [Pan, Fuquan] Qingdao Technol Univ, Sch Automobile & Transportat, Qingdao 266520, Shandong, Peoples R China. C3 Shanghai Jiao Tong University; State University System of Florida; University of South Florida; Qingdao University of Technology RP Lu, J (通讯作者)，Univ S Florida, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Tampa, FL 33620 USA. EM jlu2@usf.edu RI Pan, Fuquan/LXW-7691-2024; Wang, Chen/D-9810-2014; Lu, Linjun/L-6856-2019 OI Wang, Chen/0000-0003-4573-9047; Xing, Yingying/0000-0001-9803-4206; FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51078232/E0807] FX The authors would like to express special thanks to Shanghai Transport or Port Research Center and Shanghai Center, 110, for providing valuable information on Shanghai River-crossing Tunnel for academic and research activities. This research was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 51078232/E0807). CR Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 Barth U., 2002, P INT C TUNNEL SAFET, V8, P8 Beard A., 2008, IPASTOAFWC200528SC22 Comprehensive Planning Department of the Ministry of Transport of People's Republic of China, 2012, 2011 STAT B DEV DOM Gao J. G., 2009, J CHINA FOREIGN HIGH, V29, P250 Haack A, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V17, P117, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00013-5 Jiang G. 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Nat. Soc. PY 2014 VL 2014 AR 824360 DI 10.1155/2014/824360 PG 7 WC Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Applications; Multidisciplinary Sciences WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Mathematics; Science & Technology - Other Topics GA AA8BP UT WOS:000331320900001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Haack, A AF Haack, Alfred TI Fire Safety for Traffic Tunnels Research and Application SO BETON- UND STAHLBETONBAU LA German DT Article AB The tragic tunnel fires of the past years have lead to discussions of experts in Europe and around the world. In many European countries they have caused a complete revision of the national safety guidelines for road and rail tunnels. The European Commission has developed directives concerning the minimum safety equipment of road tunnels as well as of railway tunnels. This action is supplemented by intensive domestic and international research activities. The findings gained by this are used for design and execution of new road- and railway tunnels. This is valid especially also for extremely long railway tunnels as for example the Brenner-Base-Tunnel.. C1 Studiengesell Unterird Verkehrsanlagen eV, D-50827 Cologne, Germany. RP Haack, A (通讯作者)，Studiengesell Unterird Verkehrsanlagen eV, Mathias Bruggen Str 41, D-50827 Cologne, Germany. EM a.haack@stuva.de CR DAHL J, 2001, TUNNEL, V20, P10 HAACK A, 2001, TUNNEL, V20, P23 HAACK A, 2007, INT FACHK VERK SICH HAACK A, 2004, VERGLEICHENDE UNTERS HAACK A, 2005, EUROPAISCHE FORSCHUN, V3 Haack A., 2002, BAUINGENIEUR, V77, P421 RUDIN C, 2008, TUNNEL, V27, P14 SAUTER R, 2008, TUNNELBAU, V73, P32 *TSI, 2007, SAF RAILW TUNN NR 9 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 1 U2 9 PU WILEY-BLACKWELL PI MALDEN PA COMMERCE PLACE, 350 MAIN ST, MALDEN 02148, MA USA SN 0005-9900 J9 BETON- STAHLBETONBAU JI Beton- Stahlbetonbau PD OCT PY 2008 VL 103 IS 10 BP 666 EP 671 DI 10.1002/best.200800641 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Characterization & Testing; Materials Science, Composites WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Materials Science GA 366UI UT WOS:000260508500003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wan, HL Du, ZG Ran, B Wang, MN AF Wan, Hongliang Du, Zhigang Ran, Bin Wang, Mingnian TI Speed Control Method for Highway Tunnel Safety Based on Visual Illusion SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article ID DRIVERS AB The low luminance and the monotony of highway tunnels are likely to cause drivers to experience a visual illusion while driving. Drivers tend to underestimate their speed and thus are exposed to a higher risk of relatively severe traffic accidents. Finding a low-cost way to reduce this visual illusion and to improve traffic safety is a challenge for current highway tunnel operations. High-frequency visual information can make a driver overestimate speed; low-frequency visual information may induce a driver to underestimate speed. However, quantitative investigations of the influence of visual information of various frequencies and luminance levels on drivers' speed perception are lacking. This paper describes a driving simulation model created with Autodesk's 3ds Max modeling software and tests carried out with simulators and E-Prime research software. The mechanisms of speed perception and reaction time were studied to consider the effect of visual information with high frequencies and with combined high and low frequencies under different luminance levels (100%, 50%, and 25% of standard luminance). The test results revealed that speed overestimation was caused mainly by high-frequency visual information. This overestimation could be reduced by combining high-frequency visual information with low-frequency visual information. With higher luminance, speed overestimation was lessened and drivers' reaction time was shorter. It is suggested that visual information with combined frequencies be employed to control drivers' illusions of speed and to enhance traffic safety. C1 [Wan, Hongliang; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Wan, Hongliang; Wang, Mingnian] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. [Ran, Bin] Univ Wisconsin, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Madison, WI 53706 USA. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; Southwest Jiaotong University; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Madison RP Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, 1178 Heping Ave, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM zhig_du7@163.com RI Wan, Hongliang/AAW-4298-2020 OI Wan, Hongliang/0000-0001-6771-2721 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China; Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University. CR [Anonymous], 1999, 02611999 JTJ Buchner A, 2006, HUM FACTORS, V48, P300, DOI 10.1518/001872006777724363 Chen Changwu, 2011, Highway and Automobile Transportation, P76 DENTON GG, 1980, PERCEPTION, V9, P393, DOI 10.1068/p090393 Du Z, 2014, TRANSPORT RES REC, P1, DOI 10.3141/2458-01 Du ZG, 2014, TRANSPORT RES D-TR E, V31, P37, DOI 10.1016/j.trd.2014.05.012 Gates TJ, 2008, TRANSP RES RECORD, P95, DOI 10.3141/2056-12 Godley S.T., 2000, Transportation Human Factors, V2, P297, DOI [10.1207/STHF2-4_1, DOI 10.1207/STHF2-4_1] Kircher K, 2012, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V47, P153, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2012.01.019 Liu B., 2008, THESIS WUHAN U TECHN Shen H., 2005, SYSTEMS COMPUTERS JA, V36, P1 Song Z., 2010, Highw. Eng, V35, P33 THOMPSON P, 1981, VISION RES, V21, P337, DOI 10.1016/0042-6989(81)90161-9 [张丽霞 Zhang Lixia], 2014, [中国安全科学学报, China Safety Science Journal（CSSJ）], V24, P79 NR 14 TC 33 Z9 34 U1 0 U2 75 PU NATL ACAD SCIENCES PI WASHINGTON PA 2101 CONSTITUTION AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC 20418 USA SN 0361-1981 EI 2169-4052 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC JI Transp. Res. Record PY 2015 IS 2485 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.3141/2485-01 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA CR4XV UT WOS:000361344300002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YZ Alonso, F Du, ZG Useche, SA AF Yang, Yongzheng Alonso, Francisco Du, Zhigang Useche, Sergio A. TI How to resolve the contradiction between driving safety and lighting energy conservation in a highway tunnel? - An experiment on linear guiding system SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnels; Linear guiding system; Human factors; Equivalent luminance; Driving safety; Energy conservation ID ACCIDENTS AB High rates of traffic accidents and lighting energy consumption are significant problems in highway tunnels. To address these problems, this study proposes a linear guiding system that uses line -shaped visual guiding facilities to improve the local luminance and contrast, and outlines the tunnel contour and road alignment. In addition, the principle, function, setting method, and composition of the linear guiding system are discussed. Using the existing highway tunnels as prototypes, we built simulation scenarios with different luminance and conducted driving simulation experiments and questionnaire surveys. We analysed the human factor demands of tunnel driving, studied the change rule of various human factor indicators under different luminance levels, and comprehensively evaluated the impact of linear guiding system on driving safety from multiple perspectives of the driver ' s vision, psychology, and behaviour. We introduce the concept of equivalent luminance, quantify the impact of linear guiding system on the driver, and explore the role of linear guiding system in energy conservation. The results showed that the linear guiding system has a positive effect on driver vision, psychology, and behaviour, particularly in low -luminance environments. A linear guiding system can optimise a driver ' s visual reference frame, enhance driver visual perception in a tunnel environment, and alleviate driver tension. It helps drivers to accurately perceive their own spatial position and speed, providing a good sense of position, speed, and comfort. A 2.3 cd/m 2 luminance highway tunnel with a linear guiding system is equivalent to a 4 cd/m 2 luminance traditional tunnel. For highway tunnels with luminance values of 4, 5, 6, and 7 cd/m 2 , the equivalent luminance values of the linear guiding system are 1.7, 1.8, 1.8, and 2.1 cd/m 2 respectively, which can reduce the energy consumption by 30 - 42 %. C1 [Yang, Yongzheng; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yongzheng; Alonso, Francisco; Useche, Sergio A.] Univ Valencia, INTRAS Res Inst Traff & Rd Safety, Valencia, Spain. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; University of Valencia RP Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. EM yyongzheng@yeah.net; francisco.alonso@uv.es; zhig_du7@163.com; sergio.useche@uv.es RI yang, yongzheng/LJL-0203-2024; Useche, Sergio/O-7552-2014; Alonso, Francisco/D-5659-2012 OI yang, yongzheng/0000-0001-6681-2237; Useche, Sergio/0000-0002-5099-4627; Alonso, Francisco/0000-0002-9482-8874 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291]; China Scholarship Council [202306950072] FX This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52072291) , and China Scholarship Council (No. 202306950072) . 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Res. Pt. F-Traffic Psychol. Behav. PD MAY PY 2024 VL 103 BP 319 EP 339 DI 10.1016/j.trf.2024.04.018 EA APR 2024 PG 21 WC Psychology, Applied; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Psychology; Transportation GA SO1K4 UT WOS:001235299200001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bendelius, AG AF Bendelius, AG TI Tunnel fire and life safety within the world road association (PIARC) SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 28th World Tunnel Congress CY 2002 CL SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA SP Int Tunnelling Assoc, Swiss Natl Tunnelling Comm, PIARC, UIC, UITP, UN EEC AB This paper presents the global activities of the World Road Association (PIARC) in the area of fire and life safety in road tunnels. It traces the organizational structure in the form of technical committees, its publications, current activities and concludes with a summary as to the position of the organization with regard to fire and life safety in tunnels. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Parsons Brinckerhoff, Atlanta, GA 30326 USA. RP Bendelius, AG (通讯作者)，Parsons Brinckerhoff, 3340 Peach Tree Rd, Atlanta, GA 30326 USA. NR 0 TC 19 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 16 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR PY 2002 VL 17 IS 2 BP 159 EP 161 AR PII S0886-7798(02)00019-6 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00019-6 PG 3 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S); Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 585QY UT WOS:000177537100008 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YZ Du, ZG Alonso, F Faus, M He, SM AF Yang, Yongzheng Du, Zhigang Alonso, Francisco Faus, Mireia He, Shiming TI Why frequent traffic accidents at highway tunnel exit? - An experimental analysis of the slack effect SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Exit area of highway tunnels; Length of tunnel; Slack effect; Human factor; Traffic safety ID CRASH FREQUENCY; PARAMETERS; BEHAVIOR; ENTRANCE; SAFETY AB This study analyzes the causes of frequent traffic accidents at the exit areas of highway tunnels. Vehicle experiments were conducted to collect data on the light environment, vehicle speed, and driver eye movement. The distribution patterns of the illumination, vehicle speed, and gaze location occupancy were analyzed, and highway tunnels of different lengths were compared. The tunnel exit area is divided into the transition, exit, and departure zones. It was observed that there was an obvious white-hole effect at the exit zone, with drastic changes in the light environment. The presence of abnormal acceleration behavior in the transition zone and decreased attention in the departure zone demonstrate the existence of psychological and physiological slack in drivers. Additionally, the tunnel length positively correlates to the slack effect, which is stronger in extra-long tunnels than in the short and medium tunnels. Multiple control scenarios were established and driving simulation experiments were conducted to further analyze the impact of the slack effect on the traffic safety. The experimental results demonstrated that the slack effect of the extra-long tunnels exhibited an evident lag which was still present after leaving the tunnel exit. The average vehicle speed and trajectory offset were larger and more discrete in the post-tunnel zone than on an ordinary open road. The speed of the curve in the post-tunnel zone is 5.1 % higher than that of the curve in the ordinary road, and the maximum trajectory offset is 54.3 % higher. Thus, this study reveals the slack effect at tunnel exits and explains the abnormal phenomenon of relatively good traffic environments but high traffic accident rates in the transition and departure zones of tunnel exits. These results present considerable practical significance for the safe operation of highway tunnels, particularly extra-long tunnels. C1 [Yang, Yongzheng; Du, Zhigang; He, Shiming] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yongzheng; Alonso, Francisco; Faus, Mireia] Univ Valencia, INTRAS Res Inst Traff & Rd Safety, Valencia, Spain. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; University of Valencia RP Du, ZG; He, SM (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. EM zhig_du7@163.com; Hesming@whut.edu.cn RI Alonso, Francisco/D-5659-2012; yang, yongzheng/LJL-0203-2024; Faus, Mireia/ABA-6139-2021 OI Alonso, Francisco/0000-0002-9482-8874; yang, yongzheng/0000-0001-6681-2237; Faus, Mireia/0000-0002-8107-7637 FU National Natural Science Founda-tion of China [52072291]; China Scholarship Council [202306950072] FX This research was funded by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No. 52072291) , and China Scholarship Council (No. 202306950072) . CR Alonso F, 2023, J TRANSP HEALTH, V33, DOI 10.1016/j.jth.2023.101703 Amundsen FH, 2000, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00024-9 AMUNDSEN FH, 1994, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V9, P9, DOI 10.1016/0886-7798(94)90004-3 Caliendo C, 2022, STAT METHOD APPL-GER, V31, P109, DOI 10.1007/s10260-021-00567-5 Caliendo C, 2019, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V85, P243, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.12.012 Caliendo C, 2013, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V55, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.024 Casse C, 2019, SAFETY SCI, V116, P222, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.015 Chang X, 2022, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V90, P181, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2022.08.012 Dai YB, 2023, MEASUREMENT, V217, DOI 10.1016/j.measurement.2023.113027 Du ZG, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V110, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103813 Han L, 2024, TRAFFIC INJ PREV, V25, P122, DOI 10.1080/15389588.2023.2280950 He SM, 2024, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V143, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105476 He SY, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V122, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104336 He SY, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V67, P52, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.020 Hou QZ, 2018, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V111, P94, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2017.11.018 Jiao FT, 2022, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V172, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106688 Jiao FT, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V113, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103970 Jiao FT, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V99, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103360 Lee JY, 2022, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V172, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106690 Lu LJ, 2014, DISCRETE DYN NAT SOC, V2014, DOI 10.1155/2014/824360 Lyu N, 2022, J INTEL CONNECT VEH, V5, P17, DOI 10.1108/JICV-07-2021-0008 Ma ZY, 2020, ENGINEERING-PRC, V12, P71, DOI [10.4236/eng.2020.122007, 10.4236/eng.2020.122007, DOI 10.4236/ENG.2020.122007] Ma ZL, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P350, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.004 Ma ZL, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V59, P100, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.06.013 Miller EE, 2015, TRANSPORT RES REC, P60, DOI 10.3141/2518-08 Niu JA, 2024, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V147, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105677 Niu JA, 2024, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V143, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105487 Pan FQ, 2020, J ADV TRANSPORT, V2020, DOI 10.1155/2020/6304651 Peña-García A, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V80, P38, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.06.005 Pervez A, 2020, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V142, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105542 Shao XJ, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V122, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104367 Useche SA, 2021, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V82, P190, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2021.08.013 Wang SS, 2024, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V143, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105489 Wang SS, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V113, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103969 Wang XX, 2023, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V192, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107237 Yan Y, 2024, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V143, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105486 Yan Y, 2019, TRAFFIC INJ PREV, DOI 10.1080/15389588.2019.1675154 Yan Y, 2017, TRAFFIC INJ PREV, V18, P102, DOI 10.1080/15389588.2016.1193170 Yang YZ, 2024, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V103, P319, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2024.04.018 Yang YZ, 2024, WORK, V77, P1205, DOI 10.3233/WOR-230278 Yang YZ, 2024, TRANSPORT RES REC, V2678, P138, DOI 10.1177/03611981231188369 Yang YZ, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V136, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105078 Yang YZ, 2021, INT J ENV RES PUB HE, V18, DOI 10.3390/ijerph18189810 Yeung JS, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V38, P534, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.09.002 Zhang LX, 2021, IEEE ACCESS, V9, P55754, DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3071308 Zhao XH, 2022, J TRANSP SAF SECUR, V14, P929, DOI 10.1080/19439962.2020.1853642 Zheng HR, 2024, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V195, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107414 Zheng HR, 2024, TRANSPORT RES REC, V2678, P489, DOI 10.1177/03611981231197643 NR 48 TC 20 Z9 21 U1 17 U2 48 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 EI 1878-4364 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD OCT PY 2024 VL 152 AR 105927 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105927 EA JUN 2024 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA J3V1W UT WOS:001336364700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ye, F He, C Wang, SM Zhang, JL AF Ye Fei He Chuan Wang Shi-min Zhang Jin-long TI Landscape design of mountain highway tunnel portals in China SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnel; Tunnel portal; Architectural; Landscape; Environment; Culture AB Landscape design of tunnel portals has been under intensive study in recent years. This paper summarizes the general development of highway tunnels and the main problems concerning highway tunnel entrances during this development phase in China. It then analyzes the significance of mountain highway tunnel landscape design in terms of preventing travel fatigue, visual adaptation, communicating and displaying culture, land marking, and environmental protection. Thirdly, it lays down the principles for landscape design, e.g. safety, failure prevention, physiological, anthropological, blending and economic principles. Lastly, it discusses the diversity of landscape designs in China, including types of tunnel portals, integration with local cultures (subdivided into ethnological culture, regional culture and historical culture), environmental protection awareness, lighting transitions in tunnel entrances, blending with the surrounding environment, symbolic and metaphorical skills in tunnel portal landscape design, and special decorations. The results suggest that landscape design of tunnel portals is a comprehensive artistic endeavor, involving local culture; bionomics; psychology; environment protection; lighting; structural techniques; new material implementation; and new technical arts. In conclusion, good landscape design requires intensive and collaborative interdisciplinary studies. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ye Fei] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Shaanxi Prov Major Lab Highway Bridge & Tunnel, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. [Ye Fei; He Chuan; Wang Shi-min] SW Jiaotong Univ, Dept Underground Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Southwest Jiaotong University RP Ye, F (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Shaanxi Prov Major Lab Highway Bridge & Tunnel, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. EM xianyefei@sohu.com FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51178052, 50808020]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [CHD2011JC099] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 51178052 and 50808020) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. CHD2011JC099). CR Dai F., 2008, THESIS CHONGQING JIA Guan X.Q, 2004, THESIS SW JIAOTONG U Hong CL., 2010, J HGY TRANSP RES DEV, V5, P199 Li M., 2008, THESIS KUNMING U SCI Lin E.J., 2007, THESIS SW JIAOTONG U Liu Y., 2010, MOD TUNNELL TECHNOL, V47, P72 Peila D, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V17, P335, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00028-7 Wu Y.F, 2008, THESIS CHENGDU U TEC Ye F., 2009, MOD TUNNELL TECHNOL, V46, P15 Zhang C.M., 2008, THESIS XIAN U ARCHIT NR 10 TC 38 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 117 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD MAY PY 2012 VL 29 BP 52 EP 68 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.01.001 PG 17 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 920YI UT WOS:000302444800005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kinateder, M Pauli, P Müller, M Krieger, J Heimbecher, F Rönnau, I Bergerhausen, U Vollmann, G Vogt, P Mühlberger, A AF Kinateder, Max Pauli, Paul Mueller, Mathias Krieger, Juergen Heimbecher, Frank Roennau, Inga Bergerhausen, Ulrich Vollmann, Goetz Vogt, Peter Muehlberger, Andreas TI Human behaviour in severe tunnel accidents: Effects of information and behavioural training SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article DE Tunnel accidents; Virtual reality; Information; Behavioural training; User behaviour; Safety ID VIRTUAL-REALITY; DRIVING SIMULATOR; ROAD-TUNNEL; ENVIRONMENT; VALIDATION; STRATEGIES; RETRIEVAL; EMERGENCY; EDUCATION; STRESS AB Immediate user self-evacuation is crucial in case of fire in road tunnels. This study investigated the effects of information with or without additional virtual reality (VR) behavioural training on self-evacuation during a simulated emergency situation in a road tunnel. Forty-three participants were randomly assigned to three groups with accumulating preventive training: The control group only filled in questionnaires, the informed group additionally read an information brochure on tunnel safety, and the VR training group received an additional behavioural training in a VR tunnel scenario. One week later, during the test session, all participants conducted a drive through a real road tunnel in which they were confronted with a collision of two vehicles and intense smoke. The informed and the behaviourally trained participants evacuated themselves more reliably from the tunnel than participants of the control group. Trained participants showed better and faster behavioural responses than informed only participants. Interestingly, the few participants in the control group who reacted adequately to the scenario were all female. A I year follow-up online questionnaire showed a decrease of safety knowledge, but still the trained group had somewhat more safety relevant knowledge than the two other groups. Information and especially VR behavioural training both seem promising to foster adequate self-evacuation during crisis situations in tunnels, although long term beneficial behavioural effects have to be demonstrated. Measures aiming to improve users' behaviour should take individual difference such as gender into account. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kinateder, Max; Pauli, Paul; Mueller, Mathias; Muehlberger, Andreas] Univ Wurzburg, Dept Psychol Biol Psychol Clin Psychol & Psychoth, D-97070 Wurzburg, Germany. [Krieger, Juergen; Heimbecher, Frank; Roennau, Inga; Bergerhausen, Ulrich] Fed Highway Res Inst, D-51427 Bergisch Gladbach, Germany. 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Res. Pt. F-Traffic Psychol. Behav. PD FEB PY 2013 VL 17 BP 20 EP 32 DI 10.1016/j.trf.2012.09.001 PG 13 WC Psychology, Applied; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Psychology; Transportation GA 091PV UT WOS:000315063200003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yan, Y Dai, YH Li, XD Tang, JJ Guo, ZY AF Yan, Ying Dai, Youhua Li, Xiaodong Tang, Jinjun Guo, Zhongyin TI Driving risk assessment using driving behavior data under continuous tunnel environment SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Driving behavior; risk assessment; continuous tunnels; critical safety speed; time headway ID DRIVERS AB Objective: Driving behavior is the key feature for determining the nature of traffic stream qualities and reflecting the risk of operating environments. However, evaluating the driving risk accurately and practically in continuous tunnels (tunnels with a space more than 250 m and less than 1000 m) still faces severe challenges due to the complex driving conditions. The objective of this study is to predict the driving risk indicators and determine different risk levels. Methods: The naturalistic driving system equipped with a road environment and driving behavior data acquisition system combined with the fixed-point test method was used for data collection in 130 tunnels on four highways. A traditional AASHTO braking model and convex hull algorithm were adopted to predict the critical safety speed and the critical time headway of each risk feature point in tunnels. According to the risk constraints under free-flow, car-following and lane-changing conditions, the average traffic flow risk index (TFRI) representing six risk levels and the safety threshold of the corresponding risk indicators were determined. Results: The findings of this study revealed that the critical safety speed at nighttime is slower than in other daytime conditions in continuous tunnels. The time headway slightly changes under 90 km/h. As the speed continues to increase, speed has a significant influence on the critical time headway. The only reliable interaction involved the different adverse weather conditions on the mean critical safety speed in the continuous tunnels (short plus long) (F = 9.730, p0.05) and single long tunnels (F = 12.365, p0.05). Conclusions: It can be concluded that driving behaviors significantly vary in different tunnel risk feature points and the combined effect of high speed and luminance variation may result in high driving risk. The performance validation indicted that the risk assessment level determined by the proposed approach is consistent with the real safety situations. The study provides an effective and generally acceptable method for identifying driving risk criteria that can also be applied for traffic management and safety countermeasures with a view to possible implementation in continuous tunnels. C1 [Yan, Ying; Li, Xiaodong] Changan Univ, Sch Automobile, Key Lab Automobile Transportat Safety Support Tec, Xian, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. [Dai, Youhua] Guangdong Nanyue Transportat Investment & Constru, Dept Operat Management, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Tang, Jinjun] Cent S Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Smart Transport Key Lab Hunan Prov, Changsha, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Guo, Zhongyin] Tongji Univ, Coll Transportat Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Guo, Zhongyin] Shandong Rd Reg Safety & Emergency Support Lab, Dept Transportat Inst, Jinan, Shandong, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Central South University; Tongji University RP Tang, JJ (通讯作者)，Cent S Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, 22nd South Shaoshan Rd, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. EM jinjuntang@csu.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51978069, 71673201, 71701215, 51878066]; Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province [2018JM5117]; Foundation of Central South University [502045002]; National key RD plan of China [2018YFC0807500]; Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China [2018M630914, 2019T120716]; Funds for Central Universities and Colleges of Chang' an University [300102229201] FX The work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant (51978069, 71673201, 71701215, 51878066), Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2018JM5117), Foundation of Central South University (No. 502045002), National key R&D plan of China (2018YFC0807500), Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China (No. 2018M630914 and 2019T120716), Funds for Central Universities and Colleges of Chang' an University (300102229201). CR Apostolakis GE, 2004, RISK ANAL, V24, P515, DOI 10.1111/j.0272-4332.2004.00455.x Beard AN, 2010, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V25, P91, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2009.07.006 Calvi A., 2013, ADV TRANSPORTATION S, V30, P105 Cardamone A., 2014, Advances in Transportation in Studies, V33, P59 de Oña J, 2014, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V73, P225, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2014.09.020 Dingus T.A., 2006, 100 CAR NATURALISTIC Eboli L, 2017, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V49, P29, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2017.06.004 Evert Worm I., 2006, HUMAN BEHAV INFLUENC Guo F, 2013, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V61, P3, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2012.06.014 Guo Z, 2010, RES OPERATION SAFETY Habtemichael FG, 2012, TRANSPORT RES REC, P152, DOI 10.3141/2272-18 HAUER E, 1982, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V14, P359, DOI 10.1016/0001-4575(82)90014-8 Hayward J.C., 1972, NEAR MISS DETERMINAT, P24 Kazaras K, 2014, J RISK RES, V17, P953, DOI 10.1080/13669877.2013.822916 Kirytopoulos K, 2014, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V92, P329, DOI 10.1016/j.psep.2014.03.006 Machado-León JL, 2016, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V37, P41, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2015.11.010 Mahmoud F, 2018, IEEE T INTELL TRANSP, V20, P1 Ministry of Transport of the People's Republic of China, 2018, SPEC INV NAT ROAD WA Piarc, 2008, PIARC Technical Committee C3.3 Ricard F, 2005, 33 ASECAP STUD INF D Ricardo ADM, 2007, REVISING AASHTO CURV Schlosser F, 2014, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V91, P469, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.028 Tang JJ, 2019, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V122, P226, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2018.10.016 Transportation Research Board National Cooperative Highway Research Program, 2011, DES FIR ROAD TUNN SY Yan Y, 2017, TRAFFIC INJ PREV, V18, P102, DOI 10.1080/15389588.2016.1193170 NR 25 TC 47 Z9 51 U1 4 U2 125 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1538-9588 EI 1538-957X J9 TRAFFIC INJ PREV JI Traffic Inj. Prev. PD 2019 NOV 15 PY 2019 DI 10.1080/15389588.2019.1675154 EA NOV 2019 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA JN6RL UT WOS:000497023400001 PM 31738591 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Leitner, A AF Leitner, A TI The fire catastrophe in the Tauern Tunnel: experience and conclusions for the Austrian guidelines SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tauern Tunnel; fire damage; Austrian guidelines; fire safety AB A fire occurred in the Tauern Tunnel, Austria on 29 May 1999 and caused severe casualties and damage. This paper examines the damage in the tunnel and the remedial work carried out - with a particular emphasis on the additional safety equipment required in the tunnel. The Austrian guidelines for tunnel construction have been subsequently revised to improve the fire safety in tunnels. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 IGT, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. RP Leitner, A (通讯作者)，IGT, Mauracherstr 9, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria. NR 0 TC 140 Z9 164 U1 1 U2 44 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 16 IS 3 BP 217 EP 223 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00042-6 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 500TL UT WOS:000172642800010 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Pribyl, P Pribyl, O AF Pribyl, Pavel Pribyl, Ondrej TI Calibration of a fuzzy model estimating fire response time in a tunnel SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel safety; Tunnel technology; Fire sensors; Warning system; Fuzzy system; Calibration ID EVACUATION AB Safety is one of the most important aspects when designing a road tunnel system. Apart from the general design of a road tunnel, different technological safety systems can contribute to increased safety. There is, however, no agreed methodology on how to evaluate such systems prior to their design and installation. In this paper, it is recommended that the time required to detect a fire and warn people about it in the tunnel be used as a quality criterion since it has a direct effect on the probability of saving lives. In their previous paper, the authors proposed a fuzzy system called SAFECALC for effectively evaluating fire sensors and warning systems in tunnels, even in the early design phase. The biggest challenge in designing a fuzzy system is the original identification and calibration of such a system. For that reason, this paper focuses on the identification stage and, using the example of a linear fire sensor, it suggests a new methodology for performing such early level calibration. This methodology consists of several steps and, after the original design of the system, it uses inputs provided by experts in the field (via surveys and brainstorming) for fine tuning of the system. A physical model is used to simulate the propagation of a fire in a tunnel. The results of such the process are then evaluated on a real world case study from Lochkov tunnel near the city of Prague. C1 [Pribyl, Pavel; Pribyl, Ondrej] Czech Tech Univ, Fac Transportat Sci, Florenci 25, Prague 11000 1, Czech Republic. C3 Czech Technical University Prague RP Pribyl, O (通讯作者)，Czech Tech Univ, Fac Transportat Sci, Florenci 25, Prague 11000 1, Czech Republic. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD OCT PY 2017 VL 69 BP 28 EP 36 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.06.009 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA FH8DC UT WOS:000411421000003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhao, SZ Yang, HR Li, YZ Ingason, H Liu, F AF Zhao, Shengzhong Yang, Haoran Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur Liu, Fang TI Theoretical and numerical study on smoke descent during tunnel fires under natural ventilation condition SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Smoke descent; Natural ventilation; Stratification; Tunnel fires; Air entrainment ID LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; CEILING EXTRACTION; CROSS-SECTION; FLOW; STRATIFICATION; SIMULATION; VELOCITY; CHANNEL; PROFILE AB The smoke stratification and the smoke descent along a tunnel are of the utmost importance for personnel evacuation. The paper investigates the smoke descent along a tunnel during a naturally ventilated tunnel fire. A theoretical model is developed to predict the smoke depth below the ceiling along the tunnel. A series of numerical simulations of full-scale tunnel fires are conducted to compare with the developed model, and some coefficients such as the entrainment coefficient are determined from the simulation results. The concepts of critical moment and critical distance are proposed to characterize the smoke descent along the tunnel. The results show that as the smoke spreads longitudinally, the smoke depth below the tunnel ceiling continuously increases. The temperature decay along the tunnel due to heat losses and air entrainment at the smoke layer interface is considered as the main parameter for the smoke descent. After the vitiated air returns back to the fire source, the smoke stratification in the entire tunnel will be significantly reduced. The smoke layer depth along the tunnel based on the temperature distribution is relatively stable in the process of smoke development, which is not sensitive to the HRR, but influenced by the tunnel width, and this method could only be used before the critical moment. The outcomes of this study could provide references for a better understanding of smoke movement in naturally ventilated tunnels and provide technical guidelines for fire safety designers. C1 [Zhao, Shengzhong; Yang, Haoran] Shandong Jianzhu Univ, Sch Thermal Energy Engn, Jinan, Peoples R China. [Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Gothenburg, Sweden. [Liu, Fang] Chongqing Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Shandong Jianzhu University; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; Chongqing University RP Zhao, SZ (通讯作者)，Shandong Jianzhu Univ, Sch Thermal Energy Engn, Jinan, Peoples R China.; Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Gothenburg, Sweden. EM zhaoshengzhong19@sdjzu.edu.cn; yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC); National Natural Science Foundation of China [52208115]; Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province [ZR2020QE279]; Plan of Guidance and Cultivation for Young Inno-vative Talents of Shandong Province FX The authors would like to acknowledge the Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) for the financial support. Thanks to Qinghua Guo for the valuable discussions and technical assistance during his stay at RISE. Shengzhong Zhao and Haoran Yang were also financially sup-ported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52208115) , the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (No. ZR2020QE279) and Plan of Guidance and Cultivation for Young Inno-vative Talents of Shandong Province. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD DEC PY 2023 VL 142 AR 105414 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105414 EA SEP 2023 PG 16 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA GK8Q5 UT WOS:001152658700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wu, TC Chang, CW AF Wu, Tsung-Chiang Chang, Cheng-Wei TI Establish a reasonable assessment method using 3D simulation technology for the safety of historical tunnel SO JOURNAL OF ASIAN ARCHITECTURE AND BUILDING ENGINEERING LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Historical tunnel; UAV LiDAR; terrestrial laser scanner; structural vulnerability; 3D finite element method AB Historical tunnels, valued for their cultural significance, face challenges in safety and sustainability due to environmental factors and structural weaknesses. Prolonged exposure to humidity and uneven geological pressures often leads to collapses, necessitating effective safety assessments and repair strategies. Traditional structural analysis models are insufficient due to the irregular geometries and unique characteristics of these tunnels. This study leverages advancements in 3D digital technology, focusing on the Shuangrushan Tunnel in Kinmen County, Taiwan, as the research subject. It integrates Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Light Detection and Ranging (UAV LiDAR), and terrestrial laser scanner to reconstruct near-true-scale 3D models of the tunnel and its surrounding environment. Combined with geotechnical drilling data, the 3D finite element method (FEM) is applied to simulate structural vulnerabilities, revealing an 80% alignment with on-site damage inspections. These findings enhance the accuracy of safety monitoring systems and provide valuable insights for global preservation efforts, offering a reliable foundation for designing reinforcement measures and maintenance policies. This approach represents a significant step forward in safeguarding historical tunnels for future generations. C1 [Wu, Tsung-Chiang; Chang, Cheng-Wei] Natl Quemoy Univ, Dept Civil Engn & Engn Management, 1,Daxue Rd, Jinning 892009, Kinmen, Taiwan. C3 National Quemoy University RP Chang, CW (通讯作者)，Natl Quemoy Univ, Dept Civil Engn & Engn Management, 1,Daxue Rd, Jinning 892009, Kinmen, Taiwan. EM kmit313773gis@gmail.com CR Amorosi A., 2020, 12 INT C STRUCT AN H [Anonymous], 2022, LiAir X3-H UAV LiDAR System User Guide Diamond RS, 2018, Journal of Transportation Technologies, V08, P11, DOI 10.4236/jtts.2018.81002 Ding LP, 2015, J CULT HERIT, V16, P904, DOI 10.1016/j.culher.2015.03.001 Fargnoli V, 2015, GEOTECHNIQUE, V65, P23, DOI 10.1680/geot.14.P.091 Garofano M, 2012, GEOHERITAGE, V4, P79, DOI 10.1007/s12371-012-0055-3 Guéguen P, 2021, SENSORS-BASEL, V21, DOI 10.3390/s21020342 Han X, 2022, IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE, V60, DOI 10.1109/TGRS.2022.3153026 Jkw G., 2021, Remote Sensing Spatial Information Sciences, VXLIII-B2, P737, DOI [https://doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-XLIII-B2-2021-737-2021, DOI 10.5194/ISPRS-ARCHIVES-XLIII-B2-2021-737-2021] Liou TS, 2009, ENVIRON GEOL, V58, P1575, DOI 10.1007/s00254-008-1664-7 Mahesh MJ, 2015, V4, P14 National Quemoy University Department of Architecture, 2022, Geological Drilling Survey Report Owen D. R. J., 1980, Finite Element Programming in Plasticity Pietruszczak S., 2010, Fundamentals of plasticity in geomechanics Rybár P, 2017, Geotourism/Geoturystyka, V50-51, P3, DOI [10.7494/geotour.2017.50-51.3, DOI 10.7494/GEOTOUR.2017.50-51.3] Serkan . . E. R., 2006, Comparison of 2D and 3D Finite Element Models of Tunnel Advance in Soft Ground: A Case Study on Bolu Tunnels Springer P. J., 2015, Fighting Under the Earth : The History of Tunneling in warfare, 60th Anniversary Stichelbaut B, 2017, J CULT HERIT, V26, P109, DOI 10.1016/j.culher.2017.02.001 Tseng Y.-J., 2022, A Project Results Report of Repair and Reuse for a County-Designated Historic Site-the Shuangrushan Tunnels in Kinmen Tunnel Safety Analysis, 1990, Department of Transportation Wang WX, 2014, J TRAFFIC TRANSP ENG, V1, P325, DOI 10.1016/S2095-7564(15)30279-8 Yashiro Kazuhide, 2007, Quarterly Report of RTRI, V48, P136, DOI 10.2219/rtriqr.48.136 NR 22 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 3 U2 5 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1346-7581 EI 1347-2852 J9 J ASIAN ARCHIT BUILD JI J. Asian Archit. Build. Eng. PD 2025 JUN 14 PY 2025 DI 10.1080/13467581.2025.2517907 EA JUN 2025 PG 10 WC Architecture; Construction & Building Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) SC Architecture; Construction & Building Technology GA 3UY2B UT WOS:001509615400001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Haddad, RK Harun, Z AF Haddad, Razieh Khaksari Harun, Zambri TI Development of a Novel Quantitative Risk Assessment Tool for UK Road Tunnels SO FIRE-SWITZERLAND LA English DT Article DE quantitative risk analysis; road tunnel; fire safety; LBAQRAMo; F; N curve ID SAFETY; FLOW AB Some of the most critical transportation infrastructures are road tunnels. Underground passageways for motorists are provided through this cost-effective engineering solution, which allows for high traffic volumes. A crucial aspect of the operation of road tunnels is fire safety. Risk assessments have been established to ensure the level of safety in tunnels. As the existing quantitative risk analysis (QRA) models are inapplicable to assess the fire risk in UK road tunnels, this paper presents a novel QRA model, named LBAQRAMo, for UK road tunnels. This model consists of two main sections: quantitative frequency analysis, to estimate the frequency of fire incidents via an event tree; and quantitative consequences analysis, to model the consequences of fire incidents. LBAQRAMo covers the risk to tunnel users. The result of the risk analysis is the expected value of the societal risk of the investigated tunnel, presented via F/N curve. Another major result of this model is the estimation of the number of fatalities for each scenario based on the comparison between required safe egress time (RSET) and available safe egress time (ASET). Risk evaluation was carried out by comparison of the tunnel under study with the UK ALARP limit. The operation of the model is demonstrated by its application to the Gibraltar Airport Tunnel as a case study. Simulation of 34 different possible scenarios show that the tunnel is safe for use. The sensitivity of the model to HGV fire incident frequency and basic pre-movement times was studied as well. C1 [Haddad, Razieh Khaksari] London Bridge Associates Ltd, London SE1 1TY, England. [Harun, Zambri] Natl Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn & Built Environm, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia. C3 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia RP Harun, Z (通讯作者)，Natl Univ Malaysia, Fac Engn & Built Environm, Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia. EM zambri@ukm.edu.my RI ; Harun, Zambri/H-9587-2016 OI Khaksari Haddad, Razieh/0000-0002-5805-0479; Harun, Zambri/0000-0001-8715-3314 FU Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme [TRGS/1/2020/UKM/02/1/1]; UKM [GUP-2018-012]; London Bridge Associates Ltd. FX Transdisciplinary Research Grant Scheme TRGS/1/2020/UKM/02/1/1, UKM internal grant GUP-2018-012. CR [Anonymous], 2020, NATL HIGHW, P170 [Anonymous], 2008, 2008R02EN PIARC, P202 Beard A., 2005, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE Bryan J.L., 2002, SFPE HDB FIRE PROT E, V2, P42 Caliendo C, 2012, PROCD SOC BEHV, V53, P166, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.870 Cassini P, 1998, J HAZARD MATER, V61, P133, DOI 10.1016/S0304-3894(98)00117-4 Frantzich H., 2003, UTRYMNING GENOM TAT, P3126 Haddad RK, 2019, JP Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, V17, P451, DOI [10.17654/hm017020451, 10.17654/HM017020451, DOI 10.17654/HM017020451] Haddad RK, 2020, J KEJURUTER, V32, P247, DOI 10.17576/jkukm-2020-32(2)-09 Haddad RK, 2019, J COMBUST, V2019, DOI 10.1155/2019/3510245 Harun Z., 2020, J APPL FLUID MECH, V81, P31 Khaksari R, 2021, SYMMETRY-BASEL, V13, DOI 10.3390/sym13122392 Kirytopoulos K, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V63, P244, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.002 Korhonen T, 2010, PEDESTRIAN AND EVACUATION DYNAMICS 2008, P109, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-04504-2_8 Lemke K, 2000, TRANSPORT RES REC, P170 Li YZ, 2011, FIRE SAFETY J, V46, P204, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.02.002 Meng Q, 2011, RISK ANAL, V31, P1872, DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2011.01624.x Meng Q, 2011, RISK ANAL, V31, P382, DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01503.x Nævestad TO, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V41, P104, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.12.001 Ntzeremes P, 2018, INT J CRIT INFRASTRU, V14, P40, DOI 10.1504/IJCIS.2018.10011738 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 2001, INT TRANSP FORUM Perard M., 1996, P 1 INT C TUNNEL INC, P347 Persson M., 2002, 5096 LUND U DEP FIR PIARC, 2003, VEH EM AIR DEM ENV L PIARC Technical Committee on Road Tunnel Operation (C3.3), 2008, NATL ACAD SCI ENG ME, V245 Qu XB, 2011, EXPERT SYST APPL, V38, P13827, DOI 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.186 Tang W, 2013, APPL THERM ENG, V60, P7, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.06.033 Yamamoto K, 2018, SAFETY, V4, DOI 10.3390/safety4020012 Yeung JS, 2013, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V36, P248, DOI 10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.09.002 Yeung JS, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V38, P534, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.09.002 Yousif S, 2013, J TRANSP ENG, V139, P441, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000531 Zhang DL, 2019, SAFETY SCI, V117, P194, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.030 NR 32 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 46 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2571-6255 J9 FIRE-BASEL JI Fire-Switzerland PD FEB PY 2023 VL 6 IS 2 AR 65 DI 10.3390/fire6020065 PG 18 WC Ecology; Forestry WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 9I1PH UT WOS:000939290400001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Muhic, S Mazej, M AF Muhic, Simon Mazej, Mitja TI Computational study of road tunnel exposure to severe wind conditions SO WIND AND STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE CFD (computational fluid dynamics); wind loads; simulations; tunnel safety; longitudinal ventilation ID CRITICAL VENTILATION VELOCITY; FIRE; FLOW; SIMULATION AB Ventilation and fire safety design in road tunnels are one of the most complex issues that need to be carefully considered and analysed in the designing stage of any tunnel project, as well as in case of any potential upgrade of ventilation and other fire safety systems in tunnels. Placement of road tunnels in space has an important influence on fire safety, especially when considering the effect of adverse wind conditions that significantly influence ventilation characteristics. The appropriate analysis of fire and smoke control is almost impossible without the use of modern simulation tools (e.g., CFD) due to a large number of influential parameters and consequently extensive data. The impact of the strong wind is briefly presented in this paper in the case of a longitudinally ventilated road tunnel Kastelec, which is exposed to various severe wind conditions that significantly influence its fire safety. The possibility of using CFD simulations in the analysis of the tunnel placement in space in terms of negative effect of wind influence on the tunnel ventilation is clearly indicated. C1 [Muhic, Simon; Mazej, Mitja] Sch Technol & Syst, SI-8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia. [Muhic, Simon] Dr Simon Muhic Sp, SimTec, SI-1295 Ivancna Gorica, Slovenia. RP Muhic, S (通讯作者)，Sch Technol & Syst, Loko2, SI-8000 Novo Mesto, Slovenia. EM simon.muhic@guest.arnes.si; mitja.mazej@netsi.net OI Muhič, Simon/0000-0001-6351-6379 CR Elliott D. 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PD AUG PY 2014 VL 19 IS 2 BP 185 EP 197 DI 10.12989/was.2014.19.2.185 PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil; Mechanics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering; Mechanics GA AT8ME UT WOS:000345186500004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xie, Y Zhou, D Liao, H Zhu, JQ AF Xie, Yi Zhou, De Liao, Hong Zhu, Jianqun TI Failure Mode of Tunnel Face Under Transient Unsaturated Seepage with Temperature Influence SO MATHEMATICS LA English DT Article DE tunnel face; failure model; transient unsaturated seepage; temperature influence; safety factor ID STABILITY ANALYSIS; SHALLOW TUNNELS; MECHANISM; PRESSURE; DRIVEN AB The seepage caused by heavy rainfall and storm runoff is not a static phenomenon. On the contrary, it is a dynamic process known as unsaturated transient seepage. Under the condition, the spatiotemporal variations in suction stress cannot be overlooked. With the development of tunnel mechanics, there has been an emergence of tunnels affected by high ground temperatures or temperature influences, highlighting the necessity of incorporating temperature effects into the analysis. This article proposes a new framework for the spatiotemporal response of tunnel face safety to temperature-affected and unsaturated transient seepage conditions. A one-dimensional transient seepage assumption is used to develop an analytical model describing unsaturated transient seepage, which is then integrated centered on suction stress strength theory for unsaturated soils to acquire suction stress variations with depth and time. The temperature impact on the unsaturated soil shear strength is incorporated, applying a temperature-sensitive effective stress model in conjunction with the soil-water characteristic curve to quantitatively analyze temperature-induced apparent cohesion changes. The 3D logarithmic spiral failure model is used to analyze the tunnel face stability. The validity of the proposed failure model is demonstrated through an engineering calculation. The rates of internal dissipation and external work are calculated, and a kinematic approach related to strength reduction is used to determine the safety factor of the tunnel face with zero support pressure. The results show that considering transient unsaturated seepage and temperature effects can increase the safety factor. The influence of these effects mainly depends on the soil type, tunnel geometric parameters, and seepage conditions. This work explores the influence of variations in a series of parameters on the failure mode of tunnel faces under temperature effects, taking into account unsaturated transient seepage, thereby providing valuable references for the design and construction of tunnels in the future. 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A gas burner is used as fire source. Ventilation velocity, heat release rate, temperature distributions an measured under quasi-steady conditions. Flow visualization using incense smoke as a tracer has been carried out to identify some important characteristics of the flow and heat transfer, such as the upstream layer, thermal stratification, turbulence mixing, etc. Flow patterns under different ventilation velocities are analyzed and discussed. It is found that heat and smoke can be controlled by proper ventilation. Optimum environment for initial evacuation and fire services should be provided at a ventilation velocity close to or slightly less than the critical ventilation velocity, which is a function of the cube root of the heat release rate. The effects of heat release rates and tunnel inclination angles were also investigated. C1 Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Mech & Prod Engn, Singapore 119260, Singapore. 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Sci. Technol. PY 2000 VL 152 BP 179 EP + DI 10.1080/00102200008952133 PG 22 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Chemical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA 333NF UT WOS:000088135600010 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Broz, J Tichy, T Vlkovsky, M Polach, M AF Broz, Jiri Tichy, Tomas Vlkovsky, Martin Polach, Miroslav TI Towards safety and efficiency by assessment of positioning approaches for Enhanced navigation in road tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE 5G; BLE; CCTV; GNSS; Lidar; Localization; Evaluation; Positioning; Tunnel; UWB; WiFi ID TRANSPORT; IMPACT; SPEED AB The main objective of this article is to provide an evaluation of appropriate technologies for positioning in road tunnels. In tunnels, there are even more strict requirements for operation and safety compared to regular road infrastructure. The operation, traffic efficiency, and safety could be increased by using technological equipment, intelligent transport systems, smart traffic solutions, navigations, etc. However, these require location information to run smoothly with their proper functionality. Positioning is based mainly on the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) approach and is very common because of its availability. However, in tunnels, the GNSS signals are shielded by the tunnel structure, and thus the GNSS approach is inappropriate. The article points out that the alternative way of localization could have a profound impact and could be considered by policy makers, tunnel infrastructure directors, safety regulators, etc. In the article, the evaluation of alternative positioning approaches in the GNSS denied environment is presented. The evaluation was carried out using a comprehensive analysis with multi-criterial decisions based on the combination of the Saaty and Metfessel methods. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JAN PY 2025 VL 155 AR 106228 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.106228 EA NOV 2024 PN 2 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA M9L2M UT WOS:001360665600001 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, YZ Lei, B Ingason, H AF Li, Ying Zhen Lei, Bo Ingason, Haukur TI Study of critical velocity and backlayering length in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Critical velocity; Backlayering length; Obstruction ID SMOKE FLOW AB Experimental tests and theoretical analyses were conducted to investigate the critical velocity together with the backlayering length in tunnel fires. The experiments were performed in two longitudinally ventilated model tunnels. The proposed correlations for critical velocity are found to comply well with experimental data in both tunnels. The critical Froude number and the critical Richardson number were analyzed using the experimental data. The backlayering length was related to the ratio of longitudinal ventilation velocity to critical velocity. Experimental data show that the relation between the ratio of ventilation velocity to critical velocity and the dimensionless backlayering length follows an exponential relation. A correlation based on experimental data to predict the backlayering length is proposed. Further, comparison of experimental data of critical velocity and backlayering length with results from large-scale tests shows that there is a good agreement in both scales. The effect of accident vehicle obstruction on critical velocity and backlayering length was also analyzed. Experimental data show that the decrease in rate of critical velocity due to obstruction is slightly greater than the ratio of cross-sectional area of the model vehicle to tunnel cross-sectional area, and the backlayering length with an accident vehicle set inside the tunnel gets smaller. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Li, Ying Zhen; Lei, Bo] SW Jiaotong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Chengdu, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University EM haukur.ingason@sp.se RI LEI, BO/IQV-8449-2023; Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI LEI, BO/0000-0001-5516-7279; Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China; SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre FX This work was sponsored by the Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China, which is gratefully acknowledged. The authors would also like to thank adjunct Prof. Zhihao Xu and adjunct Prof. Zhihui Deng for their help in these experiments. 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In this paper, a representative extra-long highway tunnel-Chengkai Tunnel-is selected as the engineering background, and a tunnel model is built using FDS and Pathfinder software to simulate the fire scenario and evacuation scenario under different longitudinal wind speeds. The concept of safe evacuation reliability is proposed to describe the relationship between the ASET (available safe egress time) and the RSET (required safe egress time). The simulation results show that with the increase in longitudinal wind speed, the ASET upstream of fire source increases first and then remains unchanged, while ASET downstream of fire source increases first and then decreases. The ASET upstream of the fire source is affected by visibility, while the ASET downstream of the fire source is affected by visibility when the wind speed is low, and is affected by temperature as the wind speed increases. The bottleneck effect is an important reason for the long evacuation time of people. The blockage time is a power function of the evacuation movement time, and increasing the width of the cross passage can improve the evacuation efficiency of the tunnel. The increase in the number of evacuees will reduce the reliability of the safe evacuation of personnel. Among all simulated scenarios, a longitudinal wind speed of 2.5 m/s has the highest safe evacuation reliability, with 0.79, 0.92, and 0.99 for scenarios R1, R2, and R3, respectively. Excessive wind speed reduces the safe evacuation reliability downstream of the fire source. C1 [Wang, Kai; Hu, Jingwei; Chen, Ruiding; Wang, Jianhua] China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Safety Engn, Xuzhou 221116, Peoples R China. [Wang, Kai] Jiangsu Key Lab Fire Safety Urban Underground Spac, Xuzhou, Peoples R China. C3 China University of Mining & Technology RP Wang, K (通讯作者)，China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Safety Engn, Xuzhou 221116, Peoples R China.; Wang, K (通讯作者)，Jiangsu Key Lab Fire Safety Urban Underground Spac, Xuzhou, Peoples R China. EM wangkaifirst@cumt.edu.cn RI hu, jingwei/HTN-5481-2023 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52074278]; National Key Research and Development Projects [2022YFC3004800] FX This research received funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 52074278 and National Key Research and Development Projects, grant number 2022YFC3004800. 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Previous studies have primarily extracted single or multiple driving behavior features, neglecting their overall time-varied patterns. This study aimed to develop a driving behavior spectrum that considers the coupling effect of driving behavior time series patterns, drivers' physiological characteristics, and multidimensional environment factors encompassing acoustic, lighting, traffic volume, and road segment type, and to establish a driving state identification model in tunnels. First, a real vehicle test was conducted to collect data on driving behavior, drivers' physiology, and tunnel environment, from which 13 variables were extracted. A fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method was then applied to assess the complexity of the tunnel environment. Second, the driving behavior spectrum was created for each driver by introducing a single feature recurrence matrix spectrum radius (SRMSR). Then, the hidden Markov model and the criteria importance through intercriteria correlation weighting method were employed to evaluate and classify the driving states. Finally, the composite feature recurrence matrix spectrum radius (CRMSR) based on SRMSR was derived using the Hadamard product and employed as an input variable for a Light Gradient Boosting Machine driving state identification model. The results indicated that the proposed CRMSR was effective in identifying tunnel driving states, enhancing model accuracy as an input. In addition, the proposed method can pinpoint the critical tunnel zones requiring enhanced safety design based on the identification of driving states. It can be used to monitor and identify risky driving states, providing a data foundation for early warning systems and aiding in tunnel design to enhance overall safety. C1 [Zhang, Yu; Yan, Ying; Wang, Hongting] Changan Univ, Sch Transportat Engn, Xian, Peoples R China. [Yuan, Huazhi] Lanzhou Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn, Lanzhou, Peoples R China. [Ding, Hongliang] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Inst Smart City & Intelligent Transportat, Inst Urban Rail Transportat, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Lanzhou University of Technology; Southwest Jiaotong University RP Zhang, Y (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Transportat Engn, Xian, Peoples R China. EM 2023034003@chd.edu.cn RI zhang, yu/PDX-0206-2025 FU 2024 Annual Technology Projects of Shandong Provincial Communications Planning and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd. [2024B73]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [51978069]; Guangxi Key Research and Development Program [AB25069106]; Hongliu Excellent Young" Talents Support Program of Lanzhou University of Technology FX The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The work described in this paper was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51978069 and 52362050), "Hongliu Excellent Young" Talents Support Program of Lanzhou University of Technology, Guangxi Key Research and Development Program (AB25069106), and the 2024 Annual Technology Projects of Shandong Provincial Communications Planning and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd. (2024B73). 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Res. Record PD 2025 NOV 24 PY 2025 DI 10.1177/03611981251380270 EA NOV 2025 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA D0550 UT WOS:001621148300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bei, RZ Du, ZJ Lyu, N Du, ZG AF Bei, Runzhao Du, Zijun Lyu, Nengchao Du, Zhigang TI A perspective way for judging tunnel approach zones by cognitive-behavioral chains and predictive processing model SO UNDERGROUND SPACE LA English DT Article DE Road traffic safety; Tunnel approach zones; Driving behavior; Sight distance; Human factors ID FREEWAY TUNNELS; ENTRANCE; MARKINGS AB In tunnel approach zones (TAZs), drivers must complete a sequence of tasks, including detecting the tunnel, identifying speed limits, and decelerating to enter safely. However, current standards mandate only stopping sight distance (SSD) compliance of TAZs, which may not suffice for all of these complex driving tasks. In this study, we investigated (1) whether SSDs are sufficient for driving tasks in TAZs, (2) the impacts of restricted visibility conditions on cognitive-behavioral processes, and (3) the appropriate visibility condition of TAZs. We selected tunnels with three visibility conditions to conduct both subjective tests of perception and experiments with real vehicles. We propose a research framework called the task analysis of driving scenarios modified predictive processing model (TADS-MPPM). We then construct a multidimensional framework that includes sequences of behaviors and cognitive tasks (with 4 driving behavior nodes and 4 cognitive nodes) for spatiotemporal profiling, as well as active deceleration coefficients (safety and efficacy coefficients) and cognitive-behavioral workload (measured using the extended Jaccard coefficient). Then, we use an MPPM to visualize the evolution of driving predictions, driving behaviors, and sensory inputs during the approach to the tunnel. Finally, we explore the risk mechanisms of TAZs. The results show that SSD designs (1) delay tunnel detection, speed-limit recognition, and deceleration initiation, as well as compressing behavioral-cognitive chains, and (2) degrade safety and compliance due to overloaded operations and cognition. Conversely, ensuring that critical tunnel information is discernible at a longer decision sight distance provides the necessary margin of safety on the road. This creates adequate space and time to perform progressive deceleration to eliminate task compression and restore composed and smooth driving maneuvers. C1 [Bei, Runzhao; Du, Zijun; Lyu, Nengchao] Wuhan Univ Technol, Intelligent Transportat Syst Res Ctr, Wuhan 430063, Peoples R China. [Bei, Runzhao; Du, Zijun; Lyu, Nengchao] Minist Educ, Engn Res Ctr Transportat Informat & Safety, Wuhan 430063, Peoples R China. [Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan 430063, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan University of Technology RP Du, ZJ (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Intelligent Transportat Syst Res Ctr, Wuhan 430063, Peoples R China.; Du, ZJ (通讯作者)，Minist Educ, Engn Res Ctr Transportat Informat & Safety, Wuhan 430063, Peoples R China. EM duzj@whut.edu.cn RI Lyu, Nengchao/AFR-1620-2022 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52472366]; National Key Research and Development Program of China [2023YFB4302600]; Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation [2024AFD408] FX This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52472366) , the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2023YFB4302600) , and the Hubei Provincial Natural Science Foundation (Grant No. 2024AFD408) . 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Space PD APR PY 2026 VL 27 BP 321 EP 339 DI 10.1016/j.undsp.2025.12.002 PG 19 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA EU6BO UT WOS:001710113600001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Canetta, G Castellani, A Martella, P Cardella, N AF Canetta, Giovanni Castellani, Alberto Martella, Paolo Cardella, Nicola TI Numerical prediction of the seismic behavior of a tunnel: influence of depth and near faults SO GALLERIE E GRANDI OPERE SOTTERRANEE LA English DT Article DE Tunnels; Deep tunnels; Earthquakes; Faults; Joints; Near Faults; Safety of vaults; Tunnel lining ID EARTHQUAKE; DAMAGE AB The Tunnels in the Gran Sasso massif (Italy) host the Laboratories of Nuclear Physics at a depth of approximately 1400 m, a favorable condition for sheltering from cosmic rays. The studies dedicated to the seismic safety of the Labs are reported, both for hosted equipment and for the vaults of the Tunnels. Two design actions are considered: the Code seismic action and the Maximum Credible Earthquake. The former, defined in the mainframe of the Seismic Code (e.g., Eurocode 8), is valid for safety considerations related to hosted equipment. Experimental results and calculations are reported showing the deep tunnel effect, i.e., the amplitude attenuation of the seism with depth, not impaired by wave reflections at tunnel floor and walls. The latter, valid as seismic loading for the structural safety of the vaults, is defined locally as triggered by active faults in the near field, through a specific seismologic study. Effects - as evaluated with numerical modelling - are reported, with reference to the concrete lining and systematic bolting provided at construction time. C1 [Canetta, Giovanni; Cardella, Nicola] CEAS SRL Milano, Milan, Italy. [Castellani, Alberto] Politecn Milan, Milan, Italy. [Martella, Paolo] LNGS Lab Nazl Gran Sasso, Laquila, Italy. C3 Polytechnic University of Milan RP Canetta, G (通讯作者)，CEAS SRL Milano, Milan, Italy. EM giovanni.canetta@ceas.it FU SGI Studio Geotecnico Italiano of Milan FX The Authors wish to acknowledge SGI Studio Geotecnico Italiano of Milan and specifically prof. Ezio Faccioli, whose studies in the evaluation of the maximum expected earthquake have been essential for this study. CR CEAS. 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PD JUN PY 2021 IS 138 BP 33 EP 44 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA XQ5FC UT WOS:000731569700005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YH Zhang, Y Zheng, T Tian, QY AF Yang, Yonghong Zhang, Yu Zheng, Tao Tian, Qingyan TI Research on traffic accident prediction of expressway tunnel based on B-NB model SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Expressway tunnel; traffic safety; traffic accident prediction; B-NB model; design indicators ID INJURY SEVERITY; CRASH RISK; HETEROGENEITY; DESIGN AB ObjectiveThe study investigates the relationship between traffic accidents in expressway tunnels and their influencing factors, with the aim of predicting traffic accidents within tunnels and presenting reasonable recommendations to improve tunnel safety.MethodsThe study utilizes a dataset of 586 traffic accidents occurring exclusively within 8 tunnels along a Guangdong Province expressway from 2017 to 2021. It applies the geometric alignment consistency principle to segment road sections, defines tunnel boundaries based on driving behavior, and employs a Bayesian-modified negative binomial regression model (B-NB model) to identify 6 significant variables from a pool of 17 factors.ResultsThe predictive performance of the B-NB model demonstrated similarities to that of the fixed parametric model. This outcome might be attributed to the chosen prior distribution settings and the limited amount of data. Nonetheless, the model effectively captures relationships among variables, leading to improved accuracy in accident prediction and the predictive model achieves a 76.1% accuracy rate.ConclusionsDrawing from the estimation results, practical measures are suggested across three dimensions: road geometric alignment design, tunnel traffic safety facilities, and traffic emergency management. These proposals aim to ameliorate the severe consequences of tunnel accidents. Future research will explore an in-depth comparison of estimation results, considering the impact of time and variable correlation on the prediction model by expanding the existing data. This will guide the direction of subsequent research endeavors. C1 [Yang, Yonghong; Zhang, Yu; Zheng, Tao] South China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yonghong] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Key Lab Highway Engn, Minist Educ, Changsha, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Yu; Zheng, Tao; Tian, Qingyan] Guangdong Prov Key Lab Tunnel Safety & Emergency S, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [Tian, Qingyan] Guangdong Hualu Transport Technol Co Ltd, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. C3 South China University of Technology; Changsha University of Science & Technology RP Yang, YH (通讯作者)，South China Univ Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. EM yangyh@scut.edu.cn RI Easa, Said/AAA-1755-2019; yang, yanqun/Q-2894-2019; Feng, Yang/ABQ-4441-2022 OI Zheng, Xinyi/0000-0002-1292-7597; Zhang, Yu/0009-0004-5313-6064 FU Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province [2022B0101070001]; Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation in China [2021A1515011788]; Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education (Changsha University of Science & Technology) in China [kfj190201] FX This work was supported by the Key Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province (Grant No. 2022B0101070001), the Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (Grant No. 2021A1515011788) in China, the Open Fund of the Key Laboratory of Highway Engineering of Ministry of Education (Changsha University of Science & Technology) (Grant No. kfj190201) in China CR Bao J, 2019, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V122, P239, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2018.10.015 Bassan S, 2015, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V45, P214, DOI [10.1016/j.tust.2014.10.004, 10.1016/J.tust.2014.10.004] Caliendo C, 2022, STAT METHOD APPL-GER, V31, P109, DOI 10.1007/s10260-021-00567-5 Caliendo C, 2019, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V85, P243, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.12.012 Caliendo C, 2016, J TRANSP SAF SECUR, V8, P177, DOI 10.1080/19439962.2015.1013167 Caliendo C, 2014, J TRANSP SAF SECUR, V6, P78, DOI 10.1080/19439962.2013.812169 Caliendo C, 2013, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V55, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.024 Chen Z, 2019, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V125, P320, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2018.07.011 Cheng ZY, 2022, IEEE T INTELL TRANSP, V23, P15329, DOI 10.1109/TITS.2022.3140345 Dinu RR, 2011, J SAFETY RES, V42, P39, DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2010.11.007 Fu R, 2011, SAFETY SCI, V49, P416, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2010.10.006 Gaweesh SM, 2019, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V123, P176, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2018.10.011 Geedipally SR, 2012, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V45, P258, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2011.07.012 Guo M, 2021, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V160, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2021.106328 Huang TT, 2020, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V135, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105392 Iranitalab A, 2017, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V108, P27, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2017.08.008 Kamla J, 2016, TRANSPORT RES REC, P11, DOI 10.3141/2585-02 Kim DG, 2006, J TRANSP ENG, V132, P282, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(2006)132:4(282) Kim JK, 2013, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V50, P1073, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2012.08.011 Kircher K, 2012, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V47, P153, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2012.01.019 Kwak HC, 2016, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V88, P9, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2015.12.004 Lao YT, 2014, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V62, P9, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2013.09.004 Lee C, 2003, TRANSPORT RES REC, P67, DOI 10.3141/1840-08 Luo QJ, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V132, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104894 Ma Y, 2019, J TRANSP ENG A-SYST, V145, DOI 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000228 Ma ZL, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P350, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.004 Mondal AR, 2020, SN APPL SCI, V2, DOI 10.1007/s42452-020-03196-x Ni N., 2017, THESIS CHANGAN U Osman OA, 2019, TRANSPORT RES REC, V2673, P463, DOI 10.1177/0361198119862629 Pei X, 2011, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V43, P1160, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2010.12.026 Rusli R, 2018, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V119, P80, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2018.07.006 Ruyi J, 2011, MACH VISION APPL, V22, P721, DOI 10.1007/s00138-010-0307-7 Vaa T, 2014, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V25, P112, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2014.02.004 Wang C, 2019, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V123, P365, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2018.12.013 Wang CZ, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V140, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105245 Wang J, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V82, P358, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.037 Wang JH, 2019, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V133, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2019.105320 Wang XF, 2023, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V186, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107056 Xu CC, 2013, J SAFETY RES, V46, P135, DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2013.04.007 Xu CC, 2013, IEEE T INTELL TRANSP, V14, P574, DOI 10.1109/TITS.2012.2226240 Xu PP, 2017, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V98, P330, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2016.10.015 [杨轸 Yang Zhen], 2012, [同济大学学报. 自然科学版, Journal of Tongji University. Natural Science], V40, P553 Yeung JS, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V38, P534, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.09.002 Zeng Q, 2022, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V173, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106717 [张敏 Zhang Min], 2022, [安全与环境学报, Journal of Safety and Environment], V22, P3208 [张生瑞 ZHANG Shengrui], 2008, [长安大学学报. 自然科学版, Journal of Chang'An University. Natural Science Edition], V28, P74 Zhou ZC, 2021, J SAFETY RES, V77, P105, DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.02.008 NR 47 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 16 U2 87 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1538-9588 EI 1538-957X J9 TRAFFIC INJ PREV JI Traffic Inj. Prev. PD APR 2 PY 2024 VL 25 IS 3 BP 527 EP 536 DI 10.1080/15389588.2024.2310584 EA JAN 2024 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA LV3M6 UT WOS:001159663900001 PM 39417745 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Linghong, S Ma, JX Song, F AF Linghong, Shen Ma, Jianxiao Song, Fang TI Risk field modeling of urban tunnel based on APF SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Traffic safety; urban tunnels; APF; travel risks; risk field forces ID AVOIDANCE AB ObjectiveThe purpose of this paper is to explore the changing laws of driving safety in the complex and changing driving environment in urban tunnels, to analyze the evolution of driving risk fields caused by changes in adjacent vehicles, driving behavior characteristics and road environment, and to reveal the formation mechanism of tunnel driving danger zones.MethodsThe kinetic field, behavioral field and potential field models are constructed according to the APF theory. The driving safety risks arising from the surrounding vehicles, driving behavior characteristics and changes in the tunnel environment are analyzed in the process of driving from the open section to the exit of the tunnel.ResultsThe magnitude of the risk field force is inversely proportional to the spacing of the vehicles and the distance between the tunnel sidewalls, and is proportional to the relative speed between the vehicles and the slope of the longitudinal slope. Under the same conditions, the vehicle at the entrance and exit of the tunnel is subjected to a greater force of travel risk than inside the tunnel, and the effect of speed on the force of the risk field is greater than the distance.ConclusionsThe established model better describes the trend of driving risk during the driving of vehicles in urban tunnels, and the research findings can provide theoretical support for the design and traffic management of urban tunnels. C1 [Linghong, Shen] Suzhou Inst Construct & Commun, Jiangsu Union Tech Inst, Dept Rail Transit Engn, Suzhou, Peoples R China. [Linghong, Shen; Ma, Jianxiao; Song, Fang] Nanjing Forestry Univ, Coll Automobile & Traff Engn, Nanjing, Peoples R China. [Song, Fang] Nanjing Inst Railway Technol, Coll Locomot & Vehicle, Nanjing, Peoples R China. [Ma, Jianxiao] Nanjing Forestry Univ, Coll Automobile & Traff Engn, 159 Longpan Rd, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China. C3 Nanjing Forestry University; Nanjing Forestry University RP Ma, JX (通讯作者)，Nanjing Forestry Univ, Coll Automobile & Traff Engn, 159 Longpan Rd, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China. EM majx@njfu.edu.cn RI shen, linghong/LVR-8263-2024 OI fang, song/0000-0002-2371-4108 FU Youth Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China FX No Statement Available CR Byrne S, 2015, T I MEAS CONTROL, V37, P73, DOI 10.1177/0142331214532002 Chaupattnaik S., 2012, International Journal of Computational Linguistics and Natural Language Processing, V1, P1, DOI DOI 10.17577/IJERTV1IS8182 [方松 Fang Song], 2020, [交通信息与安全, Journal of Transport Information and Safety], V38, P24 Huang HY, 2020, SCI CHINA INFORM SCI, V63, DOI 10.1007/s11432-019-2983-0 KHATIB O, 1986, INT J ROBOT RES, V5, P90, DOI 10.15252/embj.201797876 Lee JY, 2022, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V172, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2022.106690 Luo JF, 2022, P I MECH ENG C-J MEC, V236, P8621, DOI 10.1177/09544062221085886 Mancini M, 2020, IEEE CONTR SYST LETT, V4, P313, DOI 10.1109/LCSYS.2019.2926053 Mullakkal-Babu FA, 2020, TRANSPORT RES C-EMER, V118, DOI 10.1016/j.trc.2020.102716 Ni D., 2013, APPL MATH SCI, V7, P1929, DOI [DOI 10.1061/41186(421)420, DOI 10.12988/AMS.2013.13175] Olfati-Saber R, 2006, IEEE T AUTOMAT CONTR, V51, P401, DOI 10.1109/TAC.2005.864190 Pervez A, 2022, J TRANSP ENG A-SYST, V148, DOI 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000617 Pervez A, 2020, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V142, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105542 Shin Y, 2021, AEROSP SCI TECHNOL, V112, DOI 10.1016/j.ast.2021.106640 Tao Pengfei, 2011, Journal of Southeast University (Natural Science Edition), V41, P854 Tian Y, 2021, IEEE INT C INTELL TR, P285, DOI 10.1109/ITSC48978.2021.9565069 Tian Y, 2020, 2020 5TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INFORMATION SCIENCE, COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY AND TRANSPORTATION (ISCTT 2020), P281, DOI 10.1109/ISCTT51595.2020.00056 Wang Jian-qiang, 2016, China Journal of Highway and Transport, V29, P105 Wang JQ, 2015, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V84, P54, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2015.07.007 Wang JQ, 2015, IEEE T INTELL TRANSP, V16, P2203, DOI 10.1109/TITS.2015.2401837 Wang JQ, 2014, 2014 IEEE 17TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS (ITSC), P974, DOI 10.1109/ITSC.2014.6957815 Wang J, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V82, P358, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.037 Wolf MT, 2008, IEEE INT CONF ROBOT, P3731, DOI 10.1109/ROBOT.2008.4543783 Xiao Yang, 2021, 2021 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Image Processing, Electronics and Computers (IPEC), P678, DOI 10.1109/IPEC51340.2021.9421333 Yang ZS, 2013, ADV MECH ENG, DOI 10.1155/2013/207104 Zhou ZW, 2020, IEEE ACCESS, V8, P68559, DOI 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2986272 NR 26 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 7 U2 50 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1538-9588 EI 1538-957X J9 TRAFFIC INJ PREV JI Traffic Inj. Prev. PD MAY 18 PY 2024 VL 25 IS 4 BP 658 EP 666 DI 10.1080/15389588.2023.2175606 EA FEB 2023 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA NU7G8 UT WOS:001195030400001 PM 38557304 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lu, H Shang, T Wei, Y Wu, P AF Lu, Hao Shang, Ting Wei, Yi Wu, Peng TI Safety Assessment of Exit Advance Guide Signs in Mountainous Highway Tunnel Based on Eye-Tracking Technology SO IEEE ACCESS LA English DT Article DE Visualization; Roads; Vehicles; Accidents; Cognition; Vehicle safety; Markov processes; Exit advance guide sign; traffic safety; eye-tracking; Markov chain ID DRIVING SIMULATOR AB Exit Advance Guide Signs play an important role in driving safety on highway tunnels. With the increase of mountain highway in recent 10 years, how to set exit advance guide signs inside the mountain highway tunnels become a new problem in China. This paper evaluates the effects of setting schemes of Exit Advance Guide Signs in mountain tunnels through simulation experiments. Specially, exit advance guide signs in the mountainous highway tunnel were divided into location sign and distance sign. Six schemes of different height, width and spacing were tested, in which the distance sign was on the left or right wall of the tunnel, and the vehicle was on the left lane. A Markov chain was used to analyze the driver's eye movement characteristics to evaluate the effect of separate guide signs. The results were as follows: if the distance sign was set on the left wall, the scheme 4 where height, width and spacing of 1.5m was the best choice, because the change rate of the driver's pupil area was higher than the threshold, attention to distance signs increased to 10.42%, and dashboard gaze also increased. These characteristics show that the traffic sign setting effect was obvious, and didn't affect the driver's driving safety; if the distance sign was set on the right wall, the scheme 6 where height, width and spacing of 2m was the best choice, because drivers pay the highest attention to area 5 and it did not exceed 60%, Meanwhile, the driver's fixation distribution of scheme 6 was the most stable. This study can optimize exit advance guide signs setting in the mountainous highway tunnel, then contributing to reduced traffic accidents and making mountain highway transport more sustainable. C1 [Lu, Hao; Wei, Yi] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Econ & Management, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Shang, Ting; Wu, Peng] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Shang, T (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. EM shangting@cqjtu.edu.cn OI Lu, Hao/0000-0001-7020-6854; Wu, peng/0000-0003-3241-2643 FU Science and Technology Bureau Foundation; Frontier Project of Chongqing [cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0629, cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0695]; Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission [KJQN201900739, KJQN201900722]; Chongqing Social Science Planning Project [2017PY40]; Chongqing Key Laboratory of ''Human-Vehicle Road'' Cooperation and Safety for Mountain Complex Environment [2018HVRC05] FX This work was supported by in part by the Science and Technology Bureau Foundation and the Frontier Project of Chongqing under Grant cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0629 and Grant cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0695, in part by the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission under Grant KJQN201900739 and Grant KJQN201900722, in part by Chongqing Social Science Planning Project under Grant 2017PY40, and in part by Chongqing Key Laboratory of ``Human-Vehicle Road'' Cooperation and Safety for Mountain Complex Environment under Grant 2018HVRC05. 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The "critical ventilation velocity" u(cr) is generally defined as the minimum velocity at which smoke is prevented from spreading against the longitudinal ventilation flow in tunnel fire situations. This study conducted small-scale experiments to investigate u(cr) for situations when tunnel fire occurs near tunnel exits. The model tunnel was 4 m long, 0.6 m wide and 0.6 m tall, and the fires were located at 0.5 m, 1.0 m and 1.5 m from the tunnel exit. 6.3 x 6.3 cm(2) and 9.0 x 9.0 cm(2) square asoline fuel pans were used as fire source. Results show that u(cr) decreases as the fire approaches the tunnel exit. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Tsai, Kuang-Chung] Natl Kaohsiung First Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Safety Hlth & Environm Engn, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan. [Lee, Yee-Ping] Nanya Inst Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Jhongli 32091, Taoyuan County, Taiwan. [Lee, Shin-Ku] Natl Cheng Kung Univ, Dept Mech Engn, Tainan 701, Taiwan. C3 National Kaohsiung University of Science & Technology; National Cheng Kung University RP Tsai, KC (通讯作者)，Natl Kaohsiung First Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Safety Hlth & Environm Engn, 2 Juoyue Rd, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan. EM tsaikc@ccms.nkfust.edu.tw FU National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan [NSC 96-2221-E-327-015-MY3] FX The authors would like to thank the National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan for financially supporting this research under Contract no. NSC 96-2221-E-327-015-MY3. Tzu-Young Chou is appreciated for his carrying out data and Ted Knoy for his editorial assistance. CR Hwang CC, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P213, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2004.11.001 Ingason H, 2008, P 9 IAFSS S GERM LONNERMARK A, 2008, P 9 INT S FIR SAF SC Roh JS, 2008, BUILD ENVIRON, V43, P1225, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2007.03.007 Tsai K.C., 2010, J WIND ENG IND AEROD NR 5 TC 36 Z9 41 U1 1 U2 48 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD NOV PY 2011 VL 46 IS 8 BP 556 EP 557 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.08.003 PG 2 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 843OP UT WOS:000296682000009 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Luin, B Petelin, S AF Luin, Blaz Petelin, Stojan TI COUPLING MODELS OF ROAD TUNNEL TRAFFIC, VENTILATION AND EVACUATION SO TRANSPORT LA English DT Article DE road tunnel; simulation; safety; ventilation; traffic; tunnel fire; emergency; visualization; operator training; incident management ID STRATEGIES AB As road tunnel accidents can result in numerous fatalities and injuries, attention must be paid to accident prevention and management. To address this issue, use of integrated tunnel model for system evaluation and training of road tunnel operators on computer simulator is presented. A unified tunnel model, including traffic, meteorological conditions, ventilation and evacuation that is presented. An overview of simulation models, simulator architecture and challenges during the development are discussed. The integrated tunnel model is used as a core of a simulation system that is capable of reproducing tunnel accidents in real time and it interfaces with Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) interfaces used in real tunnel control centres. It enables operators to acquire experience they could otherwise get only during major accidents or costly exercises. It also provides the possibility for evaluation of tunnel control algorithms and Human Machine Interfaces (HMIs) for efficient operation of all safety systems during upgrades and maintenance. Finally, application of the model for accident analysis and optimization of emergency ventilation control is presented where it was used to identify cause of emergency ventilation malfunction and design fault. C1 [Luin, Blaz; Petelin, Stojan] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transport, Ljubljana, Slovenia. C3 University of Ljubljana RP Luin, B (通讯作者)，Univ Ljubljana, Fac Maritime Studies & Transport, Ljubljana, Slovenia. EM blaz.luin@fpp.uni-lj.si FU ARRS [L2-2324]; DARS, d.d. [29/20010] FX This work was supported by the ARRS under Grant L2-2324; and DARS, d.d. under Grant 29/20010. 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Martins, Francisco F. Couto, Joao P. Cortes Perez, Alfonso TI Study on prevention implementation in tunnels construction: Marao Tunnel's (Portugal) singularities SO REVISTA DE LA CONSTRUCCION LA English DT Article DE New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM); Sequential Excavation Method (SEM); risks; safety; tunneling AB The investment in tunneling shows an worldwide expansion trend. Reduction of risks, as part of the financial strategy of the stakeholders, has been the focus of several research studies. This paper aims to describe the construction risk prevention, in terms of occupational accidents and diseases, of the 2nd phase of the Marao Tunnel (Portugal) - the longest roadway tunnel in the Iberian Peninsula excavated with Sequential Method -with the particularity of the works being interrupted, leaving the tunnel only with primary lining for three years. The methodology is based in: 1) identification, by literature review, of most typical preventive measures and assessement of their applicability in the case study; 2) description of new preventive approaches. The paper will start with a history of work accidents, followed by the case study and, finally, it will delve into the preventive measures applied, as well as the new approaches, such as over-runs, falling blocks and risks associated with the suspension of works. Measures identified in literature were implemented and their validity was assessed. New approaches provided an safer and quickest way to work. This study is relevant to future tunnelling sites, since it is a good example of risk management using new approaches. C1 [Tender, Manuel L.] Univ Minho, Civil Engn Dept, Azurem Campus, P-4800058 Guimaraes, Portugal. [Martins, Francisco F.] Univ Minho, Civil Engn Dept, ISISE, Azurem Campus, P-4800058 Guimaraes, Portugal. [Couto, Joao P.] Univ Minho, Civil Engn Dept, Ctr Terr Environm & Construct C TAC, Azurem Campus, P-4800058 Guimaraes, Portugal. [Cortes Perez, Alfonso] AC2 Syst Consultancy, C San Marino 3,Bajo A, Madrid 28022, Spain. C3 Universidade do Minho; Universidade do Minho; Universidade do Minho RP Tender, ML (通讯作者)，Univ Minho, Civil Engn Dept, Azurem Campus, P-4800058 Guimaraes, Portugal. EM manuel.tender@xispoli.eu; ffm@civil.uminho.pt; jpc@civil.uminho.pt; alfonso.cortes@ac2sc.es RI Vila Cova Tender, Manuel Luís/AAF-3211-2020; Cortés-Pérez, Alfonso/AAL-1742-2020; Couto, João/A-7478-2013; Martins, Francisco F/AAF-9855-2020 OI Vila Cova Tender, Manuel Luís/0000-0002-3494-294X; Cortés-Pérez, Alfonso/0000-0001-8843-8207; Couto, João/0000-0001-9607-0596; Martins, Francisco F/0000-0001-6088-7860 FU Infraestruturas de Portugal; Teixeira Duarte / EPOS Joint Venture; FEDER funds through the Competitivity Factors Operational Programme - COMPETE; FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology [POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007633] FX The authors would like to thank: "Infraestruturas de Portugal" and "Teixeira Duarte / EPOS Joint Venture" for their support; the participating partners in the R&D Project associated to this paper: MOTA-ENGIL, ORICA, SIKA, DST; and Mrs. Alexandra Valle Fernandes for the review and translation of the paper. This work was partly financed by FEDER funds through the Competitivity Factors Operational Programme - COMPETE and by national funds through FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology within the scope of the project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007633. CR Arévalo C, 2013, INF CONSTR, V65, P325, DOI 10.3989/ic.12.006 Ceyhan C., 2012, THESIS Chapman D, 2017, P117, DOI 10.1201/9781315120164-5 Crossrail, 2013, BEST PRACT GUID SCL Eskesen SD, 2004, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V19, P217, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2004.01.001 Furuseth K., 2013, 13 NORW TUNN SOC Ganez J., 2011, INT RAIL FOR MADR Garzon I., 2013, REV CONSTRUCCION, V12 Gascon J., 2008, V H S COURS TUNN MAD Hasan A, 2013, INT J INJ CONTROL SA, V20, P3, DOI 10.1080/17457300.2011.648676 Health and Safety Executive, 1996, SAF NEW AUSTR TUNN M Jodl H., 2011, GEOMECHANICS TUNNELL, V4, P337, DOI DOI 10.1002/GEOT.201100019 Kecojevic V, 2005, SAFETY SCI, V43, P739, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2005.07.006 Kovári K, 2003, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V18, P71, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00006-3 Lamont D, 2002, WORLD TUNN C SIDN Lamont D., 2006, WORLD TUNN C SEOUL Longo S., 2006, THESIS Moore JT, 2013, INT J OCCUP SAF ERGO, V19, P97 Stipek W., 2012, 50 YEARS NATM EXPERI Telo E., 2014, 11 INT C SAF HLTH WO Tender M., 2014, THESIS Tender M., 2015, OCCUPATION SAFETY HY, P421 Tender M., 2015, PROMOTING TUNNELING Velasco J., 2010, INF CONSTR, V66, P1 Vogel M., 2013, WORLD TUNN C GEN NR 25 TC 3 Z9 6 U1 1 U2 12 PU PONTIFICIA UNIV CATOLICA CHILE, ESCUELA CONSTRUCCION CIVIL PI SANTIAGO PA AV VICUNA MACKENNA 4860, SANTIAGO, 0000, CHILE SN 0718-915X J9 REV CONSTR JI Rev. Constr. PD AUG PY 2017 VL 16 IS 2 BP 262 EP 273 DI 10.7764/RDLC.16.2.262 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA FO8AA UT WOS:000417101500008 OA Green Submitted, Green Published, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Tian, JW Ma, WB Han, JQ Mao, T Wang, XL Fang, YQ AF Tian, Jingwei Ma, Weibin Han, Jiaqiang Mao, Tian Wang, Xiaolin Fang, Yanqiang TI Research on the aerodynamic comfort and safety of high-speed trains when extracting air from inclined shafts in tunnels SO RESULTS IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE High-speed railway tunnel; Comfort; Safety; Numerical calculation; Inclined shaft air extraction ID SIMULATION AB This study investigates the aerodynamic comfort and safety of high-speed trains (HST) running within existing tunnels when the air is extracted through inclined ventilation shafts. Three-dimensional numerical simulations were performed to assess the transient pressure variation at the train body and the wind pressure load surrounding the slant shaft under three typical scenarios, i.e., the inclined shaft is closed, the shaft is opened without air extraction, and the air extraction is activated. Influencing factors were successively revealed, e.g., train speed, air extraction velocity, the lateral distance between HST and shaft, and the position of HSTs' intersection. The major findings are listed as: 1) Shaft is useful in decreasing the transient pressure amplitude at the train body while air extraction through the shaft has limited impact. 2) As the shaft is opened, the wind pressure load at the side of the train closer to the shaft is diminished, whereas the pressure load at the opposite side increases. Pressure decrease in the condition of air extraction case is not significant compared to those measured in the nonair extraction case, yet the increase in lateral wind pressure load is more significant; 3) In the air extraction case, overturning coefficient of HST is inversely related to both the train speed and the lateral distance to the shaft and is positively correlated with the air extraction speed; 4) During train crossing events within the tunnel, the farther the crossing location is from the ventilation shaft, the smaller the lateral forces and overturning moments experienced by the train; 5) When the train speed is 350 km/h, the air extraction velocity is below 10 m/s, and the tunnel cross-sectional area is 70 m2 during air extraction from the inclined shaft, the 3-second transient pressure peak inside operational trains within existing tunnels is <800 Pa, and the overturning coefficient is below 0.8, the operational comfort and safety conform to established standards. C1 [Tian, Jingwei; Mao, Tian] China Acad Railway Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Tian, Jingwei; Ma, Weibin; Han, Jiaqiang] Railway Engn Res Inst, China Acad Railway Sci Corp Ltd, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Tian, Jingwei; Ma, Weibin; Han, Jiaqiang] State Key Lab High Speed Railway Track Syst, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Wang, Xiaolin; Fang, Yanqiang] Guangxi Acad Sci, Inst Adv Equipment & Mfg, Nanning 530012, Peoples R China. C3 Guangxi Academy of Sciences RP Ma, WB (通讯作者)，Railway Engn Res Inst, China Acad Railway Sci Corp Ltd, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.; Ma, WB (通讯作者)，State Key Lab High Speed Railway Track Syst, Beijing, Peoples R China. 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PD JUN PY 2025 VL 26 AR 105143 DI 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.105143 EA JUN 2025 PG 12 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA 4HP1B UT WOS:001518205900001 OA gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, TY Tan, LX Xie, SY Ma, BS AF Wang, Tianyu Tan, Lixin Xie, Shaoyin Ma, Baosong TI Development and applications of common utility tunnels in China SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Utility tunnel; China; Latest status; Future development ID URBAN UNDERGROUND SPACE; SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT; TECHNOLOGY; GOVERNANCE; POLICIES AB Common utility tunnels (utilidors) are attracting more and more attention in China with the rapid urban development and growing need for public facilities. China is a large country with a huge north-south divide, which leads to different situations of construction, types of utilities incorporated, route design and governance issues for utility tunnels in different cities. This paper introduces the latest status for such tunnels in China by collecting and analyzing existing and planned utility tunnels in China from 1959 to 2020. Furthermore, the key issues that may influence the development of utility tunnels in the next decade in China are summarized. These, in combination with the domestic and foreign research status, suggest typical cases and a policy orientation which may be helpful to the future development of common utility tunnels in China and other countries. C1 [Wang, Tianyu; Tan, Lixin; Xie, Shaoyin; Ma, Baosong] China Univ Geosci Wuhan, Coll Engn, 388 Lumo Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China. C3 China University of Geosciences RP Ma, BS (通讯作者)，China Univ Geosci Wuhan, Coll Engn, 388 Lumo Rd, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM cugwty@163.com; 1245210321@qq.com; 1440246169@qq.com; mabaosong@163.com RI Wang, Tianyu/HLQ-1803-2023 OI Wang, Tianyu/0000-0001-9379-3131 FU National Key R&D Program of China "Public security risk prevention and emergency response technology and equipment": Research and demonstration of urban underground utility tunnel safety prevention and control technology FX This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China "Public security risk prevention and emergency response technology and equipment": Research and demonstration of urban underground utility tunnel safety prevention and control technology. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUN PY 2018 VL 76 BP 92 EP 106 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.03.006 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA GE0JH UT WOS:000430899600009 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Slota, K Slota, Z AF Slota, Krzysztof Slota, Zbigniew TI Analysis of Tunnel Ventilation During Tunnelling-A Case Study SO CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING REPORTS LA English DT Article DE tunnel; ventilation; air monitoring ID FLOW AB In the case of tunnelling by mining methods, mining regulations apply to the design of ventilation. The most important criteria to be taken into account when calculating the minimum air flow rate in a tunnel are the air velocity, the multiple exchange of air during one hour, not exceeding the permissible concentrations of gases and dust, and ensuring appropriate climatic conditions. In this paper, an analysis of ventilation methods is carried out, taking into account the parameters of fans and ventilation ducts. Changing the diameter of the duct line from 1,000 to 1,400 mm results in a 3-4-fold reduction in fan power. Adding a second twin installation reduces the ventilation power requirement fourfold. Making the duct lines parallel increases the ventilation power requirement by about 30-50% compared to two duct installations. C1 [Slota, Krzysztof; Slota, Zbigniew] Silesian Tech Univ, Fac Min, Safety Engn & Ind Automation, Gliwice, Poland. C3 Silesian University of Technology RP Slota, K (通讯作者)，Silesian Tech Univ, Fac Min, Safety Engn & Ind Automation, Gliwice, Poland. EM krzysztof.slota@polsl.pl RI Słota, Krzysztof/N-2727-2013 OI Słota, Krzysztof/0000-0002-0260-8234 FU Silesian University of Technology [BK-06/050/BK_22/0133] FX This research was funded by Silesian University of Technology, BK-06/050/BK_22/0133 - Multi-variant analysis of the ventilation of a tunnel during its tunnelling in terms of compliance with the new legislation on maximum allowable gas concentrations - in situ studies. 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PD DEC 1 PY 2022 VL 32 IS 4 BP 259 EP 269 DI 10.2478/ceer-2022-0056 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA 7T1SQ UT WOS:000911228400016 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Du, ZG Xu, J Luo, S AF Chen, Ying Du, Zhigang Xu, Jin Luo, Shuang TI Driving characteristics of static obstacle avoidance by drivers in mountain highway tunnels - A lateral safety distance judgement SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Mountainous highway tunnels; Shy away effect; Trajectory deviation; Trajectory prediction; Lateral clearance AB Static obstacles (tunnel sidewalls, barricades, etc.) on the side of mountainous highways change the spatial range of the road during driving, restricting the driver's freedom of driving while possibly triggering the driver's shy away effect, which poses a specific potential safety hazard. To understand the characteristics of driving behaviour in mountain highway tunnels with different tunnel lengths and lateral obstacles, nine tunnels in Chongqing were selected for real-vehicle tests, and data on driving trajectories, speeds and other metrics were collected from 40 drivers. Analyse the driver's need for lateral safety distance in different scenarios, defines the conditions and scope of the shy away effect, and establishes a multi-scenario "distance-trajectory" offset prediction model to adjust the offset under varying lateral environments by setting different facilities. The results show that drivers exhibit some avoidance behavior towards lateral static obstacles, but the extent of the shyaway effect varies based on tunnel length. By widening the lateral clearance to 0.925 m on the left side and 1.450 m on the right side of the road to meet the driver's requirements for lateral safety distances, unreasonable avoidance behaviour can be reduced. Combined with the trajectory fluctuation characteristics of drivers in different tunnels, it is proposed to set up the traffic safety facilities in a manner more aligned with driver behavioral habits, with a place set up 110 m before the entrance of the short tunnel, two places set up in the medium tunnel at L/2 - 200 m, L/2 + 100 m (where L is the length of the tunnel), and three places for long tunnels at L/2 - 400 m, L/2 m, and L/2 + 300 m. For extra-long tunnels, facilities are to be set up in cycles of 500 m, 1000 m, and 1500 m intervals. In the cross-section where different drivers are prone to apparent trajectory offsets, a driving behavior prompt sign is added to help correct the driving trajectory. C1 [Chen, Ying; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan 430063, Peoples R China. [Xu, Jin; Luo, Shuang] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Coll Traff & Transportat, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Xu, J (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Coll Traff & Transportat, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM cchenying@whut.edu.cn; zhig_du7@163.com; yhnl_996699@163.com; sluo410k@foxmail.com OI Chen, Ying/0000-0003-1843-0087 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [52302431] FX This work was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Project 52072291. National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under Project 52302431. 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PD FEB PY 2025 VL 210 AR 107845 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107845 EA NOV 2024 PG 16 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA N1J3U UT WOS:001361974100001 PM 39571526 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Guo, QH Li, YZ Ingason, H Yan, ZG Zhu, HH AF Guo, Qinghua Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur Yan, Zhiguo Zhu, Hehua TI Numerical study on thermally driven smoke flow characteristics in long tunnels under natural ventilation SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Long tunnel; Smoke flow structure; Mass flow rate; Critical point; C d discharge coefficient ID CEILING-JET; TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; HORIZONTAL TUNNEL; CRITICAL VELOCITY; NEAR-FIELD; FIRE GASES; THICKNESS AB The paper focuses on the flow structures and mass flow rates of thermally driven smoke flows induced by fires in long transportation tunnels under natural ventilation. The important influencing factors including heat release rate (HRR), tunnel width and height, are taken into consideration. The mechanism of the smoke flow movement is explored. The results show that for a fire in a long naturally ventilated transportation tunnel, there exists a critical point which is dependent on HRR and tunnel geometry. This critical point is defined as the location where the smoke layer thickness and the outgoing mass flow rate increase towards it and decrease after it. Further, it is found that the critical point moves farther away from the fire source in a wider or higher tunnel, while it lies closer to the fire source for a higher HRR. A correlation is proposed to estimate the location of the critical point. The outgoing mass flow rates along the tunnel are calculated using the two-layer flow model and well-mixed flow model of thermally driven flows, and the results indicate that these models produce satisfactory predictions of the mass flow rates if the vertical temperature profile is known. C1 [Guo, Qinghua] Taiyuan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Elect Informat Engn, 66 Waliu Rd, Taiyuan 030024, Peoples R China. [Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Dept Fire & Safety, Box 857, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. [Yan, Zhiguo; Zhu, Hehua] Tongji Univ, Dept Geotech Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. [Guo, Qinghua] Key Lab Large Struct Hlth Monitoring & Control, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China. [Guo, Qinghua] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Dept Fire & Safety, Box 857, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. [Li, Ying Zhen] Taiyuan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Elect Informat Engn, 66 Waliu Rd, Taiyuan 030024, Peoples R China. C3 Taiyuan University of Science & Technology; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; Tongji University; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; Taiyuan University of Science & Technology RP Guo, QH (通讯作者)，Taiyuan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Elect Informat Engn, 66 Waliu Rd, Taiyuan 030024, Peoples R China.; Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Dept Fire & Safety, Box 857, S-50115 Boras, Sweden.; Guo, QH (通讯作者)，Key Lab Large Struct Hlth Monitoring & Control, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China.; Guo, QH (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Dept Fire & Safety, Box 857, S-50115 Boras, Sweden.; Li, YZ (通讯作者)，Taiyuan Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Elect Informat Engn, 66 Waliu Rd, Taiyuan 030024, Peoples R China. EM gqh5xy@hotmail.com; yingzhen.li@ri.se RI ; Guo, Qinghua/N-2963-2018; Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI 雷, 中岱/0000-0002-1176-8109; Guo, Qinghua/0000-0003-2840-2354; Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Tunnel and Under- ground Safety Center (TUSC); National Natural Science Foundation of China [52208408]; Key Laboratory of Large Structure Health Monitoring and Control in Hebei Province [KLLSHMC2101]; Taiyuan University of Science and Technology in China [20232014] FX The author (s) would like to acknowledge the Tunnel and Under-ground Safety Center (TUSC) for the financial support. This work was also financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (52208408) , Key Laboratory of Large Structure Health Monitoring and Control in Hebei Province (KLLSHMC2101) and Taiyuan University of Science and Technology (20232014) in China. 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J. Therm. Sci. PD OCT PY 2023 VL 192 AR 108379 DI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2023.108379 EA MAY 2023 PN A PG 20 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA Z4QX7 UT WOS:001111950200001 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kirytopoulos, KA Rentizelas, AA Tatsiopoulos, IP Papadopoulos, G AF Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos A. Rentizelas, Athanasios A. Tatsiopoulos, Ilias P. Papadopoulos, George TI Quantitative risk analysis for road tunnels complying with EU regulations SO JOURNAL OF RISK RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE road tunnel; risk analysis; quantitative analysis; safety; ALARP; dangerous goods AB Tunnels have improved the connection of regions within the European Commission (EC) and have been used lately as a catalyst for economic development of previously isolated regions. However, the increasing number of these important infrastructures is raising upfront an endogenous problem, which is the severity of accidents that may occur. These risks have much greater impact when heavy goods vehicles (HGVs) or dangerous goods (DGs) are involved in the accident. As a result, the EC launched the EC Directive 2004/54/EC. In order to achieve a minimum acceptable level of safety, the EC Directive 2004/54/EC suggests, apart from the measures imposed based on tunnel characteristics, the implementation of a risk analysis in cases such as the opening of the road tunnel to DGs. The most widely accepted method for such quantitative risk analysis (QRA) is the OECD/PIARC QRA Model. This research exploits the QRA Model to perform a QRA for five illustrative cases in order to explore the sufficiency of the minimum tunnel safety measures imposed by the Directive when transportation of HGVs and DGs is allowed through the tunnel. The research concludes that, at least for tunnels with marginal values of the EC Directive classes for length and traffic, the risk exposure (F/N curves) lays over the acceptable safety limits of ALARP (as low as reasonably practicable) models. Thus, the manager of the tunnel should take seriously into account the provision of the Directive for further risk analysis and consider more safety measures as well as take into account the risk associated with the alternative routes. C1 [Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos A.] Univ Aegean, Financial & Management Engn Dept, Chios, Greece. [Rentizelas, Athanasios A.; Tatsiopoulos, Ilias P.; Papadopoulos, George] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens, Greece. C3 University of Aegean; National Technical University of Athens RP Kirytopoulos, KA (通讯作者)，Univ Aegean, Financial & Management Engn Dept, Chios, Greece. EM kkir@central.ntua.gr RI ; Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/H-1348-2018; RENTIZELAS, ATHANASIOS/AAN-7002-2021 OI Papadopoulos, Georgios/0000-0002-8305-7971; Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/0000-0001-7675-6785; RENTIZELAS, ATHANASIOS/0000-0002-5110-2467 CR Carvel RO, 2005, J FIRE SCI, V23, P485, DOI 10.1177/0734904105052578 *EUR COMM, 2004, OFFICIAL J EUROPEA L, P167 *EUR THEM NETW FIR, 2007, FIR TUNN GEN REP Evans Andrew W., 2003, 073 U COLL LOND Haack A, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V17, P117, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00013-5 Hermann K., 2001, Tunn. Manag. Int, V3, P19 INERIS, 2005, TRANSP DANG GOODS RO KNOFLACHER H, 2004, P 2 INT C TUNN SAF V KNOFLACHER H, 2002, P 1 INT C TUNN SAF V LACROIX D, 1999, INT ESREDA SEM SAF R Leitner A, 2001, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V16, P217, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(01)00042-6 MOONIS M, 2008, PS0801 HLTH SAF LAB OECD, 2001, SAF TUNN TRANSP DANG *PARS BRINCK QUAD, 2006, RISK AN STUD HAZ MAT PIARC, 2008, RISK AN ROAD TUNN *SAFE T, 2008, APP 1 TOOLS PROB RIS [No title captured] NR 17 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 1 U2 16 PU ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OX14 4RN, OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND SN 1366-9877 J9 J RISK RES JI J. Risk Res. PY 2010 VL 13 IS 8 BP 1027 EP 1041 AR PII 926787453 DI 10.1080/13669877.2010.494331 PG 15 WC Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Social Sciences - Other Topics GA 685KU UT WOS:000284628400004 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Focaracci, A Greco, G Martirano, L AF Focaracci, Alessandro Greco, Giacomo Martirano, Luigi TI Smart Tunnel and Dynamic Risk Analysis SO IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRY APPLICATIONS LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 54th Annual Meeting of the IEEE-Industry-Applications-Society (IEEE IAS) CY SEP 28-OCT 03, 2019 CL Baltimore, MD SP IEEE Ind Applicat Soc DE Safety; Risk analysis; Analytical models; Mathematical model; Vehicle dynamics; Ventilation; Roads; Dynamic risk analysis; fire safety; safety; smart tunnel; supervisory control and dynamic acquisition (SCADA) systems ID ROAD; SPEED AB The article proposes an innovative system of supervision and data acquisition, oriented to fire safety through a dynamic risk analysis, called supervisory control and dynamic risk analysis (SCADRA). SCADRA achieves operation and management benefits for safety, functionality, and energy optimization, by means of dynamic control and monitoring measures. A "Smart Tunnel" can be defined as a model where technical systems are designed and installed in an advanced way, by using digital components and sensors. SCADRA has been developed to offer a complete tool (human machine interface) for real-time monitoring of tunnel safety by tunnel operators, integrated with the innovative dynamic risk analysis. SCADRAoffers compensatory and/or supplementary safety measures for emergency management and supports fire rescue teams that are operating in tunnel in which some requirements could not be realized. C1 [Focaracci, Alessandro] Prometeoengn It Srl, I-00195 Rome, Italy. [Greco, Giacomo; Martirano, Luigi] Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00184 Rome, Italy. C3 Sapienza University Rome RP Martirano, L (通讯作者)，Univ Roma La Sapienza, I-00184 Rome, Italy. EM alessandro.focaracci@prometeoengineering.it; giacomo.greco@uniroma1.it; luigi.martirano@uniroma1.it OI Martirano, Luigi/0000-0003-0784-265X CR Aarts L, 2006, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V38, P215, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2005.07.004 [Anonymous], 2013, PLANT LIST WORKING L [Anonymous], 2010, TRANSP CIT TUNN P [Anonymous], 2019, ROAD TUNN MAN [Anonymous], 2014, 6133132014 IEC [Anonymous], 2010, OPEN THERMODYN J Borchiellini R., 2006, P 25 C NAZ UIT TRANS, P481 Carni Domenico Luca, 2013, 2013 IEEE 7th International Conference on Intelligent Data Acquisition and Advanced Computing Systems (IDAACS), P786, DOI 10.1109/IDAACS.2013.6663033 Carvel R., 2012, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE, P273 Danisovic P, 2015, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V111, P134, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2015.07.067 Elvik R.E, 2004, 740 TOI, V1st Focaracci A., 2011, P 11 INT C UND CONST, P837 Focaracci A., 2019, P IEEE IND APPL SOC, P1 Focaracci A., 2019, P IEEE INT C ENV EL, P10 Focaracci A., 2007, SAFETY DESIGN IMPLEM Focaracci A., 2006, P 25 NAT ROAD C AIPC, P1 Focaracci A., 2011, P 11 INT C UND CONST, P846 Hauer E, 2001, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V33, P799, DOI 10.1016/S0001-4575(00)00094-4 Mikolaj J., 2014, COMMUNICATIONS ZILIN, V4, P53 Ntzeremes P, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V81, P619, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.020 Ronchi E, 2018, FIRE SAFETY J, V97, P126, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.06.002 Salvisberg U., 2004, 51 UPI NR 22 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 4 U2 43 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 0093-9994 EI 1939-9367 J9 IEEE T IND APPL JI IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. PD MAY-JUN PY 2020 VL 56 IS 3 BP 2338 EP 2347 DI 10.1109/TIA.2020.2974139 PG 10 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering GA NA3UW UT WOS:000559740800021 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhao, YF Qiu, R Chen, M Xiao, S AF Zhao, Yifei Qiu, Rui Chen, Min Xiao, Shan TI Research on Operational Safety Risk Assessment Method for Long and Large Highway Tunnels Based on FAHP and SPA SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE highway; long tunnel; risk assessment; triangular fuzzy analytic hierarchy process; pairwise comparison analysis AB Compared to the construction phase, the assessment of tunnel safety risks during the operational stage has not been thoroughly conducted, and the related research work is relatively lagging. To deepen the research and application of theoretical methods for assessing operational tunnel safety risks, and to improve the level of hazard investigation and prevention in long and large highway tunnels, this paper establishes a tunnel section assessment index system from four perspectives: tunnel condition, traffic characteristics, operational environment, and operational management. A combined qualitative and quantitative approach is employed, and a practical classification standard for the indicators is proposed. Based on the traditional Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and fuzzy analysis theory, a new form of questionnaire survey, known as the expert system analysis method, is introduced to collect expert opinions. A novel approach for determining fuzzy numbers based on expert opinions is proposed. Consequently, a combined model for assessing operational tunnel safety risks in long and large highways is established by integrating the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and the Set Pair Analysis (SPA). This model effectively combines subjective weighting with objective evaluation, thereby enhancing the accuracy of operational tunnel safety risk assessment for long and large highways. The safety risks of three long and large tunnels within the G1523 Yongguan Expressway were assessed using the evaluation method proposed in this paper. A comparative analysis was conducted between the results obtained using the proposed Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) and Set Pair Analysis (SPA) method and the traditional Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) evaluation. The results indicate that the operational tunnel safety risk assessment method based on FAHP and SPA exhibits greater rationality and accuracy compared to the traditional AHP approach. C1 [Zhao, Yifei; Qiu, Rui; Chen, Min; Xiao, Shan] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University RP Zhao, YF (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. EM zhaoyf@chd.edu.cn; 2021121215@chd.edu.cn; kllpmin@163.com; 19523001821@163.com CR Bai J., 2019, TUNN CONSTR CHIN ENG, V39, P471 Caliendo C, 2022, STAT METHOD APPL-GER, V31, P109, DOI 10.1007/s10260-021-00567-5 Caliendo C, 2019, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V85, P243, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.12.012 Caliendo C, 2013, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V55, P107, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2013.02.024 Cha Z., 2021, J WATER RESOUR ARCHI, V19, P122 Duan R., 2021, Masters Thesis Hu J., 2014, CHINA SAF PROD SCI T, V10, P57 Li Q., 2020, J WUHAN U LIGHT IND, V39, P53 [梁心雨 Liang Xinyu], 2017, [交通信息与安全, Journal of Transport Information and Safety], V35, P20 Liu S., 2022, MOD TUNN TECHNOL, V59, P691 Luo QJ, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V132, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104894 Lyu HM, 2020, J CONSTR ENG M, V146, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)CO.1943-7862.0001757 Meng Q, 2011, RISK ANAL, V31, P382, DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2010.01503.x Ntzeremes P, 2020, ASCE-ASME J RISK U A, V6, DOI 10.1061/AJRUA6.0001029 Su D., 2016, HIGHWAY ENG, V41, P10 Su Z.-B., 2006, Masters Thesis Torok A, 2022, Cognitive Sustainability, V1, DOI [10.55343/cogsust.23, 10.55343/cogsust.23, DOI 10.55343/COGSUST.23] Wang G., 2018, TUNN CONSTR CHIN ENG, V38, P169 Wang J, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V82, P358, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.037 Wang Z.J., 2019, Mod. Tunn. Technol, V56, P36 Wu S., 2018, J UNDERGR SPACE ENG, V14, P363 [薛锋 Xue Feng], 2021, [公路交通科技, Journal of Highway and Transportation Research and Development], V38, P85 Yamamoto K, 2018, SAFETY, V4, DOI 10.3390/safety4020012 Yeung JS, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V38, P534, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.09.002 Yu M., 2014, COMPUT TECHNOL DEV, V24, P182 Yuan J., 2018, Masters Thesis Zhang W., 2023, RAILW STAND DES, V67, P1, DOI [10.13238/j.issn.1004-2954.202209070005, DOI 10.13238/J.ISSN.1004-2954.202209070005] Zhao F., 2010, Ph.D. Thesis Zhou B., 2021, HIGHW TRAFFIC SCI TE, V38, P97 Zou Q, 2013, STOCH ENV RES RISK A, V27, P525, DOI 10.1007/s00477-012-0598-5 NR 30 TC 13 Z9 14 U1 18 U2 84 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA MDPI AG, Grosspeteranlage 5, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2076-3417 J9 APPL SCI-BASEL JI Appl. Sci.-Basel PD AUG PY 2023 VL 13 IS 16 AR 9151 DI 10.3390/app13169151 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA Q4HW6 UT WOS:001057154400001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, YZ Fan, CG Ingason, H Lönnermark, A Ji, J AF Li, Ying Zhen Fan, Chuan Gang Ingason, Haukur Lonnermark, Anders Ji, Jie TI Effect of cross section and ventilation on heat release rates in tunnel fires SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Heat release rate; Cross section; Ventilation ID LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; BURNING RATE; VELOCITY; TESTS AB Model scale fire tests were performed in tunnels with varying tunnel widths and heights in order to study the effect of tunnel cross-section and ventilation velocity on the heat release rate (HRR) for both liquid pool fires and solid fuel fires. The results showed that for well ventilated heptane pool fires, the tunnel width nearly has no influence on the HRR whilst a lower tunnel height clearly increases the HRR. For well ventilated solid fuel fires, the HRR increases by approximately 25% relative to a free burn test but the HRR is not sensitive to either tunnel width, tunnel height or ventilation velocity. For solid fuel fires that were not well ventilated, the HRRs could be less than those in free burn laboratory tests. In the case of ventilation controlled fires the HRRs approximately lie at the same level as for cases with natural ventilation. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur; Lonnermark, Anders] SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Fire Res, Boras, Sweden. [Fan, Chuan Gang] Hefei Univ Technol, Sch Transportat Engn, Hefei, Peoples R China. [Ji, Jie] Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, Hefei, Peoples R China. C3 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden; Hefei University of Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Fire Res, Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@sp.se RI ; Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Fan, Chuangang/0000-0002-4419-2898; Ji, Jie/0000-0002-2104-776X; Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Center; Swedish Research Council (FORMAS) FX The authors would like to acknowledge SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Center for the financial support to this study. The experimental work was financed by the Swedish Research Council (FORMAS) which is gratefully acknowledged. CR [Anonymous], 2015, Tunnel Fire Dynamics [Anonymous], 2011, 502 NFPA Bendelius A., 1996, P SEM SMOK CRIT VEL Carvel RO, 2004, FIRE TECHNOL, V40, P5, DOI 10.1023/B:FIRE.0000003313.97677.c5 Casale E., 1994, P INT C FIR TUNN, P10 Croce PA, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P245, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2004.12.002 Drysdale D., 2011, INTRO FIRE DYNAMICS, DOI DOI 10.1002/9781119975465.CH9 Haack A, 1998, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V13, P377, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(98)00080-7 HARMATHY TZ, 1978, COMBUST FLAME, V31, P259, DOI 10.1016/0010-2180(78)90138-4 Heskestad G., 1975, J FIRE FLAMMABILITY, V6, P253 Hu LH, 2011, COMBUST FLAME, V158, P586, DOI 10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.10.013 Ingason H., 1995, EFFECTS VENTILATION Ingason H, 2005, SP Report Ingason H., 1995, FIRE EXPT MODEL TUNN Ingason H., 1997, Fire Tests in a Blasted Rock Tunnel Ingason H., 2012, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE, P273 Ingason H, 2007, FIRE SAFETY J, V42, P161, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.08.008 Ingason H, 2015, FIRE SAFETY J, V71, P134, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.11.015 Ingason H, 2011, J FIRE PROT ENG, V21, P5, DOI 10.1177/1042391510394242 Ingason H, 2010, FIRE SAFETY J, V45, P371, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.004 Kayili S, 2011, J FIRE SCI, V29, P555, DOI 10.1177/0734904111416336 Lemaire T, 2006, FIRE TECHNOL, V42, P329, DOI 10.1007/s10694-006-8434-4 Li LM, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V30, P230, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.020 Li Y.Z., 2011, 10 INT S FIR SAF SCI, P347 Li YZ, 2012, FIRE SAFETY J, V48, P38, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.12.011 Li YZ, 2010, FIRE SAFETY J, V45, P361, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.003 Lonnermark A., 2007, SP Report 2007:05 MCCAFFREY BJ, 1976, COMBUST FLAME, V26, P125, DOI 10.1016/0010-2180(76)90062-6 PIARC, 1999, Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels QUINTIERE JG, 1989, FIRE SAFETY J, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(89)90045-3 Roh JS, 2007, J FIRE SCI, V25, P161, DOI 10.1177/0734904107067300 Saito N., 1995, [No title captured], P303 TEWARSON A, 1976, COMBUST FLAME, V26, P85, DOI 10.1016/0010-2180(76)90059-6 Wetterlund I., 1997, TENTATIVE GUIDELINES NR 34 TC 80 Z9 86 U1 8 U2 155 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD JAN PY 2016 VL 51 BP 414 EP 423 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.09.007 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA DA0NE UT WOS:000367493200039 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Mehri, A Hajizadeh, R Dehghan, SF Nassiri, P Jafari, SM Taheri, F Zakerian, SA AF Mehri, Ahmad Hajizadeh, Roohalah Dehghan, Somayeh Farhang Nassiri, Parvin Jafari, Sayed Mohammad Taheri, Fereshteh Zakerian, Seyed Abolfazl TI Safety Evaluation of the Lighting at the Entrance of a Very Long Road Tunnel: A Case Study in Ilam SO SAFETY AND HEALTH AT WORK LA English DT Article DE black hole; De Boer scale; safe level of lighting; tunnel lighting ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; MODEL; DESIGN AB Background: At the entrance of a tunnel, reflection of sunlight from the surrounding environment and a lack of adequate lighting usually cause some vision problems. The purpose of this study was to perform a safety evaluation of lighting on a very long road in Ilam, Iran. Methods: The average luminance was measured using a luminance meter (model S3; Hagner, Solna, Sweden). A camera (model 108, 35-mm single-lens reflex; Yashica, Nagano, Japan) was used to take photographs of the safe stopping distance from the tunnel entrance. Equivalent luminance was determined according to the Holliday polar diagram. Results: Considering the average luminance at the tunnel entrance (116.7 cd/m(2)) and using Adrian's equation, the safe level of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel was determined to be 0.7. Conclusion: A comparison between the results of the safe levels of lighting at the entrance of the tunnel and the De Boer scale showed that the phenomenon of black holes is created at the tunnel entrance. This may lead to a misadaptation of the drivers' eyes to the change in luminance level at the entrance of the tunnel, thereby increasing the risk of road accidents in this zone. (C) 2016, Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute. Published by Elsevier. C1 [Mehri, Ahmad] Ilam Univ Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Occupat Hlth, Ilam, Iran. [Hajizadeh, Roohalah] Qom Univ Med Sci, Occupat Hlth Res Ctr, Qom, Iran. [Dehghan, Somayeh Farhang; Nassiri, Parvin; Zakerian, Seyed Abolfazl] Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Occupat Hlth, Poursina St,Keshavarz Blvd,POB 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran. [Jafari, Sayed Mohammad] Khatam Al Nabieen Univ, Fac Med, Kabul, Afghanistan. [Taheri, Fereshteh] Iran Univ Med Sci, Occupat Hlth Res Ctr, Tehran, Iran. C3 Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Iran University of Medical Sciences RP Zakerian, SA (通讯作者)，Univ Tehran Med Sci, Sch Publ Hlth, Dept Occupat Hlth, Poursina St,Keshavarz Blvd,POB 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran. EM szakarian@sina.tums.ac.ir RI Hajizadeh, Roohalah/AAL-5378-2020; Taheri, Fereshteh/AAA-2900-2020; Zakerian, seyed/AAU-1416-2020; Nassiri, Parvin/U-5821-2019; Mehri, Ahmad/B-9314-2018; Farhang Dehghan, Somayeh/S-6983-2017 OI Hajizadeh, Roohalah/0000-0002-7560-8868; Taheri, Fereshteh/0000-0003-3388-2268; Farhang Dehghan, Somayeh/0000-0002-6607-6396 FU Tehran University of Medical Sciences [P 8998] FX This study was part of an M.S. thesis supported by Tehran University of Medical Sciences (Certification ID: P 8998). Authors would like to thank the General Directorate of Roads and Urban Development of Ilam province for providing organizational information. 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Health Work PD JUN PY 2017 VL 8 IS 2 BP 151 EP 155 DI 10.1016/j.shaw.2016.06.002 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA FE8QT UT WOS:000408470900004 PM 28593070 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhou, ZC Meng, FY Song, CC Sze, NN Guo, ZY Ouyang, N AF Zhou, Zichu Meng, Fanyu Song, Cancan Sze, N. N. Guo, Zhongyin Ouyang, Nan TI Investigating the uniqueness of crash injury severity in freeway tunnels: A comparative study in Guizhou, China SO JOURNAL OF SAFETY RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Crash injury severity; Freeway tunnel; Multilevel model; Unobserved heterogeneity; Road safety ID SINGLE-VEHICLE CRASHES; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; MIXED LOGIT; OCCUPANT INJURY; HONG-KONG; MODEL; HETEROGENEITY; FREQUENCY; EXPOSURE AB Introduction: With the rapid development of transportation infrastructures in precipitous areas, the mileage of freeway tunnels in China has been mounting during the past decade. Provided the semi constrained space and the monotonous driving environment of freeway tunnels, safety concerns still remain. This study aims to investigate the uniqueness of the relationships between crash severity in freeway tunnels and various contributory factors. Method: The information of 10,081 crashes in the entire freeway network of Guizhou Province, China in 2018 is adopted, from which a subset of 591 crashes in tunnels is extracted. To address spatial variations across various road segments, a two-level binary logistic approach is applied to model crash severity in freeway tunnels. A similar model is also established for crash severity on general freeways as a benchmark. Results: The uniqueness of crash severity in tunnels mainly includes three aspects: (a) the road-segment-level effects are quantifiable with the environmental factors for crash severity in tunnels, but only exist in the random effects for general freeways; (b) tunnel has a significantly higher propensity to cause severe injury in a crash than other locations of a freeway; and (c) different influential factors and levels of contributions are found to crash severity in tunnels compared with on general freeways. Factors including speed limit, tunnel length, truck involvement, rear-end crash, rainy and foggy weather and sequential crash have positive contributions to crash severity in freeway tunnels. Practical applications: Policy implications for traffic control and management are advised to improve traffic safety level in freeway tunnels. (c) 2021 National Safety Council and Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Zhou, Zichu; Song, Cancan; Guo, Zhongyin] Tongji Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Rd & Traff Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Meng, Fanyu] Southern Univ Sci & Technol, Acad Adv Interdisciplinary Studies, Shenzhen, Peoples R China. [Sze, N. N.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Ouyang, Nan] Guizhou Transportat Planning Survey & Design Co L, Guiyang, Peoples R China. [Meng, Fanyu] Soutern Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Stat & Data Sci, Shenzhen, Peoples R China. C3 Tongji University; Southern University of Science & Technology; Hong Kong Polytechnic University RP Meng, FY (通讯作者)，1088 Xueyuan Ave, Shenzhen 518055, Peoples R China. EM mengfy@sustech.edu.cn RI Sze, Tony/S-1437-2018 OI Sze, Tony/0000-0002-2597-8107 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [7177113]; National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFC0807000, 2019YFC0810705]; Department of Transportation, Shandong, China [2019B32]; Department of Transportation, Guizhou, China [2020-141-022] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 7177113; National Key R&D Program of China, Grant Nos. 2018YFC0807000 and 2019YFC0810705; Department of Transportation, Shandong, China under Grant 2019B32; Department of Transportation, Guizhou, China under Grant 2020-141-022. We would also like to acknowledge the Guizhou Transport Information and Emergency Control Center for providing the crash database. 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Saf. Res. PD JUN PY 2021 VL 77 BP 105 EP 113 DI 10.1016/j.jsr.2021.02.008 EA JUN 2021 PG 9 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA SO4VT UT WOS:000658972700012 PM 34092300 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ronchi, E Colonna, P Capote, J Alvear, D Berloco, N Cuesta, A AF Ronchi, Enrico Colonna, Pasquale Capote, Jorge Alvear, Daniel Berloco, Nicola Cuesta, Arturo TI The evaluation of different evacuation models for assessing road tunnel safety analysis SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Evacuation models; Human Behaviour in fire; Road tunnel fire; Emergency scenarios AB The current state-of-the-art presents a multiplicity of evacuation models for simulating emergency scenarios. Each model involves different methodological solutions to represent the same process and each one has its strengths and limitations. In addition, they have their own specific features and often practitioners do not have a thorough understanding of the variables that could be input into the models and how they will affect the results. Thus, there is a need to analyse the differences between the models, why they occur and how they affect the calculations. This study compares three evacuation models (FDS+Evac, STEPS, Pathfinder) and the analytical calculations provided in the Society of Fire Protection Engineers (SFPE) Handbook, each of them using different simulation methods. The case-study is the Lantueno tunnel in Spain (a two-bore road tunnel with an emergency link tunnel between the two bores). The results initially show that, when considering evacuation scenarios with a single available exit and favourable response times, the obtained evacuation times do not differ significantly between the models. In a second step, the analysis of more complex scenarios has allowed the determination of the main factors of occupant-fire interactions that cause the differences between the models: the use of unfavourable pre-evacuation times and the exit selection process under low visibility conditions. These differences occur in relation to: (1) modelling method, (2) degree of depth of the analysis of the fire conditions during the calibration of the inputs, and (3) user's experience in applying appropriate safety factors when using only one model. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ronchi, Enrico; Colonna, Pasquale; Berloco, Nicola] Politecn Bari, Dipartimento Vie & Trasporti, Fac Ingn, I-70100 Bari, Italy. [Capote, Jorge; Alvear, Daniel; Cuesta, Arturo] Univ Cantabria, ETS Ind Engn & Telecommun, GIDAI Grp Fire Safety Res & Technol, E-39005 Santander, Spain. C3 Politecnico di Bari; Universidad de Cantabria RP Ronchi, E (通讯作者)，Politecn Bari, Dipartimento Vie & Trasporti, Fac Ingn, Via Orabona 4, I-70100 Bari, Italy. EM enronc@poliba.it RI cuesta, arturo/K-2246-2014; COLONNA, Pasquale/JKI-5263-2023; Alvear, Daniel/L-9533-2014; Ronchi, Enrico/H-7130-2019; BERLOCO, Nicola/E-9189-2017 OI cuesta, arturo/0000-0002-6366-3982; Alvear, Daniel/0000-0002-7105-5282; Ronchi, Enrico/0000-0002-2789-6359; BERLOCO, Nicola/0000-0001-6191-6272 CR Banuls Egeda R., 1996, DIFFERENT EMOTIONAL Boer LC, 2003, (RE)CLAIMING THE UNDERGROUND SPACE, VOLS 1 AND 2, PROCEEDINGS, P213 Bryan J.L, 1977, NBSGCR7794 U MAR Bryner N.P., 1994, 5568 NIST Capote J., 2010, P INT S TUNN SAF SEC Capote JA, 2011, REV INT METOD NUMER, V27, P43 Capote JA, 2009, REV INT METOD NUMER, V25, P227 CARVEL, 2007, EUROTRANSP, V5, P39 Colonna P., 2009, P FIR PROT SAF TUNN Colonna P., 2007, P 1 INT C PSYCH BAR DiNenno P.J., 2002, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, VThird Direccion General de Carreteras, 2008, MAN EXPL TUN LANT Direzione Progettazione ANAS, 2009, IT GUID ROAD TUNN SA Frantzich H., 2004, 3 INT S HUMAN BEHAVI, P229 Gandit M, 2009, SAFETY SCI, V47, P105, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2008.01.001 Ingason H, 2001, DESIGN FIRE TUNNELS Jin T., 1976, VISIBILITY FIRE SMOK, P12 Korhonen T., 2010, Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation: FDS + Evac Technical Reference and User' s Guide Kuligowski E.D., 2005, 1471 FIR RES DIV Li Y., 2004, 0402 U CABT DEP CIV Lord J, 2005, 06886 NIST GCR Mott MacDonald Simulation Group, 2010, SIM TRANS EV PED MOV Nilsson D., 2009, FIRE SAFETY J, V44, P458 Purser D., 2009, P FIR PROT LIF SAF B, P23 Ronchi E., 2010, P 12 INT INT 2010 C, P837 Ronchi E, 2009, P FIR PROT LIF SAF B, P349 Shields T.J., 2004, P 3 INT S HUM BEH FI, P215 Thunderhead Engineering, 2009, THUNDERHEAD ENG PATH Transportation Research Board, 2011, DES FIR ROAD TUNN NA, V415 Wilde G.J.S., 2001, TARGET RISK 2 Worm E., 2006, HUMAN BEHAVIOUR INFL NR 31 TC 80 Z9 95 U1 3 U2 116 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUL PY 2012 VL 30 BP 74 EP 84 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.008 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 951ML UT WOS:000304724600007 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, J Feng, XY Zeng, XF Chen, J Shi, TY Zhang, G Liao, JJ AF Wang, Jun Feng, Xinyue Zeng, Xiaofeng Chen, Jun Shi, Tingyi Zhang, Gen Liao, Junjie TI Research on the effectiveness of ventilation and dehumidifier on preventing condensation risk of urban utility tunnel SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF VENTILATION LA English DT Article DE Urban utility tunnel; condensation risk; ventilation; air distribution; dehumidification AB Under the condition of adopting the existing ventilation system, the problem of high air humidity is common in urban utility tunnel, especially in the area of outdoor high air humidity, the risk of condensation on the inner wall of urban utility tunnel is very high, which may cause corrosion and operation safety problems of the equipment inside the urban utility tunnel. Aiming at how to effectively control the internal thermal environment and anti-condensation risk of urban utility tunnel in areas with outdoor high air humidity, this study selected 8 urban utility tunnels in Chengdu city as the research object, conducted field tests on their internal air temperature and humidity, and analyzed the condensation risk characteristics. Meanwhile, the optimization strategy of ventilation air distribution suitable for the urban utility tunnel in the area with high outdoor air humidity was established. In addition, under the condition of combination of ventilation and dehumidifier, the reasonable arrangement and supply air parameters of dehumidifier were determined. The goal of effectively controlling thermal environment of urban utility tunnel and preventing its condensation risk can be achieved for the condition of combination of ventilation air distribution optimization strategy and reasonable dehumidifier arrangement and supply air parameters. C1 [Wang, Jun; Feng, Xinyue] Sichuan Univ, Coll Architecture & Environm, Chengdu, Peoples R China. [Zeng, Xiaofeng; Chen, Jun; Shi, Tingyi; Zhang, Gen; Liao, Junjie] Chengdu City Urban Util Tunnel Supervis & Serv Ctr, Chengdu, Peoples R China. C3 Sichuan University RP Wang, J (通讯作者)，Sichuan Univ, Coll Architecture & Environm, Chengdu, Peoples R China. EM wangjunhvac@163.com RI Wang, Jun/AGG-8453-2022; 冯, 心悦/HII-3446-2022 FU National Nature Science Foundation of China [51308361]; Chengdu City Urban Utility Tunnel Research Project [22H0709] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from the National Nature Science Foundation of China Grant No.51308361 and Chengdu City Urban Utility Tunnel Research Project No. 22H0709. CR Du W., 2015, SICHUAN BUILDING SCI, V41, P249 Hunt DVL, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V55, P8, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.11.015 Lei MF, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V108, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103724 Liu S., 2018, THESIS XIAN U ARCHIT Liu X. H., 2019, THESIS N CHINA ELECT Liu Z., 2018, THESIS HARBIN I TECH Pu C. L., 2020, BUILDING HEAT VENTIL, V39, P93 Sun Y. Z., 2008, THESIS SHANGHAI JIAO Xu WK, 2020, LECT NOTES ARTIF INT, V11691, P322, DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-39431-8_31 Yang C, 2016, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V165, P540, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2016.11.698 NR 10 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 3 U2 17 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD PI ABINGDON PA 2-4 PARK SQUARE, MILTON PARK, ABINGDON OR14 4RN, OXON, ENGLAND SN 1473-3315 EI 2044-4044 J9 INT J VENT JI Int. J. Vent. PD APR 3 PY 2025 VL 24 IS 2 BP 277 EP 291 DI 10.1080/14733315.2025.2464481 EA FEB 2025 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Energy & Fuels GA 3IB3G UT WOS:001421093300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Krispel, S Peyerl, M Maier, G AF Krispel, Stefan Peyerl, Martin Maier, Gerald TI The influence of concrete roads on safety and energy saving in tunnels SO CEMENT WAPNO BETON LA English DT Article DE concrete roads; pavement; tunnel safety; energy-saving; illumination; brightness AB In the course of the research project a variety of different lighting situations were simulated and subsequently evaluated. The positive impact of a concrete road on the photometric characteristics of a tunnel can be assessed as substantial. In order to guarantee the necessary luminance on the road, concrete roads require significantly lower lamp performance independent from the lamp type. At the same time, the lamp power can theoretically be decreased by two thirds compared to asphalt roads. The influence on the necessary lamp wattage between common concrete pavements and concrete pavements, that have been supplemented with titanium oxide, is negligible. In general, objects, such as a pedestrian for example, can be detected significantly earlier and better due to increased brightness and the better reflectivity of the concrete. The concrete reflects a higher proportion of the light and therefore ensures a better indirect lighting of the traffic area. C1 [Krispel, Stefan; Peyerl, Martin; Maier, Gerald] Smart Minerals GmbH, Vienna, Austria. RP Krispel, S (通讯作者)，Smart Minerals GmbH, Vienna, Austria. EM office@smartminerals.at CR [Anonymous], 2014, 090241 RVS [Anonymous], 2005, 132014 ONORM EN AUST [Anonymous], 2008, 67524 DIN [Anonymous], 2011, 67524 DIN McIntosh B, 1987, DO CONCRETE STREETS ONR, 2010, 23303 ONR RVS, 2011, 081702 RVS NR 7 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 1 U2 5 PU STOWARZYSZENIE PRODUCENTOW CEMENTU PI KRAKOW PA UL LUBELSKA 29 LOK 4-5, KRAKOW, 30-003, POLAND SN 1425-8129 J9 CEM WAPNO BETON JI Cem. Wapno Beton PD SEP-OCT PY 2018 VL 23 IS 5 BP 379 EP + PG 18 WC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science, Composites WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Materials Science GA HA8LK UT WOS:000450540600004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Sun, ZY Liu, S Tang, J Wu, P Tang, BM AF Sun, Zongyuan Liu, Shuo Tang, Jie Wu, Peng Tang, Boming TI Exploring the Impacts of Driving Environment on Crashes in Tunnel-Bridge-Tunnel Groups: An Eight-Zone Analytic Approach SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Article DE road traffic crash; tunnel– bridge– tunnel groups; driving environments; zone division; crash rate; bridge– tunnel ratios AB Tunnel-bridge-tunnel groups (TBTGs) are emerging roads that often involve simple road alignments, but complex driving environments. Investigating crashes occurred in TBTGs is essential for revealing the driving environment-adaptability relationships for such roads. This study seeks to analyze the crash characteristics of component sections in TBTGs with different driving environments and compare the impact of differences in the key factor on the crashes. After TBTGs were defined through a proposed safety-critical distance metric determined via visual theory and actual crash analyses, an eight-zone analytical method considering road types and lighting was developed to probe into crashes in TBTGs. The results show that the proper safety-critical distances for bridge-tunnel and tunnel-tunnel groups are 150 and 500 m, respectively. In TBTGs, the crash rate in ordinary sections is higher than that in bridges and tunnels, particularly in the access zone. The first passed tunnel witnesses a higher proportion of crashes at the access zone and transition zone than the second tunnel. The influence of bridge and tunnel ratios on crashes is related to the ratio and type of bridges and tunnels. The findings presented herein can provide evidence-based guidance for the safety design and management of TBTGs. C1 [Sun, Zongyuan; Tang, Jie; Wu, Peng; Tang, Boming] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Liu, Shuo] Tongji Univ, Sch Transportat Engn, Shanghai 201804, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Tongji University RP Sun, ZY (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China.; Liu, S (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, Sch Transportat Engn, Shanghai 201804, Peoples R China. EM sunzy@cqjtu.edu.cn; 15521@tongji.edu.cn; 622190113002@mails.cqjtu.edu.cn; 622190950074@mails.cqjtu.edu.cn; tbm@netease.com RI Wu, Peng/GVU-4549-2022; TANG, JIE/KIL-8226-2024 OI zongyuan, sun/0000-0001-6773-9254; FU National Key R&D Program of China [2018YFB1600200]; Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China [cstc2019jcyj-bshX0099] FX Financial support for this research was provided by the National Key R&D Program of China (2018YFB1600200) and the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing, China (cstc2019jcyj-bshX0099). 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However, hydrogen leakage from vehicles can pose significant safety threats to tunnels. Due to hydrogen's unique properties, fires involving hydrogen-fueled vehicles can severely disrupt tunnel operations. In this study, a CFD model of hydrogen jet fires in tunnels with multiple vertical shafts is developed to examine the impact of various ventilation methods on hydrogen jet flames. Then a hybrid ventilation strategy incorporating a predictive ventilation velocity model for hydrogen tunnel fires is proposed. The results show that individual ventilation systems, despite their respective strengths and weaknesses, cannot fully mitigate the hazards of hydrogen jet fires. Conventional hybrid ventilation systems, which suffer from interference between longitudinal and transverse ventilation, may even exacerbate these dangers. Simulations demonstrate that a hybrid ventilation system combining longitudinal ventilation with downstream transverse ventilation can effectively control the distribution, temperature levels, and critical longitudinal ventilation velocity of high-temperature zones in the tunnel. Upon detecting a hydrogen jet fire in a tunnel, activating the longitudinal ventilation system and downstream transverse ventilation can stabilize and reduce tunnel temperatures, creating a safe upstream rescue environment. If the leakage source is directly beneath a vertical shaft, transverse ventilation alone can confine the hydrogen jet flame between the source and the shaft. C1 [Zhou, Chilou; Zhang, Yu] South China Univ Technol, Sch Mech & Automot Engn, 381 Wushan Rd, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [Du, Yang] China Univ Petr East China, Coll Mech & Elect Engn, Qingdao 266580, Peoples R China. [Du, Yang] China Univ Petr East China, State Key Lab Chem Safety, Qingdao 266580, Peoples R China. C3 South China University of Technology; China University of Petroleum; China University of Petroleum RP Zhou, CL (通讯作者)，South China Univ Technol, Sch Mech & Automot Engn, 381 Wushan Rd, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. EM mezcl@scut.edu.cn RI Zhou, Chilou/JVZ-4248-2024 FU Key-Area Research and Develop-ment Program of Guangdong Province, China [2024B1111080002]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52575178]; Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation [2023A1515010692]; National Foreign Expert Program [G2022163005L] FX This research was funded by the Key-Area Research and Develop-ment Program of Guangdong Province, China (No. 2024B1111080002) , the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52575178) , Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (No. 2023A1515010692) , and National Foreign Expert Program (No. G2022163005L) . 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Environ. Protect. PD JAN 1 PY 2026 VL 205 AR 108173 DI 10.1016/j.psep.2025.108173 EA NOV 2025 PG 12 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA J3619 UT WOS:001627473300011 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jiao, FT Du, ZG Wong, YD Mei, JL Sun, F AF Jiao, Fangtong Du, Zhigang Wong, Yiik Diew Mei, Jialin Sun, Feng TI Design and evaluation of visual guiding facilities along urban road tunnel horizontal curves based on vision and speed perception SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Urban road tunnel; Tunnel horizontal curve; Visual guiding facility; Speed perception; Traffic safety ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; DRIVING BEHAVIOR; SAFETY; PERFORMANCE; MARKINGS; IMPACT AB With continuous increase in the number and length of urban road tunnels, traffic safety in the road tunnels has attracted ever greater attention. In particular, driver's sight distance and sight zone along urban tunnel curves are constrained, and potential safety hazards are prominent. Herein, from the perspectives of active guidance, using visual guiding facilities to enable drivers to accurately perceive the orientation of the tunnel curve alignment and to control the speed reasonably have become a key research point with theoretical significance and practical application value. In this study, four types of schemes for urban road tunnel horizontal curves were constructed and evaluated by simulation experiments. Scene a was a rare scene without any visual guiding facility in practice, ordinary Scene b was a common scene in an urban road tunnel, Scene c included chevron alignment signs (additional to Scene b), and Scene d included LED arches (additional to Scene b). Glance location occupancy, mean glance duration, accuracy of speed perception and reaction time were used as driver performance indicators, in which the four types of scenes were analyzed and evaluated by visual test, speed perception test and subjective evaluation. The results showed that compared with Scenes a and b, Scene c with chevron alignment signs can improve alignment guidance along road tunnel horizontal curve, while the test results of Scene d with LED arches as proposed in this study had the best performance in all aspects. The research scheme and test results can provide reference for visual guiding facility design and traffic safety improvement along urban road tunnel horizontal curves. C1 [Jiao, Fangtong; Sun, Feng] Shandong Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Vehicle Engn, 266, Xincun West Rd, Zibo 255000, Shandong, Peoples R China. [Jiao, Fangtong; Du, Zhigang; Mei, Jialin] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Jiao, Fangtong; Wong, Yiik Diew] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore. C3 Shandong University of Technology; Wuhan University of Technology; Nanyang Technological University RP Sun, F (通讯作者)，Shandong Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Vehicle Engn, 266, Xincun West Rd, Zibo 255000, Shandong, Peoples R China. EM jiaofangtong@sdut.edu.cn; zhig_du7@163.com; CYDWONG@ntu.edu.sg; 1473506436@qq.com; sunfeng@sdut.edu.cn RI WONG, Yiik Diew/A-3761-2011 OI WONG, Yiik Diew/0000-0001-7419-5777; Mei, Jialin/0000-0002-3636-0791 FU Science and Technology Planning Project of the Shandong Province [2016GGB01539]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291]; Doctoral Scientific Research Start-up Foundation of Shandong University of Technology [422049]; High-tec SMEs Innovation Capacity Improvement Project of the Shandong Province [2022TSGC2279]; School -City Integration Development Plan Project of Zhangdian District [2021PT0004] FX This study was supported by the Science and Technology Planning Project of the Shandong Province (No. 2016GGB01539) , the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52072291) , the Doctoral Scientific Research Start-up Foundation of Shandong University of Technology (No. 422049) , the High-tec SMEs Innovation Capacity Improvement Project of the Shandong Province (No. 2022TSGC2279) , and the School -City Integration Development Plan Project of Zhangdian District (No. 2021PT0004) . 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD MAR PY 2023 VL 133 AR 104937 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104937 EA JAN 2023 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA H9NB7 UT WOS:000999133300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kozuh, M AF Kozuh, Mitja TI Preventing hydrogen detonations in road tunnels hydrogen trap concept SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrogen; Road tunnels; Safety; Detonation prevention; Passive system AB During research of new possible sources of energy, hydrogen was identified as a very promising potential energy carrier. Because of its very good energy characteristics, it has received a lot of research attention while its safety features are the ones that were its drawback for potential use. Before it can be put in general use in transportation industry, there were safety problems identified as hazard which has to be further analysed. The main problem in the transport is the safe use of hydrogen in road tunnels where it should be safe in case of possible accidents where its release could end up in fire, deflagration and even detonation. In the article, concept of hydrogen trap on the ceiling is developed and described based on the available data and research results from which passive safety approach is suggested to be used in future designs of the road tunnels. Copyright (C) 2014, Hydrogen Energy Publications, LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Kozuh, Mitja] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Chem & Chem Technol, Ljubljana, Slovenia. [Kozuh, Mitja] Ctr Excellence Low Carbon Technol CO NOT, Ljubljana, Slovenia. C3 University of Ljubljana RP Kozuh, M (通讯作者)，Univ Ljubljana, Fac Chem & Chem Technol, Ljubljana, Slovenia. EM mitja.kozuh@fkkt.uni-lj.si OI Kožuh, Mitja/0000-0002-9388-1278 FU Slovenian Research Agency; Center of Excellence Low-Carbon Technologies (CO NOT) FX The work has been supported by the Slovenian Research Agency and Center of Excellence Low-Carbon Technologies (CO NOT). CR Barley C.D., 2007, 2 INT C HYDR SAF SAN BECCANTINI A, 2007, P 5 INT SEM FIR EXPL Bjerketvedt D, 1997, J HAZARD MATER, V52, P1, DOI 10.1016/S0304-3894(97)81620-2 BREITUNG W, 2000, 13 WORLD HYDR EN C B Dahoe A.E., TUTORIAL DEFLAGRATIO Dick Ng Hoi, 2007, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V32, P93 Dorofeev S.B., APPENDIX D DETONATIO Eder, 2006, P S EN ENG 21 CENT Ismail I, 2012, J APPL MATH, DOI 10.1155/2012/846517 James H., 2003, TD5039 HSE Jordan T., 2009, SES6CT2004502630 HYS Kaneshige M., 1999, Detonation Database Kumar S., 2009, 3 INT C HYDR SAF ICH Middha P., PREDICTING DEFLAGRAT, DOI [10.1002/prs.10242, DOI 10.1002/PRS.10242] Middha P, 2009, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V34, P5875, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.02.004 MOLKOV VV, 2007, P 5 INT SEM FIR EXPL Mukai S, 2005, P INT C HYDR SAF ICH, P8 RICCI M, 2005, 12 UKSHEC SHEPHERD JE, 1991, INT C WORKSH MOD MIT Venetsanos AG, 2009, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V34, P5912, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.01.055 NR 20 TC 9 Z9 10 U1 0 U2 14 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-3199 EI 1879-3487 J9 INT J HYDROGEN ENERG JI Int. J. Hydrog. Energy PD OCT 13 PY 2014 VL 39 IS 30 BP 17434 EP 17439 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2014.08.009 PG 6 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA AR8QF UT WOS:000343839000068 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhu, M Gong, XN Gao, X Liu, SM Yan, JJ AF Zhu, Min Gong, Xiaonan Gao, Xiang Liu, Shiming Yan, Jiajia TI Remediation of Damaged Shield Tunnel Using Grouting Technique: Serviceability Improvements and Prevention of Potential Risks SO JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTED FACILITIES LA English DT Article DE Shield tunnel damage; Grouting method; Tunnel serviceability ID EXTREME SURCHARGE; METRO TUNNELS AB Shield tunnel damage induced by excessive and differential tunnel displacement has become a major threat to the operational safety of urban subways in China. Grouting offers an effective way to reduce excessive displacement and ensure structural safety of the damaged shield tunnels. In this paper, a case study on the remediation of an operational shield tunnel in Shenzhen, China, by grouting is presented. The drop of the groundwater level caused by nearby foundation excavation was the main reason for tunnel damage. Grouting outside the tunnel was selected considering the site conditions and construction time limitations. An automatic monitoring system for tunnel displacement was installed. The monitored data showed that parameters including the relative tunnel displacement, the horizontal convergence, and the ovality were all reduced after grouting, indicating that the tunnel serviceability was improved. The deformation of the shield tunnel induced by grouting was composed of translation and shape change. The tunnel displacement remained stable when the foundation excavation was resumed. Careful design and real-time adjustment of grouting parameters are key to the successful implementation of the grouting project. C1 [Zhu, Min; Gong, Xiaonan; Gao, Xiang] Zhejiang Univ, Res Ctr Coastal & Urban Geotech Engn, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Liu, Shiming; Yan, Jiajia] Power China Huadong Engn Corp Ltd, Traff & Municipal Engn, 201 Gaojiao Rd, Hangzhou 311122, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. C3 Zhejiang University RP Zhu, M (通讯作者)，Zhejiang Univ, Res Ctr Coastal & Urban Geotech Engn, Hangzhou 310058, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. EM zhuminfnf@163.com; 13906508026@163.com; gaoxiang1208@zju.edu.cn; liu_sm@ecidi.com; yanjia.01@163.com RI Zhu, Minfeng/MGV-5936-2025 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [51778575, 51338009] FX The financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC Grant Nos. 51778575 and 51338009) is gratefully acknowledged. 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Perform. Constr. Facil. PD DEC 1 PY 2019 VL 33 IS 6 AR 04019062 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)CF.1943-5509.0001335 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA JD7EQ UT WOS:000490144400015 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zheng, HR Du, ZG Jia, CF Zhu, LN He, SM Mei, JL AF Zheng, Haoran Du, Zhigang Jia, Chengfeng Zhu, Linna He, Shiming Mei, Jialin TI Evaluating the effectiveness of rhythmic visual guidance technology for mitigating driving risks in highway tunnel groups: A simulation study SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnel groups; Driving risk mitigation; Simulation driving; Driver safety ID ROAD TUNNEL; SAFETY; DESIGN; IMPACT; SYSTEM AB Driving in highway tunnel groups necessitates frequent adaptation to drastic changes in the traffic environment, thereby increasing driving difficulty and risk. This study integrates drivers' preferences for rhythmic information with the inherent rhythmic characteristics of tunnel group structures to propose a new and adaptive method to mitigate driving risks using rhythmic visual guidance (RVG) technology. Unlike traditional visual guidance systems, which often rely on static signals, RVG utilizes dynamic, rhythmically varying cues to capture drivers' attention and improve situational awareness more effectively. By employing principles of fuzzy mathematics, the study quantifies the applicability of various rhythmic forms in visual guidance technology and establishes priority application principles for undulating and staggered rhythms. After verifying the accuracy of the simulation model, the effectiveness of RVG technology in mitigating driving risks in highway tunnel groups was analyzed using lateral offset, driving speed, and vehicle acceleration as evaluation metrics. The findings reveal that RVG technology significantly reduces vehicle lateral offset and enhances drivers' perception and control of tunnel sidewalls and driving trajectories. This effect is particularly pronounced under limited lighting conditions or in large tunnel groups with extended driving distances. Regardless of whether the lighting level is set at 0% or 100% of the standard brightness, the implementation of RVG results in reduced vehicle driving speeds. The variation in the 25th to 75th percentile distribution of driving speeds was insignificant, demonstrating that RVG technology effectively regulates driving speed and is not significantly affected by lighting conditions. Furthermore, when the lighting level is set at 100% of the standard brightness, the 25th to 75th percentile distribution interval of driving speeds is [89.576, 102.416], indicating the highest and least stable driving speeds suggests that blindly increasing tunnel lighting levels not only raises operating costs but may also adversely affect driving safety. This study provides novel insights into applying dynamic visual cues for highway tunnel groups' traffic operation and safety management. It has significant practical engineering value for guiding the low-carbon design of tunnel groups. C1 [Zheng, Haoran; Zhu, Linna] Hubei Univ Technol, Sch Ind Design, 28 Nanli Rd, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Du, Zhigang; He, Shiming; Mei, Jialin] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Jia, Chengfeng] Nanyang Technol Univ, Ctr Adv Robot Technol Innovat CARTIN, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore. C3 Hubei University of Technology; Wuhan University of Technology; Nanyang Technological University RP Zhu, LN (通讯作者)，Hubei Univ Technol, Sch Ind Design, 28 Nanli Rd, Wuhan 430068, Hubei, Peoples R China.; Jia, CF (通讯作者)，Nanyang Technol Univ, Ctr Adv Robot Technol Innovat CARTIN, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore. EM chengfeng.jia@ntu.edu.sg; zln0405@qq.com RI ; ZHU, Linna/GVS-5552-2022 OI Jia, Chengfeng/0000-0001-8458-192X; Mei, Jialin/0000-0002-3636-0791; ZHU, Linna/0000-0001-5844-3988 FU National Natural Science Founda-tion of China [52072291]; Doctoral Research Start-Up Grant of Hubei University of Technology [XJ2024006402] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No. 52072291) and the Doctoral Research Start-Up Grant of Hubei University of Technology (XJ2024006402) . 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PD MAR PY 2025 VL 212 AR 107940 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2025.107940 EA JAN 2025 PG 11 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA W9R3K UT WOS:001421847300001 PM 39889621 HC Y HP N DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, JZ Wu, H Lin, R Hu, QR Yuan, MQ Li, PL Qian, XM AF Wang, Jizhe Wu, Hao Lin, Rui Hu, Qianran Yuan, Mengqi Li, Pengliang Qian, Xinming TI Enhancing the safety of underground utility tunnels: numerical analysis and mitigation of explosion risks from hydrogen-blended natural gas SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrogen energy safety; Underground utility tunnel; Hydrogen-blended natural gas; Explosion dynamics; Risk assessment; Ventilation mitigation ID SIMULATION; LEAKAGE AB The explosion risk of hydrogen-blended natural gas (HBNG) poses a critical challenge to the safety of hydrogen energy infrastructure. This study employed CFD simulations to investigate the explosion characteristics of HBNG in a tunnel. Results revealed a critical hydrogen blending ratio (HBr) of 20 %, which maximized the maximum peak overpressure Pm and average peak overpressure Pa while minimizing flame propagation distance. The vapor cloud length (VCl) was the dominant factor, contributing over 90 % to the explosion severity, with the average combustion rate increasing 20-fold as VCl reached 150 m. Increasing ambient temperature (AT) attenuated overpressure by up to 37.6 %. A multi-factor prediction model was established for risk assessment. Strategically designed ventilation effectively mitigated explosion hazards, reducing peak overpressure and temperature by 99.77 % and 67.74 %, respectively. This study provides critical insights for the safety design and risk management of HBNG transportation systems in confined underground environments. C1 [Wang, Jizhe; Wu, Hao; Lin, Rui; Hu, Qianran; Yuan, Mengqi; Li, Pengliang; Qian, Xinming] Beijing Inst Technol, State Key Lab Explos Sci & Safety Protect, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Yuan, Mengqi] Beijing Inst Technol, Chongqing Innovat Ctr, Chongqing 400044, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing Institute of Technology RP Li, PL (通讯作者)，Beijing Inst Technol, State Key Lab Explos Sci & Safety Protect, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. EM pengliangli@bit.edu.cn FU Youth Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China [12302433] FX The research presented in this paper was supported by the Youth Fund of National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.12302433) . 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J. Hydrog. Energy PD FEB 6 PY 2026 VL 207 AR 153557 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2026.153557 EA JAN 2026 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA CQ2NN UT WOS:001671846100001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bassan, S AF Bassan, Shy TI Vertical curve design insights of road tunnels versus highways SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY & SECURITY LA English DT Article DE crest; sag; road tunnel; sight distance; trucks; vertical curve ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; DRIVERS; METHODOLOGY; SAFETY AB The design of road tunnels is an essential infrastructure component in the highway system. The study implements reasonable criteria for obtaining vertical curve length based on sight distance requirements of road tunnels versus open roadways. The infrastructure impact of sight distance tunnel characteristics on the design of crest and sag vertical curve radii is based on safety and driving comfort criteria. Both results of crest and sag vertical curves show significant reductions of vertical radii in road tunnels compared to open roadways, that is, percentage reduction range of 35% to 71% depending on the design speed, curve type, and tunnel pavement characteristics. The driving comfort criterion generally overrides in the lower range of design speeds whereas the safety criterion overrides in the upper range of design speeds: 100- to 120 km/h for moist and dry tunnel sag vertical curve, 90 to 120 km/h for dry tunnel crest vertical curve, and 80 to 120 km/h for moist tunnel crest vertical curve. This impact of a reduced vertical curve length triggers the possibility of shorter tunnel construction length, lower tunnel construction cost and maintenance cost including components of complementary systems, and flexibility in tunnel construction due to geotechnical, groundwater, and other infrastructure constraints. Still, the selected tunnel alignment, even if it is shorter than other alternatives, requires field tests such as geological investigation, vibrations and building inspection, and hydrologic balance. C1 [Bassan, Shy] Amy Metom Engineers & Consultants Ltd, 55A Yigal Alon St, IL-67891 Tel Aviv, Israel. RP Bassan, S (通讯作者)，Amy Metom Engineers & Consultants Ltd, 55A Yigal Alon St, IL-67891 Tel Aviv, Israel. 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PY 2017 VL 9 IS 3 BP 319 EP 346 DI 10.1080/19439962.2016.1206049 PG 28 WC Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Transportation GA EZ5VJ UT WOS:000404787000004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhao, XH Ju, YJ Zhang, CF Li, J Ma, JM Guo, JF AF Zhao, Xiaohua Ju, Yunjie Zhang, Changfen Li, Jia Ma, Jianming Guo, Jingfeng TI Influence of the tunnel retro-reflective arch in freeway tunnels on driving behavior: A driving simulator study SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY & SECURITY LA English DT Article DE Driving behavior; linear mixed models; safety in freeway tunnel; tunnel retro-reflective arch ID SPEED REDUCTION MARKINGS; URBAN ROADS; LEVEL AB In this study, a driving simulator experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of tunnel retro-reflective arch (TA) on driving behavior, through the employment and analysis of TAs with disparate spacing alternatives (no TAs, TAs with a spacing of 200 m, and TAs with a spacing of 300 m) and tunnel lengths (800 m, 1800 m, 3500 m, and 5800 m). The performances of a total of 32 drivers were collected and assessed. The tunnels and TAs were accurately replicated in the driving simulator. On the basis of the experimental data, four behavioral variables, namely, average speed, the standard deviation of speed, the standard deviation of acceleration, and lateral position were obtained. A series of linear mixed models with random effects were estimated to reveal the contributing factors of driving behavior subjected to TAs variation. The results demonstrate that drivers showed significantly higher consciousness of speed control and lower mental stress, coupled with less risky driving behavior, under the condition of TAs in long and extra-long tunnels. Furthermore, drivers are more comfortable subjected to TAs with a spacing of 300 m. C1 [Zhao, Xiaohua] Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Ju, Yunjie; Zhang, Changfen; Li, Jia; Guo, Jingfeng] Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing Engn Res Ctr Urban Transport Operat Guara, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Ma, Jianming] Texas Dept Transportat, Austin, TX USA. C3 Beijing University of Technology; Beijing University of Technology RP Zhao, XH (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM xiaohuazhao618@gmail.com RI Ma, Jianming/OYF-4372-2025; li, Jiaxin/GSO-0978-2022 FU National Key R&D Program of China [2019YFB1600500] FX This research was supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Project No. 2019YFB1600500). 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Transp. Saf. Secur. PD JUN 2 PY 2022 VL 14 IS 6 BP 929 EP 948 DI 10.1080/19439962.2020.1853642 EA NOV 2020 PG 20 WC Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Transportation GA 1S4RW UT WOS:000599861600001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, ZX Feng, GH Sun, JL Huang, KL Liu, YP Liu, Y Wei, JX Wang, XR AF Li, Zhaoxing Feng, Guohui Sun, Jialin Huang, Kailiang Liu, Yipeng Liu, Yang Wei, Jiaxing Wang, Xiru TI A two-stage ventilation strategy for thermal safety and energy efficiency in extreme tunnel conditions SO APPLIED THERMAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Two-stage ventilation strategy; Heat-moisture coupling model; Thermal safety; Energy efficiency; Tunnel cooling AB Effective ventilation is essential for ensuring thermal safety and improving energy efficiency in tunnels constructed under high-temperature and high-humidity conditions. Conventional ventilation systems with fixed operating parameters often fail to provide adequate thermal control in such extreme environments. To address this limitation, a two-stage combined ventilation strategy is proposed based on a validated rock-air bidirectional heat-moisture coupling numerical model. The ventilation process is divided into two sequential stages according to construction characteristics. The first stage applies short-term, high-intensity ventilation immediately after blasting to rapidly remove heat and dust in the absence of personnel, while the second stage provides sustained cooling during construction with the airflow velocity restricted to no more than 6 m/s to ensure operational safety. A total of twenty-seven two-stage ventilation schemes were systematically evaluated by combining supply-air flow rates ranging from 35 to 55 m3/s with supply-air temperatures between 15 degrees C and 25 degrees C, and compared with a conventional single-stage strategy. Cooling performance and energy consumption were assessed using air temperature, heat index, and wet-bulb globe temperature as thermal safety indicators. The results show that the optimal two-stage scheme achieves energy savings of 76.45%, 77.69%, and 31.82% when evaluated using air temperature, heat index, and wet-bulb globe temperature, respectively, compared with the conventional strategy. C1 [Li, Zhaoxing; Feng, Guohui; Sun, Jialin; Huang, Kailiang; Liu, Yipeng; Liu, Yang; Wei, Jiaxing; Wang, Xiru] Shenyang Jianzhu Univ, Sch Municipal & Environm Engn, Shenyang 110168, Peoples R China. C3 Shenyang Jianzhu University RP Feng, GH (通讯作者)，Shenyang Jianzhu Univ, Sch Municipal & Environm Engn, Shenyang 110168, Peoples R China. EM fengguohui888@163.com RI Wei, Jiaxing/OGM-9217-2025; Huang, Kailiang/NPI-7383-2025 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52038009]; Scientific Research Fund of Liaoning Provincial Education Department [LJKMZ20220935] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52038009) and the Scientific Research Fund of Liaoning Provincial Education Department (No. LJKMZ20220935) . 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Therm. Eng. PD MAR PY 2026 VL 289 AR 129734 DI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2026.129734 EA JAN 2026 PN 1 PG 19 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Mechanical; Mechanics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering; Mechanics GA CM7UM UT WOS:001669491600006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jiao, FT Shi, ZW Tang, XK Xu, WP Guo, HQ Liu, YY AF Jiao, Fangtong Shi, Zhenwei Tang, Xinke Xu, Wenpin Guo, Hongqi Liu, Yanyan TI Mining key factors of traffic accident risk at tunnel exits SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Traffic injury prevention; traffic accident risk; tunnel exit; association rule mining; traffic safety AB ObjectiveWith the continuous improvement of transportation infrastructure, tunnels, as an important type of road connecting key traffic nodes, have become increasingly prominent in the transportation system, and traffic accidents are frequent with serious consequences. Therefore, this study explores the key causal factors of tunnel exit safety traffic accident risk from multiple dimensions, including human factors, traffic conditions, environmental factors, road characteristics, and safety facilities, in order to prevent traffic injuries.MethodsBased on the analysis of 851 academic literature research since 2000, an improved Apriori algorithm combining subjective and objective methods was used to calculate support, confidence, and lift to mine frequent itemsets and strong association rules. By using the distance function method to fuze and modify the subjective and objective weights, an indicator system consisting of 5 primary indicators and 14 secondary indicators was constructed. A judgment matrix was constructed using expert questionnaires and AHP data to achieve accurate identification and importance ranking of various causal factors of traffic accident risk.ResultsIn the current field of tunnel traffic accidents and safety research, human factors account for 28.24% of the total, becoming the primary focus of attention; traffic safety facilities and road factors follow closely behind with a proportion of 20.21% and 19.47%, respectively, with a total proportion of over 65%, highlighting their core position in tunnel safety research. It is worth noting that 52.94% of scholars focus their research on traffic safety facilities when exploring strategies to improve tunnel traffic safety. The correlation between the color, location, and frequency of traffic safety facilities shows a high degree of causality, with a confidence interval of 0.5526 similar to 1 and a maximum lift reaching 5.2308. By improving the Apriori algorithm, the key influencing factors for tunnel exit safety are more accurately identified as the location, frequency, and vehicle speed of traffic safety facilities, with weights of 0.2607, 0.2241, and 0.1840, respectively.ConclusionsResearch findings on key influencing factors of tunnel traffic safety revealed that driver-related factors dominated accident causation, followed by traffic facilities and road factors. Statistical analysis demonstrated significant associations among traffic facility parameters (position, frequency, and color). The improved algorithm quantitatively identified facility position, arrangement frequency, and facility color as critical factors influencing tunnel exit safety. These results provided scientifically validated identification of key determinants, establishing an evidence base for tunnel traffic injury prevention and safety enhancement measures. C1 [Jiao, Fangtong; Tang, Xinke; Guo, Hongqi] Shandong Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Vehicle Engn, Zibo, Shandong, Peoples R China. [Jiao, Fangtong] Shandong Key Lab integrated Design & intelligence, Zibo, Shandong, Peoples R China. [Shi, Zhenwei] Changan Univ, Sch Transportat Engn, 126 Middle Sect South 2nd Ring Rd, Xian 710064, Shanxi, Peoples R China. [Xu, Wenpin; Liu, Yanyan] Hebei Univ Water resources & Elect Engn, Dept Transportat Engn, Cangzhou, Hebei, Peoples R China. [Xu, Wenpin; Liu, Yanyan] Hebei Higher Inst Transportat infrastruct Res & De, Tianjin, Hebei, Peoples R China. C3 Shandong University of Technology; Chang'an University; Hebei University of Water Resources & Electric Engineering RP Shi, ZW (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Transportat Engn, 126 Middle Sect South 2nd Ring Rd, Xian 710064, Shanxi, Peoples R China. EM sdszwqqq@163.com FU Shandong Province Youth Innovation and Technology Support Program for Higher Education Institutions [2024KJH015]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52302437]; Science and Technology Program Projects of Shandong Provincial Department of Transportation [2024B28]; Cangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project [213101011] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52302437), the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province (ZR2025MS1144), the Shandong Province Youth Innovation and Technology Support Program for Higher Education Institutions (2024KJH015), the Science and Technology Program Projects of Shandong Provincial Department of Transportation (2024B28), and the Cangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project (213101011). 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Prev. PD 2026 FEB 17 PY 2026 DI 10.1080/15389588.2026.2629613 EA FEB 2026 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA EX7NA UT WOS:001712251200001 PM 41811364 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yuan, WH Ji, WH Zhang, JD Du, T Yuan, YP AF Yuan, Wenhui Ji, Wenhui Zhang, Jidan Du, Tao Yuan, Yanping TI Examining smoke control in fires occurring in railroad tunnels: A review SO JOURNAL OF THERMAL ANALYSIS AND CALORIMETRY LA English DT Review DE Railroad tunnel; Smoke control; Inclined tunnel; Rescue station; Longitudinal ventilation ID LONGITUDINALLY VENTILATED TUNNEL; CEILING GAS TEMPERATURE; FLAME EXTENSION LENGTH; BACK-LAYERING FLOW; CRITICAL VELOCITY; BACKLAYERING LENGTH; MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE; RESCUE STATIONS; BLOCKAGE RATIO; SLOPING TUNNEL AB Railroad transportation has been widely adopted and developed in recent years. In particular, many railroads have been built on complex terrains such as plateaus and mountainous areas, and these tunnels are generally characterized by large inclination angles or very long lengths and are equipped with rescue stations. These factors lead to changes in environmental conditions, tunnel geometry, and the angle of inclination, thus presenting new challenges to ventilation as well as fire safety in railroad tunnels. This review argues that there is a lack of systematic and comprehensive analysis of smoke control in railroad tunnel fires, including horizontal tunnels, inclined tunnels, and rescue stations within long railroad tunnels. Hence, this work attempts to address the key fire safety characteristics from the existing literature covering critical velocity, back-layering length, the maximum temperature under the ceiling of the tunnel, and longitudinal smoke temperature distribution. Important factors affecting smoke movements such as fire source, tunnel geometries, and blockages are also evaluated. Moreover, this study calls attention to the impact of extended blockages and temperature distribution in blocked railroad tunnels, as well as emerging innovative solutions such as intelligent monitoring and disaster prevention technologies for smoke control in railroad tunnels. C1 [Yuan, Wenhui; Ji, Wenhui; Zhang, Jidan; Yuan, Yanping] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. [Du, Tao] Changan Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Xian 710061, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University; Chang'an University RP Yuan, YP (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. 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Therm. Anal. Calorim. PD JAN PY 2024 VL 149 IS 1 BP 13 EP 39 DI 10.1007/s10973-023-12670-8 EA NOV 2023 PG 27 WC Thermodynamics; Chemistry, Analytical; Chemistry, Physical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Chemistry GA IX6K4 UT WOS:001110405100002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Guo, K Zhang, LM AF Guo, Kai Zhang, Limao TI Multi-source information fusion for safety risk assessment in underground tunnels SO KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Information fusion; Risk assessment; Evidence update; Underground tunnels ID METRO CONSTRUCTION; ADJACENT BUILDINGS; BIM; MANAGEMENT; SYSTEM; IDENTIFICATION; UNCERTAINTY; EXTENSION; FRAMEWORK; BEHAVIOR AB Risk management has become one of the most important issues in the underground tunnel construction due to the rapidly increasing scale. A hybrid approach integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) and the Dempster Shafer (D-S) evidence theory is proposed to support systematic risk assessment and visualization in underground tunnels. BIM is used to build three dimensional (3D) models, an application programming interface (API) to extract the engineering information, the D-S evidence theory to fuse information and determine the risk probability, Dynamo to realize real-time visualization, and an evidence updating method to capture the dynamic features of the risk status. A cross-river tunnel case in the city of Wuhan, China, is used to test the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach. It is found that (1) Three target tunnel sections are determined as under safe, low risk, and low risk levels, respectively; (2) The defect of design variables is the main factor leading the tunnel sections to unsafe levels; (3) Dynamics of the tunnel condition can be captured by the incorporation of the evidence updating method, in which higher certainty and reliability are demonstrated. The novelty of the proposed approach lies in (a) combining the advantages of BIM for dynamic data processing with the capabilities of the D-S evidence theory for information fusion; (b) an evidence updating method is incorporated to capture the dynamic of the tunnel construction. This hybrid approach is expected to enrich the risk management for complex underground projects by fusing multi-source information subjected to uncertainty, conflicts, and dynamics. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Guo, Kai; Zhang, Limao] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore. C3 Nanyang Technological University RP Zhang, LM (通讯作者)，Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, 50 Nanyang Ave, Singapore 639798, Singapore. EM kai004@e.ntu.edu.sg; limao.zhang@ntu.edu.sg RI Zhang, Limao/A-1320-2016 OI Zhang, Limao/0000-0002-7245-3741 FU Ministry of Education Tier 1 Grants, Singapore [04M NP000279C120, 04MNP002126C120]; Start-Up Grant at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore [04INS00042 3C120] FX The Ministry of Education Tier 1 Grants, Singapore (No. 04M NP000279C120, No. 04MNP002126C120) and the Start-Up Grant at Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (No. 04INS00042 3C120) are acknowledged for their financial support of this research. CR Azhar S., 2008, PROCEEDING 1 INT C C, P435 Bakholdin B. 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PD SEP 5 PY 2021 VL 227 AR 107210 DI 10.1016/j.knosys.2021.107210 EA JUN 2021 PG 16 WC Computer Science, Artificial Intelligence WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science GA TS0WT UT WOS:000679379000021 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Pribyl, P Pribyl, O AF Pribyl, Pavel Pribyl, Ondrej TI Effect of tunnel technological systems on evacuation time SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel safety; Tunnel technology; Evacuation time; Fuzzy system; Risk analysis ID ROAD TUNNEL; FIRE AB In this paper, the authors provide a discussion about technological systems in road tunnels and their effect on the overall time needed for people witnessing a fire to escape. Prompt identification of a fire, together with an optimal deployment of relevant information to the trapped people significantly increases their awareness and reduces the response time, thus speeding up the entire evacuation process. The fire identification and warning systems are in nature heterogeneous technological systems, composed of different sensors and actuators. The major objective of this paper is to introduce a methodology of assessing awareness and response times in relation to such heterogeneous technological systems. The resulting estimated time does not only refine a scenario oriented risk analysis, but also optimizes the design as well as the price of the systems installed in a real particular tunnel. The theoretical foundations are also applied by the authors in a fuzzy evaluation system - CAPITA, which is also briefly described in this paper. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Pribyl, Pavel; Pribyl, Ondrej] Czech Tech Univ, Fac Transportat Sci, Prague 11000 1, Czech Republic. C3 Czech Technical University Prague RP Pribyl, O (通讯作者)，Czech Tech Univ, Fac Transportat Sci, Florenci 25, Prague 11000 1, Czech Republic. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD SEP PY 2014 VL 44 BP 88 EP 96 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.07.014 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA AP7LB UT WOS:000342257700010 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yao, YZ Li, YZ Ingason, H Cheng, XD AF Yao, Yongzheng Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur Cheng, Xudong TI Scale effect of mass loss rates for pool fires in an open environment and in tunnels with wind SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Pool fire; Tunnel fire; Mass loss rate; Wind; Scale effect; Heat feedback mechanism ID HEAT RELEASE RATE; CROSS AIR-FLOW; BURNING RATES; LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; FLAME CHARACTERISTICS; TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; GLOBAL CORRELATION; BEHAVIOR; CONVECTION; GASOLINE AB This paper investigates the influence of wind on mass loss rate per unit area (MLRPUA) of fuel-controlled pool fires both in an open environment and inside tunnels and the scale effect of pool fires is also investigated. Large pool fires with a diameter D greater than 1 m (D > 1 m) are of key concern but small pool fires (D < 1 m) are also considered for comparison. This is done by analyzing large amounts of experimental data from the literature. Results show that for small pool fires (D < 1 m) in an open environment, increasing wind speed tends to increase the MLRPUA, especially for pools with D < 0.2 m, where the MLRPUA could increase significantly with the increase of wind speed. But when small pool fires occur in tunnels, the results are more complex. When the ratio of effective tunnel height to pool diameter is less than 3, increasing wind speed tends to decrease the MLRPUA. When this ratio is greater than 3, the influence of wind on MLRPUA of pool fires in tunnels is similar to that in an open environment. The influence of wind on the MLRPUA decreases for larger pool diameters, no matter whether the pool fire occurs in an open environment or in a tunnel. For large pools with D > 1 m, the MLRPUA is not affected significantly by increasing wind speed and most likely varies within 30% for a wide range of wind speeds based on the test data collected. This influence is far less than the values concluded by previous studies based on small pool fire experiments. The outcome of this study contributes to improving the understanding of burning characteristics of pool fires under windy conditions, especially large pool fires, which are much more meaningful than small pool fires from the perspectives of fire protection engineering and fire hazard assessment. C1 [Yao, Yongzheng; Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Gothenburg, Sweden. [Yao, Yongzheng; Cheng, Xudong] Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, Hefei, Anhui, Peoples R China. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Gothenburg, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011; Yao, Yongzheng/AAW-3522-2020; Cheng, Xudong/AAF-3731-2020 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390; Yao, Yongzheng/0000-0001-6598-9882; FU Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) FX This project was financially supported by the Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC). The authors would also like to acknowledge the China Scholarship Council for providing Yongzheng Yao with the opportunity to study at RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. Thanks also to our colleague Dr Francine Amon at RISE for her valuable comments. 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J. PD APR PY 2019 VL 105 BP 41 EP 50 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.02.004 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA HY6QM UT WOS:000468254800004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wu, ML Xie, WW Song, GX Yu, B Huang, CY Lu, YG Peng, H Huang, NH Zhu, ML Liang, M AF Wu, Menglan Xie, Weiwei Song, Guanxian Yu, Bo Huang, Chuanyi Lu, Yuge Peng, Hao Huang, Nenghao Zhu, Menglong Liang, Ming TI Enhanced PPE detection in low-light tunnel environments: a YOLOv5-based approach SO VISUAL COMPUTER LA English DT Article DE Computer vision; Deep learning; Tunnel management; Construction safety AB Tunnel construction environments present a confluence of hazardous conditions, including poor lighting, high levels of dust, and frequent occlusion from machinery, which significantly increase the risk of accidents. Ensuring workers correctly wear personal protective equipment (PPE) is a critical safety measure, yet traditional manual supervision is inefficient and prone to oversight. To address this challenge, this paper introduces an improved YOLOv5-based method specifically designed for robust PPE detection in low-light tunnel environments. Our approach integrates three key innovations: a channel-metric (CM) attention mechanism to enhance feature contrast in dark conditions; an adaptive feature pyramid network (AFPN) to improve the detection of small and occluded targets; and an XIoU_NMS function to reduce missed detections in cluttered scenes. Experimental results on a real-world tunnel dataset demonstrate significant improvements, achieving a precision of 94.6% and a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 90.2%. The model demonstrates stable performance in actual tunnel monitoring systems, showing potential for enhancing construction safety management. C1 [Wu, Menglan; Xie, Weiwei; Song, Guanxian; Huang, Chuanyi; Lu, Yuge; Peng, Hao; Huang, Nenghao; Zhu, Menglong; Liang, Ming] Guangxi Rd & Bridge Engn Grp Co Ltd, Nanning 530000, Peoples R China. [Xie, Weiwei; Yu, Bo] Guangxi Univ, Coll Civil Engn & Architecture, Nanning 530000, Peoples R China. C3 Guangxi University RP Liang, M (通讯作者)，Guangxi Rd & Bridge Engn Grp Co Ltd, Nanning 530000, Peoples R China. EM gxlqliangming@gmail.com RI Liang, Mingchao/JXL-2735-2024; Zhu, Meng-long/P-1894-2015 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [62266005, 52278162]; Guangxi Key Research and Development Project [GKAB23026026, GKAB23075207]; Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project [GKAA23023018, GKAA23073017]; Nanning Central Guiding Local Technology Development [20221229, 202303] FX The financial support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 62266005 and 52278162), the Guangxi Key Research and Development Project (Grant Nos. GKAB23026026 and GKAB23075207), the Guangxi Science and Technology Major Project (Grant Nos. GKAA23023018 and GKAA23073017), the Nanning Central Guiding Local Technology Development (20221229), and the Nanning Liangqing District Science and Technology Major Project (202303) is gratefully acknowledged. 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PD 2026 FEB 13 PY 2026 DI 10.1080/15732479.2026.2632187 EA FEB 2026 PG 18 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA DZ4LW UT WOS:001695734100001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Cosma, G Ronchi, E Nilsson, D AF Cosma, Giovanni Ronchi, Enrico Nilsson, Daniel TI Way-finding lighting systems for rail tunnel evacuation: A virtual reality experiment with Oculus Rift® SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY & SECURITY LA English DT Article DE fire safety; human behavior; railway safety; tunnel evacuation; virtual reality ID SOCIAL-INFLUENCE; FIRE EVACUATION; EXIT CHOICE; EMERGENCY; ENVIRONMENT; MOVEMENT; BEHAVIOR; SMOKE; SIGNS; TIME AB An experimental study has been conducted to investigate if a new and simple system, that is, stripes of high-bright dynamic green LED lights installed on the floor, can support people way-finding in smoke-filled railway tunnel evacuations. The impact of way-finding installations on people evacuation (intended as people movement paths and evacuation times) has been studied using Oculus Rift, a head-mounted display (HMD) device for virtual reality. Two different way-finding installation setups have been investigated. A rail tunnel evacuation scenario has been developed in a virtual environment and the behavior of 60 test participants has been observed (one control group with no installations available and two groups with either alternate or continuous high-bright dynamic green lights). Results show a positive impact of way-finding lighting installations on people evacuation safety. No significant differences have been found between the impact of dynamic alternate and continuous lights on participants' evacuation behavior. Both installation setups influenced movement paths of test participants during the evacuation process, that is, participants tend to walk closer to the lights. 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S., 2001, HUM BEH FIR S 2004 B Xie H, 2011, THESIS NR 49 TC 73 Z9 78 U1 1 U2 75 PU TAYLOR & FRANCIS INC PI PHILADELPHIA PA 530 WALNUT STREET, STE 850, PHILADELPHIA, PA 19106 USA SN 1943-9962 EI 1943-9970 J9 J TRANSP SAF SECUR JI J. Transp. Saf. Secur. PY 2016 VL 8 SU 1 SI SI BP 101 EP 117 DI 10.1080/19439962.2015.1046621 PG 17 WC Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Transportation GA DS1OO UT WOS:000380366000008 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Storm, A Celander, ES AF Storm, Artur Celander, Eva-Sara TI Field evacuation experiment in a long inclined tunnel SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Evacuation; Ascending evacuation; Physical exertion; Walking speed; Vertical walking speed ID OVERGROUND WALKING; SPEED; TREADMILL; SMOKE AB An evacuation experiment was carried out at the center dot Asp o center dot Hard Rock Laboratory in March 2018 to investigate human behaviour during evacuation in underground facilities via escape routes with long ascending tunnels. The objective of the experiment was to collect data that could be used as a basis for evacuation risk and safety assessments in underground tunnels and other large infrastructure projects related to e.g., mining. In total, 32 participants individually ascended the 907 m long tunnel with an inclination of 14%. During the evacuation, each participant's walking speed, vertical walking speed, heart rate and estimated physical exertion was documented. The measured walking speeds were found to be higher than the walking speeds obtained in previous experiments, but the vertical walking speeds were lower. The strategy of 44% of the participants was to adjust their walking speed to a pace they thought could be maintained over a longer distance. The results of this experiment show that the walking speed decreased as the level of perceived exertion increased. Moreover, the results indicate that the walking speed and the level of perceived exertion stabilized during the movement along the tunnel. 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PD SEP PY 2022 VL 132 AR 103640 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2022.103640 EA AUG 2022 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 4Q2IQ UT WOS:000855909100004 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, JY Sharma, A Mishra, D Ascone, L Seneviratne, A AF Li, Junye Sharma, Aryan Mishra, Deepak Ascone, Lionel Seneviratne, Aruna TI WiFi Sensing System Deployment in Vehicular Tunnels for Environmental Safety Monitoring SO IEEE INTERNET OF THINGS JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Wireless fidelity; Sensors; Temperature sensors; Monitoring; Wireless communication; Wireless sensor networks; Radio frequency; Temperature; OFDM; Safety; channel state information (CSI); experimental demonstration; fire detection; thermal detection; WiFi sensing ID FIRE DETECTION SYSTEMS; FULL-SCALE EXPERIMENTS; ATTENUATION; PERFORMANCE AB Traffic infrastructure safety is vital to society, and critical traffic corridor breakdowns could halt cities. Particularly, vehicular tunnels are notable due to the constrained space and challenges to emergency response. Existing tunnel monitoring solutions, such as cameras and thermal sensors, are prone to false positives and usually expensive. To address these problems, we investigate the efficacy of Internet of Things (IoT) enabled WiFi sensing technology for environmental safety monitoring using versatile, low-cost embedded devices. As a proof-of-concept, we deployed our WiFi sensing devices in an urban underwater tunnel to monitor the tunnel temperature and fire accidents. Specifically, we set up one long-term deployment for temperature monitoring and conducted two fire detection experiments in the tunnel using a small-scaled bonfire and an actual vehicle fire. Our experiments show that the proposed WiFi sensing system could accurately monitor the ambient tunnel temperature to an error of <= 0.4 degrees C during the long-term deployment. 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PD SEP 15 PY 2025 VL 12 IS 18 BP 37132 EP 37145 DI 10.1109/JIOT.2025.3584584 PG 14 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA 9HS7J UT WOS:001606637100003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, Y Du, ZG Xu, J Luo, S AF Chen, Ying Du, Zhigang Xu, Jin Luo, Shuang TI Driving Characteristics of Drivers Avoiding Lateral Obstacles in Mountain Highway Tunnels: A Dynamic Lateral Safety Distance Prediction Model SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article DE mountain highway tunnels; shy away effects; driving behavior; trajectory offset; trajectory prediction ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; VEHICLE AB A natural driving real-vehicle test was conducted in nine tunnels in Chongqing, China. The driving trajectories and speeds of 40 drivers were recorded to better understand drivers' driving characteristics under the mutual influence of various tunnel lengths and numerous lateral obstacles on mountainous highways. According to the driver's need for lateral safety distance in different scenarios, the conditions and scope of the occurrence of the shy away effect are defined, and a dynamic avoidance prediction model is established in multiple scenarios. It was demonstrated that, when there were no lateral dynamic obstacles, drivers were influenced by the tunnel sidewalls to drift away from them. However, when lateral dynamic obstacles were present, drivers' driving trajectories were corrected to be closer to the inside of the lane. The influence of vehicles of the same type resulted in the trajectory offset to the left by 0.2 m (extra-long tunnel), 0.7 m (long tunnel), 0.5 m (medium tunnel), and 0.7 m (short tunnel) compared with the driving trajectory without the influence of the obstacle. The influence of trucks causes the trajectory offset to the left compared with the driving trajectory without obstacles by 0.2 m (extra-long tunnel), 0.5 m (long tunnel), 1 m (medium tunnel), and 1.75 m (short tunnel). There is some variation in the degree of risk to the driver from different obstacles under different tunnels. The lateral distance between the driver and the dynamic obstacle is related to the nature of the available driving distance ahead. A sufficiently long driving maneuver distance enables the subject vehicle to gradually overtake the lateral dynamic obstacle in a more stable state. Dynamic avoidance models with fitting accuracies of 0.6-0.99 were implemented to predict vehicle trajectories in different tunnels and under the influence of various lateral dynamic obstacles. The study of the correlation of vehicle trajectories under the influence of various factors in tunnels is completed by the research findings, which can serve as a foundation for the design of driving behavior regulation, an improvement in traffic safety facilities, traffic management, and monitoring of lateral safety distances of intelligent vehicles in tunnels. C1 [Chen, Ying; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Xu, Jin; Luo, Shuang] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Coll Traff & Transportat, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Xu, J (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Coll Traff & Transportat, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM yhnl_996699@163.com OI Chen, Ying/0000-0003-1843-0087 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291, 52302431] FX The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of thisarticle: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52072291 and No.52302431). 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Res. Record PD JAN PY 2025 VL 2679 IS 1 BP 1980 EP 1995 DI 10.1177/03611981241258758 EA JUL 2024 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA 2JT0R UT WOS:001277836800001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, ZD Jin, Y Sun, XL Liao, MJ Fan, SL Chen, JF Xu, JD AF Yang, Zhuodong Jin, Ye Sun, Xingliang Liao, Mengjie Fan, Shuli Chen, Jianfeng Xu, Jianda TI Safety Assessment of Road Tunnel Subjected to Fires Caused by Battery Electric Vehicles Using Numerical Simulation SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE tunnel fire; temperature field; heat release rate; damage assessment; numerical simulation ID MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE; LONGITUDINAL DECAY; VENTILATION AB Fire hazard events for road tunnel has correspondingly increased with battery electric vehicle (BEV) penetration rate rising. Compared with conventional internal combustion engine vehicles (ICEV), the research on damage degree of road tunnels caused by BEV fires is not mature. To this end, the temperature distribution and residual load-bearing capacity of road tunnel were studied considering the difference temperature rise curve of BEV fire and ICEV fire. By using the indirect thermal-mechanical coupling approach, the temperature field obtained from fire simulations was applied to the structural model. The assessment of mechanical properties after high-temperature exposure was conducted using the deflection limit method and concrete plastic damage theory. The results show that different heating curve conditions have significant differences in the temperature field and damage distribution of the tunnel. Although different fire effects cause different degrees of structural damage to the tunnel lining, the overall bearing capacity of the structure still has a certain surplus. The results provide a basis for the formulation of repair schemes and reinforcement measures for tunnel structures to assess the safety and normal operation of tunnel structures. C1 [Yang, Zhuodong] Zhejiang Univ, Coll Civil Engn & Architecture, Hangzhou 310058, Peoples R China. [Yang, Zhuodong; Jin, Ye; Sun, Xingliang; Chen, Jianfeng; Xu, Jianda] Zhejiang Commun Investment Expressway Operat Manag, Hangzhou 310016, Peoples R China. [Liao, Mengjie; Fan, Shuli] Dalian Univ Technol, State Key Lab Coastal & Offshore Engn, Dalian 116024, Peoples R China. C3 Zhejiang University; Dalian University of Technology RP Fan, SL (通讯作者)，Dalian Univ Technol, State Key Lab Coastal & Offshore Engn, Dalian 116024, Peoples R China. EM yangzd666@zju.edu.cn; shuli@dlut.edu.cn FU Zhejiang Communications Investment Expressway Operation Management Co., Ltd. [YFBSH202401] FX This research was funded by the project of Zhejiang Communications Investment Expressway Operation Management Co., Ltd., grant number YFBSH202401. 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Two large mobile fan units were used to create a longitudinal flow within the tunnel and prevent smoke backlayering upstream of the fire. One fan was located outside the entrance of the tunnel and the other inside the tunnel. The fire load consisted of a mock-up simulating a heavy goods vehicle (HGV) trailer creating a maximum heat release rates in the range of 66-202 MW. Two methods of calculating the mean temperature related to the thermal expansion and stack effect are proposed and compared. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ingason, Haukur; Lonnermark, Anders; Li, Ying Zhen] SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. C3 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhenli@sp.se RI ; Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Lönnermark, Anders/0000-0001-6758-6067; Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Swedish Road Administration; Swedish Rail Administration; Swedish Rescue Services Agency; Swedish Fire Research Board; European Commission, Promat, Gerco, B I G; Norwegian Road Administration; SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre FX The work was funded by the Swedish Road Administration, the Swedish Rail Administration, the Swedish Rescue Services Agency, the Swedish Fire Research Board and the European Commission, Promat, Gerco, B I G, and the Norwegian Road Administration. Acknowledgement to SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre for the support to the project. CR [Anonymous], 1997, SUBW ENV DES HDB 1, VII Costeris N., 1991, 7 INT S AER VENT VEH, P827 Fried E., 1989, FLOW RESISTANCE DESI Ingason H, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P646, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.06.002 Ingason H., 2005, The Handbook of Tunnel Fire Safety, P231, DOI [10.1680/hotfs.31685.0011, DOI 10.1680/HOTFS.31685.0011] Ingason H., 2003, INT S CAT TUNN FIR C, P81 Ingason H., 2005, FIRE SAFETY SCI, P1473 Lemaire T., 2003, INT S CAT TUNN FIR C, P105 Lönnermark A, 2006, FIRE SAFETY J, V41, P377, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.02.004 Lönnermark A, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P506, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.05.003 Lönnermark A, 2006, FIRE TECHNOL, V42, P283, DOI 10.1007/s10694-006-7508-7 Massachusetts Highway Department and Federal Highway Administration, 1995, MEM TUNN FIR VENT TE MCCAFFREY BJ, 1976, COMBUST FLAME, V26, P125, DOI 10.1016/0010-2180(76)90062-6 Riess I, 2000, BHR GR CONF SER PUBL, P629 Schlichting H., 1979, BOUNDARY LAYER THOER NR 15 TC 49 Z9 49 U1 3 U2 74 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUL PY 2012 VL 30 BP 64 EP 73 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.007 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 951ML UT WOS:000304724600006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, YX Huang, XY AF Zhang, Yuxin Huang, Xinyan TI A Review of Tunnel Fire Evacuation Strategies and State-of-the-Art Research in China SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Tunnel fire safety; Evacuation; Case study; Full-scale experiments; Human behavior ID SMOKE-TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; ROAD TUNNEL; TRANSVERSE VENTILATION; PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENT; SOCIAL-INFLUENCE; HUMAN-BEHAVIOR; ROUTE-CHOICE; ASPECT RATIO; FIELD; SIMULATION AB After over 30 years of fast economic development and massive construction of infrastructures, China now owns the largest total length of tunnels in the world. However, many tunnels are overloaded with a large traffic volume and vulnerable to fire accidents in operation. Once a fire occurs in the tunnel, the occupants face a dangerous and confined environment and need to evacuate before reaching untenable conditions. Failure in fire evacuation will cause severe injuries and casualties under high-temperature and toxic fire smoke, and many past fire accidents have taught us lessons. Driven by the need for tunnel fire safety in China, many new researches are conducted related to fire evacuation in tunnel environments including full-scale experiments, and new evacuation strategies are carried out with sophisticated tunnel designs and regulations. Hence, this work aims to review these latest developments and studies in China towards better and safer evacuation in tunnel fires. In specific, the paper summarized the evacuation issues in tunnel fires generally and pointed out the unique issues in China. Aiming these issues, the paper then introduced recent evacuation strategies and evacuation research in China respectively. Typical tunnel fire accidents and full-scale tunnel fire evacuation tests in China were discussed in detail as case studies. Detailed evacuation strategies and the exposed issues were analyzed in those tunnel fire accidents emphatically, while evacuation findings of human behavior such as evacuation choices and trajectories were presented according to several field tunnel fire evacuations conducted by the authors. Finally, we highlight the research advances and challenges of fire evacuation in tunnels, as well as the need and directions for future research. C1 [Zhang, Yuxin] Tongji Univ, State Key Lab Disaster Reduct Civil Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Yuxin] Tongji Univ, Dept Geotech Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Yuxin; Huang, Xinyan] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Res Ctr Fire Safety Engn, Dept Bldg Environm & Energy Engn, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. C3 Tongji University; Tongji University; Hong Kong Polytechnic University RP Zhang, YX (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, State Key Lab Disaster Reduct Civil Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China.; Zhang, YX (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, Dept Geotech Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China.; Zhang, YX; Huang, XY (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Res Ctr Fire Safety Engn, Dept Bldg Environm & Energy Engn, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM yuxinzhang@tongji.edu.cn; xy.huang@polyu.edu.hk RI Huang, Xinyan/A-3825-2010 OI Huang, Xinyan/0000-0002-0584-8452; Zhang, Yuxin/0000-0002-8045-9297 FU Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme; National Natural Science Foundation of China; Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellence Program; [T22-505/19-N]; [52204232]; [2021362] FX AcknowledgementsThis work is funded by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme (T22-505/19-N), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52204232), and Shanghai Post-doctoral Excellence Program (No. 2021362). The authors thank Wei Li from Tongji University for helping the literature search. 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PD MAR PY 2024 VL 60 IS 2 BP 859 EP 892 DI 10.1007/s10694-022-01357-5 EA DEC 2022 PG 34 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA PO1X9 UT WOS:000903974900001 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, YL Apte, V Luong, Y Liu, XJ Yung, D AF Liu, Yunlong Apte, Vivek Luong, Yen Liu, Xijuan Yung, David TI A methodology for assessment of visibility during road tunnel fires SO JOURNAL OF FIRE PROTECTION ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE tunnel fires; life safety; evacuation; fire suppression; visibility ID VENTILATION AB This article presents a methodology for evaluating life safety risks due to lack of visibility in road tunnel fires. The methodology considers three realistic fire scenarios that involve smoke spread, occupant evacuation, and the reliability of fire suppression systems. The three fire scenarios represent three variations of fire growth rates. The road tunnel, in this study, is assumed to have two traffic tubes, a longitudinal ventilation system, and emergency exits and escape routes. The Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software is used to model smoke spread and the time available for evacuation, based on a visibility limit when occupants cannot find their way to the emergency exits. A simple evacuation model is used to estimate the time required for occupants upwind of the fire to egress through the emergency exits. Vehicles downwind of the fire are assumed to continue moving and exit the tunnel safely. In two of the three fire scenarios, conditions in the tunnel become untenable rapidly, not allowing sufficient time for the occupants to egress safely. A simple risk assessment is used to estimate the number of fatalities, based on the number of occupants who are trapped in untenable conditions in the tunnel. The assessment indicates that a reliable fire suppression system could prevent heavy casualties in a tunnel fire. C1 CSIRO Mfg & Infrastruct Technol, Fire Sci & Technol Lab, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. C3 Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) RP Liu, YL (通讯作者)，CSIRO Mfg & Infrastruct Technol, Fire Sci & Technol Lab, POB 310, N Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia. EM Yunlong.Liu@csiro.au CR APTE VB, 1991, FIRE PLUME FLOW MINE *BRIT STAND I, 1997, FIR SAF ENG BUILD Duffe P., 1999, Task force for technical investigation of the 24 March 1999 fire in the Mont Blanc vehicular tunnel Fire Code Reform Centre Ltd, 1996, FIR ENG GUID Gao PZ, 2004, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V19, P577, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2004.01.005 Haack A, 2002, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V17, P117, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(02)00013-5 INGASON H, 1994, P INT C FIR TUNN BOR, P86 Ingason H., 2004, 1 INT S SAF REL TUNN INGASON H, 2004, FORUM INT COOP FIR R JOYEUX D, 1997, INC96294DDJNB KARKI KC, 2000, P 10 INT S AER VENT Lee SR, 2006, BUILD ENVIRON, V41, P719, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.03.010 Li JSM, 2003, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V18, P435, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00023-3 McGrattan K., 2005, Fire Dynamics Simulator (Version 5) Technical Reference Guide Modic J, 2003, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V18, P525, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(03)00069-5 PROULX G, 2002, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC, pCH13, DOI UNSP 3-342-3-366 *ROAD TRFF AUTH, 2002, ANN AV DAIL TRAFF AA NR 17 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 2 U2 18 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD PI LONDON PA 1 OLIVERS YARD, 55 CITY ROAD, LONDON EC1Y 1SP, ENGLAND SN 1042-3915 J9 J FIRE PROT ENG JI J. Fire Prot. Eng. PD FEB PY 2007 VL 17 IS 1 BP 65 EP 79 DI 10.1177/1042391507064995 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 172CO UT WOS:000246781900004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jiao, FT Du, ZG Chen, GJ Zheng, HR Tang, ZN Wang, SS AF Jiao, Fangtong Du, Zhigang Chen, Guojun Zheng, Haoran Tang, Zhennong Wang, Shoushuo TI Entrance zone length of extra-long undersea tunnels based on vision adaptation SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Extra-long Undersea tunnel; Vision adaptation; Entrance zone length; Traffic safety ID ROAD TUNNELS; SPEED; LOAD; ENVIRONMENT; SYSTEM; IMPACT; REAL AB As a new form of urban traffic, extra-long undersea tunnels have emerged as an important means of transportation to promote the development of coastal cities in recent years. Owing to the black hole effect and the special alignment at the entrance of these tunnels, the occurrence of a traffic accident can often lead to casualties and traffic paralysis. This study analyzed the main characteristics of the tunnel entrance length division methods proposed by the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), the United States, and China, and discussed the main differences between the lighting environments of extra-long undersea tunnels and ordinary highway tunnels. A real vehicle test was carried out in an extra-long undersea tunnel, and primary data, such as the driver's pupil area and tunnel illuminance, under continuous time series were collected. The drivers' pupil variation characteristics while driving into the tunnel during the daytime were studied, and a mathematical model of the change in the pupil area with time was constructed. In addition, a method for calculating the drivers' dark adaptation time at the tunnel entrance was established, with the pupil area growth rate and volatility less than 15% as the indices. Based on the driver's visual adaptation characteristics and stopping sight distance, a method for the entrance zone length of the extra-long undersea tunnel was proposed. The lengths were enhanced by 41.176, 34.513, and 20.635%, respectively, compared to those obtained using the CIE/USA/CHN standards. In view of the different calculation methods and results of the existing standards, our method overcomes the limitations of the existing methods that rely excessively on the physical and lighting characteristics of tunnels. Moreover, it considers the potential safety hazards where the main road and the ramp merge near the entrance of the tunnel, and provides a new idea for the safe length of the entrance zone from the perspective of the driver's visual physiological response. C1 [Jiao, Fangtong; Du, Zhigang; Chen, Guojun; Zheng, Haoran; Wang, Shoushuo] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Tang, Zhennong] Jinhua Highway & Transportat Management Ctr, 289 Danxi Rd, Jinhua 321007, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology RP Chen, GJ (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM guojun.chen@whut.edu.cn RI Wang, Shoushuo/AAF-2645-2021 OI Wang, Shoushuo/0000-0003-2463-3569 FU Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2020-YB-018]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291] FX This study was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (No. 2020-YB-018) and the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52072291) . 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUL PY 2021 VL 113 AR 103970 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103970 EA APR 2021 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA SU7VA UT WOS:000663338900005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Khattri, SK Log, T Kraaijeveld, A AF Khattri, Sanjay Kumar Log, Torgrim Kraaijeveld, Arjen TI Tunnel Fire Dynamics as a Function of Longitudinal Ventilation Air Oxygen Content SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Article DE tunnel; fire; sensitivity; oxygen; combustion; ventilation; simulation ID HEAT RELEASE RATE; ROAD TUNNEL; NUMERICAL-SIMULATION; SMOKE TEMPERATURE; CFD SIMULATIONS; VELOCITY; SYSTEMS AB Longitudinal ambient air ventilation is the most common methodology for maintaining an amicable environment in tunnels during normal operations while providing an evacuation path during tunnel fire emergencies. The present work investigates the influence of forced ventilation air oxygen concentrations on tunnel fire dynamics. Mixing inert gasses such as nitrogen, argon, or carbon dioxide with ambient air changes the ventilation air oxygen concentration. In order to quantify the influence of the oxygen content on the critical tunnel safety parameters, multiple computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations were done on a reduced-size tunnel while preserving the system Froude number. Analytical expressions were developed to describe the importance of oxygen content on the tunnel fire dynamics. By employing Froude scaling, the resulting relations were extrapolated to real scale tunnels. For the ambient air ventilation, the extrapolated expressions displayed good agreement with experimental literature data. By adjusting the oxygen concentration, parameters such as maximum tunnel ceiling temperature, fire growth rate, maximum heat flux to the tunnel floor, maximum flux on the tunnel ceiling, and maximum heat release rate can be controlled. This is the case also for oxygen levels where people can survive. This may increase the possibility for evacuation and improve the conditions for firefighting, significantly improving tunnel fire safety. C1 [Khattri, Sanjay Kumar; Log, Torgrim; Kraaijeveld, Arjen] Western Norway Univ Appl Sci, Dept Fire Safety & HSE Engn, Glo R&D, N-5528 Haugesund, Norway. C3 Western Norway University of Applied Sciences RP Khattri, SK (通讯作者)，Western Norway Univ Appl Sci, Dept Fire Safety & HSE Engn, Glo R&D, N-5528 Haugesund, Norway. EM sanjay.khattri@hvl.no; torgrim.log@hvl.no; arjen.kraaijeveld@hvl.no OI Khattri, Sanjay/0000-0002-5062-3463; Log, Torgrim/0000-0002-6326-4412; kraaijeveld, arjen/0000-0001-9094-7975 FU Glod RD group FX The authors appreciate the internal funding for this research at the Glod R&D group. The suggestions for improvements from the anonymous reviewers are much appreciated. 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This study performed psychophysical experiments to assess the effect of interior visual environment on the driving safety of drivers by using the 3ds Max software, driving simulator, and E-prime software. A rhythm-based marking system was proposed to improve the visual environment of tunnels by arranging rhythm curves on side walls and note symbols on pavements, as well as multi-frequency markings (high, medium and low frequency). The accuracy rate of speed judgment and reaction time of drivers were analyzed by statistical methods and the logistics curve fitting method. The results showed that: (a) single-color rhythm markings enhanced the accuracy ratio of speed judgment by 3.33-11.66%, while multi-color rhythm markings increase this parameter by 3.33-25%. The accuracy ratio was increased by 18.33% for the second change of color in multi-color rhythm markings (t = 72 s); (b) for common highway tunnels, the reaction time of drivers showed a significant association with the driving duration in the tunnel. For tunnels with improved visual environment by rhythm markings, no significant relationship between the reaction time and driving time was noted, with drivers' fatigue effectively released; and (c) the driver reaction time depended on both the visual environment and driving duration. Rhythm markings in tunnels could effectively reduce driver reaction time. Multi-color markings had better effects than monochrome ones. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Zheng, Zhanji; Du, Zhigang; Chen, Guojun] Wuhan Univ Technol, 1178 Heping Ave, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Yan, Qixiang] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, 111,North Sect 1,Erhuan Rd, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, Peoples R China. [Xiang, Qiaojun] Southeast Univ, 2 Sipailou, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; Southwest Jiaotong University; Southeast University - China RP Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, 1178 Heping Ave, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM 527009079@qq.com; zhig_du7@163.com; 764365015@qq.com; xqj@seu.edu.cn; 535267867@qq.com OI Zheng, Zhanji/0000-0003-0756-395X FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51578433]; Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University [TTE2014-07] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51578433) and the Key Laboratory of Transportation Tunnel Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University (No. TTE2014-07). 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PD JUN PY 2017 VL 95 BP 75 EP 82 DI 10.1016/j.ssci.2017.02.006 PG 8 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA ES9CC UT WOS:000399852500007 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, SS Zheng, HR Du, ZG Han, L He, SM Jiao, FT AF Wang, Shoushuo Zheng, Haoran Du, Zhigang Han, Lei He, Shiming Jiao, Fangtong TI Comprehensive Evaluation of Visual Guiding Systems for Enhancing Traffic Safety in Freeway Tunnels: An Improved Matter-Element Method with Case Study SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article DE safety; evaluation and assessment; human factors; driver performance ID ROAD TUNNELS; RISK-ASSESSMENT; BEHAVIOR; DESIGN; IMPACT; SPEED; MARKINGS AB Provision of visual guiding facilities to improve traffic safety is in disarray. This paper proposes a comprehensive system for evaluating the effectiveness of visual guiding facilities in freeway tunnels. Aimed at addressing the current problems, this paper presents an evaluation system based on three key factors: spatial right-of-way, driving human factors, and driving performance. To evaluate the proposed system, data were collected in tunnels under varying conditions during daytime and nighttime, before and after improvement. The evaluation system categorized spatial right-of-way into lateral, longitudinal, and vertical aspects, which mainly depend on the installation of visual guiding facilities. Driving human factors were evaluated based on visual performance, and the installation method of visual facilities focused on sight distance, sight zone, and visual load. Driving performance was also evaluated by considering vehicle operational characteristics, including the maintaining of speed, distance, and lane. The results demonstrated a considerable improvement in the evaluation level of the visual guiding system, achieving Level B compared with traditional improvement schemes during both daytime and nighttime scenarios. This evaluation system could be a valuable guide for managing and designing traffic engineering in tunnels. C1 [Wang, Shoushuo] Guangzhou Maritime Univ, Sch Port & Shipping Management, Guangzhou, Guangdong, Peoples R China. [Zheng, Haoran; Du, Zhigang; Han, Lei; He, Shiming] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Jiao, Fangtong] Shandong Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Vehicle Engn, Zibo, Shandong, Peoples R China. [Zheng, Haoran] Hubei Univ Technol, Sch Ind Design, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China. C3 Guangzhou Maritime University; Wuhan University of Technology; Shandong University of Technology; Hubei University of Technology RP Zheng, HR (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM haoranzheng@foxmail.com RI Wang, Shoushuo/AAF-2645-2021 OI Wang, Shoushuo/0000-0003-2463-3569; He, Shiming/0009-0004-5897-100X FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291, 52302437]; Open Project of Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Security for Road Traffic Safety [2023ZDSYSKFKT11] FX The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial supportfor the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52072291 and No. 52302437) and Open Project of Key Laboratory of Ministry of Public Security for Road Traffic Safety (2023ZDSYSKFKT11). 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Res. Record PD OCT PY 2024 VL 2678 IS 10 BP 957 EP 971 DI 10.1177/03611981241236185 EA APR 2024 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA L9Z4Y UT WOS:001206503400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bjornsen, G Dettweiler, U Njå, O Knudsen, K AF Bjornsen, Gabriela Dettweiler, Ulrich Nja, Ove Knudsen, Knud TI Towards an understanding of learning within the Norwegian fire and rescue services - focusing on tunnel fire safety SO JOURNAL OF WORKPLACE LEARNING LA English DT Article DE Experiential learning; Reflection; Structural equation modelling; Fire and rescue services; Tunnel fire safety ID EXPERIENCE; MODEL AB Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study how learning within the fire and rescue services may be conceptualized, with special attention paid to tunnel fire safety. Previous studies have developed a model to understand learning in emergency response work. The concept of learning is extended from observed changes in relevant settings to also encompass confirmation of existing knowledge and comprehension of existing practices. We are interested in investigating the properties of the learning model and identifying the mechanisms that influence fire and rescue personnel's experiences of change, confirmation and/or comprehension. Design/methodology/approach This study relies on quantitative data obtained from a questionnaire answered by 939 Norwegian fire and rescue personnel. Multivariate methods have been used to identify the measurement model and the structural relations of the factors. Findings The results confirm the theoretical model and indicate that the outcome of learning is influenced by elements of content, context, commitment, decision-making and response and reflection, and that the influence of content and commitment on the outcome of learning is partially indirect and mediated through reflection. Originality/value To date, no systematic analysis has been conducted to investigate the factorial structure, as well as the interactions and relationship between the model's components. This study makes an important contribution to a detailed understanding of learning within the fire and rescue services. C1 [Bjornsen, Gabriela] Univ Stavanger, Dept Ind Econ Safety & Planning, Stavanger, Norway. [Dettweiler, Ulrich; Knudsen, Knud] Univ Stavanger, Dept Arts & Educ, Stavanger, Norway. [Nja, Ove] Univ Stavanger, Dept Ind Econ Risk Management & Planning, Stavanger, Norway. C3 Universitetet i Stavanger; Universitetet i Stavanger; Universitetet i Stavanger RP Bjornsen, G (通讯作者)，Univ Stavanger, Dept Ind Econ Safety & Planning, Stavanger, Norway. 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Workplace Learn. PD FEB 1 PY 2023 VL 35 IS 1 BP 112 EP 128 DI 10.1108/JWL-04-2022-0051 EA SEP 2022 PG 17 WC Education & Educational Research WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Education & Educational Research GA 8I4FI UT WOS:000855846600001 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xu, HL Ge, XL Zhang, K Ni, H Du, L Ge, LZ Yang, Z Wang, DM AF Xu, Hanlin Ge, Xianliang Zhang, Ke Ni, Hao Du, Lei Ge, Liezhong Yang, Zhen Wang, Duming TI A virtual reality-based study on tunnel black hole effects on drivers' psychological stress and driving performance SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL ERGONOMICS LA English DT Article DE Tunnels; Driving safety; Time-to-contact estimation; Ego-speed perception; Stress ID LIGHTING ENVIRONMENT; ROAD TUNNEL; DISTANCE; TIME; INTEGRATION; PERCEPTION; JUDGMENTS; DENSITY; PUPIL AB The phenomenon known as the "black hole effect," which occurs at tunnel entrances, is a severe visual illusion induced by dramatic transitions in illuminance, space and reference. Previous studies on tunnel driving safety have been conducted mainly in real tunnels, making it difficult to isolate the effects of different tunnel lighting environments on driving safety and to accurately measure drivers' speed and distance estimations. Therefore, in this work, we introduce a virtual tunnel model with consistent lighting and introduce three scenarios: entering the tunnel (T1), outside the tunnel (T2), and open road (Base). We compared changes in ego speed and dynamic distance estimates for 30 drivers across the three scenarios using the time-to-contact (TTC) paradigm to investigate the effects of spatial transitions. Linear mixed model analyses revealed that spatial transitions caused drivers to significantly overestimate their own speed and underestimate the TTC and caused significant pupil dilation in the T1 scenario. However, results for T2 did not show significant differences in distance or speed estimation from the base results, but the pupil diameter increased significantly. The results of this experiment support the hypothesis that tunnels introduce spatial transitions that directly affect the ego speed and dynamic distance estimation and that tunnels induce driver stress immediately upon entry into the visual field. C1 [Xu, Hanlin; Yang, Zhen; Wang, Duming] Zhejiang Sci Tech Univ, Dept Psychol, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Xu, Hanlin; Ge, Xianliang; Zhang, Ke; Ni, Hao; Ge, Liezhong] Zhejiang Univ, Ctr Psychol Sci, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. [Ge, Xianliang; Du, Lei] Shaanxi Normal Univ, Sch Psychol, Xian, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. [Du, Lei] Tibet Airlines Co Ltd, Flight Dept, Chengdu Branch, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China. C3 Zhejiang Sci-Tech University; Zhejiang University; Shaanxi Normal University RP Wang, DM (通讯作者)，Zhejiang Sci Tech Univ, Dept Psychol, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China.; Ge, XL (通讯作者)，Zhejiang Univ, Ctr Psychol Sci, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. EM gexianliangeileen@163.com; wduming@163.com OI Ge, Xianliang/0000-0002-2916-5795 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [T2192931] FX Funding: This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (T2192931) . 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PD SEP PY 2025 VL 109 AR 103791 DI 10.1016/j.ergon.2025.103791 EA JUL 2025 PG 10 WC Engineering, Industrial; Ergonomics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering GA 5RQ6C UT WOS:001542703800001 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhou, XJ Hu, HY Jiang, B Zhou, YF Zhu, Y AF Zhou, Xiaojun Hu, Hongyun Jiang, Bo Zhou, Yuefeng Zhu, Yong TI Numerical analysis on stability of express railway tunnel portal SO STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS LA English DT Article DE tunnel portal; high and abrupt slope; slope stability; safety factor; strength reduction method; numerical simulation ID SLOPE; DESIGN; ROCK AB On the basis of the geological conditions of high and steep mountainous slope on which an exit portal of an express railway tunnel with a bridge-tunnel combination is to be built, the composite structure of the exit portal with a bridge abutment of the bridge-tunnel combination is presented and the stability of the slope on which the express railway portal is to be built is analyzed using three dimensional (3D) numerical simulation in the paper. Comparison of the practicability for the reinforcement of slope with in-situ bored piles and diaphragm walls are performed so as to enhance the stability of the high and steep slope. The safety factor of the slope due to rockmass excavation both inside the exit portal and beneath the bridge abutment of the bridge-tunnel combination has been also derived using strength reduction technique. The obtained results show that post tunnel portal is a preferred structure to fit high and steep slope, and the surrounding rock around the exit portal of the tunnel on the high and steep mountainous slope remains stable when rockmass is excavated both from the inside of the exit portal and underneath the bridge abutment after the slope is reinforced with both bored piles and diaphragm walls. The stability of the high and steep slope is principally dominated by the shear stress state of the rockmass at the toe of the slope; the procedure of excavating rockmass in the foundation pit of the bridge abutment does not obviously affect the slope stability. In-situ bored piles are more effective in controlling the deformation of the abutment foundation pit in comparison with diaphragm walls and are used as a preferred retaining structure to uphold the stability of slope in respect of the lesser time, easier procedure and lower cost in the construction of the exit portal with bridge-tunnel combination on the high and steep mountainous slope. The results obtained from the numerical analysis in the paper can be used to guide the structural design and construction of express railway tunnel portal with bridge-tunnel combination on high and abrupt mountainous slope under similar situations. C1 [Zhou, Xiaojun; Hu, Hongyun] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, China Educ Minist, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. [Jiang, Bo; Zhou, Yuefeng; Zhu, Yong] China Railway ErYuan Engn Grp Co Ltd, Design Inst Civil Engn & Architecture 1, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University RP Zhou, XJ (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, China Educ Minist, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. EM zhouxjyu6@sina.com RI Zhou, Xiaojun/AAS-1942-2021 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51378436]; China Railway Corporation [2010G018-C-1-3] FX The authors are grateful to the financial support provided by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51378436) and the technical development program of the China Railway Corporation (No. 2010G018-C-1-3). 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Eng. Mech. PD JAN 10 PY 2016 VL 57 IS 1 BP 1 EP 20 PG 20 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA DG8VD UT WOS:000372360800001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Feng, SZ Gao, W Zhou, L Li, J Mao, WX Liu, XL AF Feng, Shouzhong Gao, Wei Zhou, Long Li, Jie Mao, Weixing Liu, Xianling TI Experimental study on obstacle visibility and driving safety in lighting environment of road tunnel interior zone SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Road tunnel; Interior zone; LED lighting environment; Headlight; Visible distance; Driving Speed ID PAVEMENT; SYSTEM; MODEL AB Traditional tunnel lighting luminance is obtained from the static observation experiments for an obstacle without consideration of the visual characteristics of human eyes in dynamic state. The visual performances of human eyes during vehicle moving are quite different from those in static condition. Therefore, the influence of vehicle speed on the visible distance of human eyes for an obstacle in tunnel interior zone was experimentally analyzed in this study. Then, the visible distance was compared with the stopping distance specified in the current lighting specifications and the driving safety in tunnel was discussed. The results show that the visible distance for an obstacle under the illumination of LED lamps or vehicle headlights during driving is significantly smaller than that in static condition. In the LED lighting environment, the visible distance for an obstacle on road pavement at the vehicle speeds of 40 km/h, 60 km/h, 80 km/h and 100 km/h compared with that at the speed of 0 decreased by more than 8 %, 16 %, 23 % and 31 %, respectively. The lighting brightness setting in a tunnel should fully consider the impact of driving speed on human visual performance. For the road tunnel with a speed limit of less than 60 km/h, even if only the vehicle headlights are used, the observers can recognize the obstacle at a distance greater than the stopping distance. In view of the huge burden of energy consumption for tunnel lighting at present, it is suggested to apply the combination lighting of LED lamps and vehicle headlights to reduce the lighting energy consumption. For the road tunnel with a design speed limit of more than 80 km/h, the setting of lighting brightness on road surface according to the luminance values specified in the existing lighting specifications cannot guarantee driving safety. Future research should solve the problem that the visible distance of human eyes for an obstacle is less than the demand of stopping distance when driving in tunnel interior zone without increasing the lighting energy consumption. C1 [Feng, Shouzhong; Gao, Wei] Tianjin Univ, Sch Precis Instrument & Optoelect Engn, Tianjin 300072, Peoples R China. [Feng, Shouzhong; Mao, Weixing; Liu, Xianling] Anhui Zhongyi New Mat Sci & Technol Co Ltd, Chuzhou 239500, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Long] Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Mech Engn, Nanjing 210094, Peoples R China. [Li, Jie] Wuhan Guangyi Transportat Sci & Technol Inc Co, Wuhan 430073, Peoples R China. C3 Tianjin University; Nanjing University of Science & Technology RP Zhou, L (通讯作者)，Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Mech Engn, Nanjing 210094, Peoples R China. EM zhoulonglmn@126.com RI Gao, Wei/AAQ-8992-2021 FU Communications of Hebei Province, China [TH-201909] FX This research was funded by the Science and Technology Project of Department of Communications of Shanxi Province, China (No. 2019-JKKJ-59), and the Science and Technology Project of Department of Communications of Hebei Province, China (No. TH-201909) .r Communications of Hebei Province, China (No. TH-201909) . 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PD APR PY 2024 VL 146 AR 105641 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105641 EA FEB 2024 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA KI4Y0 UT WOS:001179329500001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ronchi, E Fridolf, K Frantzich, H Nilsson, D Walter, AL Modig, H AF Ronchi, Enrico Fridolf, Karl Frantzich, Hakan Nilsson, Daniel Walter, Anders Lindgren Modig, Henric TI A tunnel evacuation experiment on movement speed and exit choice in smoke SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security (ISTSS) CY MAR 16-18, 2016 CL Montreal, CANADA DE Evacuation; Experiment; Human behaviour in fire; Walking speed; Road tunnel; Smoke; Emergency exit; Design; Exit choice ID SYSTEMS; IMPACT AB In order to increase the knowledge on human behaviour in smoke, an evacuation experiment was performed in a road tunnel in Stockholm in July 2014. Sixty-six participants, who were instructed to individually evacuate the tunnel, took part. Participants' walking speeds were measured in a smoke-filled section, as well as in a smoke-free section, of the tunnel. The walking speeds in non-irritant smoke were measured for extinction coefficients in the range of 0.5-1.1 m(-1), which corresponds to approximately 2-4 m of visibility (for light reflecting signs). In addition, way-finding and exit choice in smoke were also investigated. Particularly, different emergency exit portal designs were evaluated in the smoke-filled section of the tunnel. The novel data-set on walking speed in smoke is presented, including coupled data on obstructed (movement in smoke) and unobstructed (smoke-free movement) walking speed. Results show that there is a weak relationship between an individual's ability to walk in smoke and the unobstructed walking speed, but more research is needed in this area. In addition, the results relating to way-finding and exit choice demonstrated that the emergency exit portal design in the experiments was appropriate for the intended use. However, in order to increase the performance of the design, the portal may be complemented with information signs on the wall opposite to the exit, namely way-finding signs including distances to the closest emergency exits on both tunnel walls, and a loudspeaker installation that can inform evacuees about the location of available exits. C1 [Ronchi, Enrico; Frantzich, Hakan; Nilsson, Daniel] Lund Univ, Dept Fire Safety Engn, Lund, Sweden. [Fridolf, Karl] WSP Brand & Risk, WSP Sverige AB, Malmo, Sweden. [Walter, Anders Lindgren] MTO Safety, Stockholm, Sweden. [Modig, Henric] Swedish Transport Adm, Stockholm, Sweden. C3 Lund University RP Ronchi, E (通讯作者)，Lund Univ, Dept Fire Safety Engn, Lund, Sweden. EM enrico.ronchi@brand.lth.se RI Ronchi, Enrico/H-7130-2019 OI Ronchi, Enrico/0000-0002-2789-6359; Nilsson, Daniel/0000-0003-3127-7152; Fridolf, Karl/0009-0002-7193-6976 FU European Union's TEN-T programme FX This experiment was executed within the Stockholm bypass Project, Study regarding safety in tunnels, which was co-financed by the European Union's TEN-T programme. The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the author. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. 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PD APR PY 2018 VL 97 BP 126 EP 136 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.06.002 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA GJ1SF UT WOS:000435047400014 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Cai, XY Dai, QF Jiang, ZY Wang, KQ Liu, YA Liu, HJ Zheng, ZJ AF Cai, Xianyun Dai, Qunfeng Jiang, Zhengyang Wang, Keqin Liu, Yanan Liu, Hongjie Zheng, Zhanji TI The impact of particulate pollutants on lighting environment in urban road tunnels SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART D-TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENT LA English DT Article DE Road tunnel lighting; Pollutant concentrations; Lighting simulation experiment; Tunnel ventilation; Computational fluid dynamics ID HIGHWAY TUNNEL; AIR-FLOW; VISIBILITY; DISPERSION AB The enclosed structure and complex internal environment of road tunnels facilitate pollutant accumulation, which adversely impacts intra-tunnel air quality and lighting environment, thereby potentially compromising driving safety. Despite these interconnected issues, current research on tunnel ventilation and lighting environments has progressed along largely separate trajectories, with a notable paucity of systematic investigations that integrate these two critical aspects. To address this problem, this study initially analyzed the distribution characteristics of pollutant concentrations within urban road tunnels through field measurements. Subsequently, mathematical models correlating particulate matter concentration with interior zone luminance were developed via tunnel lighting simulation experiments. Finally, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations were utilized to propose optimal ventilation strategies for optimizing the tunnel lighting environment. This research furnishes a theoretical foundation and practical insights for the synergistic design of ventilation and lighting in urban road tunnels, addressing the concomitant requirements of vehicular safety and visual comfort. C1 [Cai, Xianyun; Jiang, Zhengyang; Wang, Keqin; Liu, Yanan; Liu, Hongjie] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Architecture & Urban Planning, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Dai, Qunfeng] Shenzhen Gen Integrated Transportat & Municipal En, Shenzhen, Peoples R China. [Zheng, Zhanji] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Zheng, ZJ (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM kevinmayo@cqjtu.edu.cn; 13640301740@163.com; 2318444386@qq.com; 609742236@qq.com; lyn3620@cqjtu.edu.cn; 3063856179@qq.com; zhanjiz@cqjtu.edu.cn RI Cai, Xianyun/HRD-3193-2023 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52108071]; The 2024 Science and Technology Innovation Program of Guangdong Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development [2024-K35-205016] FX This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52108071) , and 2024 Science and Technology Innovation Program of Guangdong Provincial Department of Housing and Urban-Rural Development (Project No. 2024-K35-205016) . 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Res. Part D-Transport. Environ. PD FEB PY 2026 VL 151 AR 105156 DI 10.1016/j.trd.2025.105156 EA DEC 2025 PG 18 WC Environmental Studies; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Transportation GA T4826 UT WOS:001637639200001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Guo, QH Li, YZ Ingason, H Yan, ZG Zhu, HH AF Guo, Qinghua Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur Yan, Zhiguo Zhu, Hehua TI Theoretical studies on buoyancy-driven ceiling jets of tunnel fires with natural ventilation SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Ceiling jet; Gas temperature; Velocity; Ceiling jet thickness ID SMOKE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; HORIZONTAL TUNNEL; INTERFACE HEIGHT; NEAR-FIELD; FLOW; VELOCITY; THICKNESS AB The paper presents a theoretical study on the ceiling jets induced by small fires in tunnels. The ceiling jet thickness, temperature rise and velocity are analyzed theoretically with Non-Boussinesq approximation. The study focuses on the radial and one-dimensional ceiling jets. Numerical solutions in the radial region and one-dimensional shooting region are obtained and new analytical solutions in the critical flow region are achieved. Analytical solutions indicate that the ceiling jet thickness increases with distance away from the fire source, which largely differs from the existing models implying that the ceiling jet thickness in the one-dimensional critical flow remains constant. Additionally, impacts of the air entrainment, friction and heat transfer on the ceiling jet are analyzed. It is found that in the radial and one-dimensional shooting flow regions, the air entrainment has a much more significant effect than the friction and heat transfer. However, in the one-dimensional critical flow region, the impact of air entrainment seems to be negligible and the flow is dominated by the friction and heat transfer. Further, validation of the present theory is made by comparing with previous theories, semi-empirical models, and experiments. The results show that the present theory provides a good prediction of the ceiling jet properties with natural ventilation for a small fire. C1 [Guo, Qinghua; Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. [Guo, Qinghua; Yan, Zhiguo; Zhu, Hehua] Tongji Univ, Dept Geotech Engn, 1239 Siping Rd, Shanghai 200092, Peoples R China. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; Tongji University RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011; Guo, Qinghua/N-2963-2018 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390; 雷, 中岱/0000-0002-1176-8109; Guo, Qinghua/0000-0003-2840-2354 FU Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) at Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE); China Scholarship Council FX The authors would like to acknowledge the Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) at Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE) for the financial support. Qinghua Guo is also funded by the China Scholarship Council, which is gratefully acknowledged. Thanks also to Dr Francine Amon at RISE for the valuable comments. 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J. PD JAN PY 2021 VL 119 AR 103228 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2020.103228 EA JAN 2021 PG 21 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA PU4IN UT WOS:000609270400005 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, YQ Zhuo, X Guo, W Wang, XY Zhao, ZL AF Zhang, Yongqiang Zhuo, Xi Guo, Wei Wang, Xiaoyu Zhao, Zhenglu TI Lighting Environment Optimization of Highway Tunnel Entrance Based on Simulation Research SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH LA English DT Article DE tunnel entrance; lighting optimization; driving safety; simulation ID SAFETY EVALUATION; MODEL AB At the entrance of a tunnel, reflection of sunlight from the surrounding environment and a lack of adequate lighting usually cause some vision problems. The purpose of this study is to optimize the lighting environment at the entrance of highway tunnels. Firstly, based on a highway tunnel in Zhejiang Province, the natural illumination intensity in different seasons and climate conditions inside and outside the tunnel entrance was analyzed by means of DIALux simulation software. Then the variation in illumination conditions with distance at the entrance of the tunnel was analyzed. Finally, based on the results above, this study proposes four solutions as follows: setting up a shading shed, auxiliary lighting facilities, decelerating reflective markings, and an adaptive dimming system. C1 [Zhang, Yongqiang; Wang, Xiaoyu; Zhao, Zhenglu] Nanjing Forestry Univ, Coll Automobile & Transport Engn, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Zhuo, Xi] Fuzhou Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, Peoples R China. [Guo, Wei] Ningbo Univ Technol, Ningbo 315211, Zhejiang, Peoples R China. C3 Nanjing Forestry University; Fuzhou University; Ningbo University of Technology RP Zhuo, X (通讯作者)，Fuzhou Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Fuzhou 350108, Fujian, Peoples R China. EM zyqnjfu@sina.cn; zhuoxi2003@163.com; zyqseu9628@163.com; zyqnjfu2006@gmail.com; zzl0319smu@yeah.net OI Xiaoyu, Wang/0000-0002-0077-0203; Zhenglu, Zhao/0000-0003-3063-5392 FU Basic Research Program of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu province [BK20190775] FX This research was funded by Basic Research Program of Science and Technology Commission Foundation of Jiangsu province (grant no. BK20190775). 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J. Environ. Res. Public Health PD JUN 2 PY 2019 VL 16 IS 12 AR 2195 DI 10.3390/ijerph16122195 PG 11 WC Environmental Sciences; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health GA IG4CA UT WOS:000473750500129 PM 31234339 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, XY Ma, Z Zhang, YT AF Wang, X. Y. Ma, Z. Zhang, Y. T. TI Research on Safety Early Warning Standard of Large-Scale Underground Utility Tunnel in Ground Fissure Active Period SO FRONTIERS IN EARTH SCIENCE LA English DT Article DE ground fissure; underground utility tunnel; numerical analysis; early warning indicators; early warning standard ID XIAN; DEFORMATION; MECHANISM; FATIGUE; SYSTEM; SALT AB Safety control of large-scale underground utility tunnels is vital for engineering management units. The establishment of early warning indicator systems and standards is critical for safety control. However, there is limited related research for engineering construction, operation, and maintenance management. Numerical analysis results of the mechanical response of the underground utility tunnel of the Xi'an Xingfu LinDai project (the largest underground urban complex in Asia) at different intersection angles and ground fissure displacements were obtained. The vertical surface settlement, structural stress, fissure displacement, and contact pressure are proposed as early warning indicators of the structure of the underground utility tunnel during the active period of a ground fissure. The safety control values and early warning standards are given based on the analysis of the results. The safety warning indicator system and standards proposed in this article are concise, practical, and easy to implement. The data sample required by this warning indicator system is small and can be obtained using conventional monitoring sensors, which can be referenced for similar projects. C1 [Wang, X. Y.] Xian Polytech Univ, Sch Urban Planning & Municipal Engn, Xian, Peoples R China. [Ma, Z.] Shaanxi Prov Dept Housing & Urban Rural Dev, Xian, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Y. T.] Xian Traff Engn Inst, Xian, Peoples R China. C3 Xi'an Polytechnic University RP Zhang, YT (通讯作者)，Xian Traff Engn Inst, Xian, Peoples R China. EM 17691052807@163.com FU Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province [2021SF-523] FX Funding This study was supported by the Key Research and Development Project of Shaanxi Province (No. 2021SF-523). 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Earth Sci. PD FEB 23 PY 2022 VL 10 AR 828477 DI 10.3389/feart.2022.828477 PG 9 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Geology GA ZP7QT UT WOS:000766615400001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, PY Chen, F Zhang, L Ma, XX Pan, XD AF Chen, Peiyan Chen, Feng Zhang, Lin Ma, Xiaoxiang Pan, Xiaodong TI Examining the influence of decorated sidewaall in road tunnels using fMRI technology SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel engineering; Sidewall decoration; Road safety; fMRI ID DRIVERS; IMPACT; PERFORMANCE; MECHANISMS; DEMANDS; SYSTEM; CORTEX AB In long tunnels where the driving environment is boring and monotonous, the speed perception of drivers is usually compromised. Although researchers have conducted a host of studies on driving safety in tunnels and found out that the sidewall environment was a significant factor that affected driver behavior inside tunnels, little is known regarding the mechanism of how the tunnel sidewall impacts the drivers, especially which regions of neural system are related to the impact of the sidewall. To fill this gap, the current study aims at examining the influence of the decorated tunnel sidewall on drivers' brain activity using fMRI. To this end, an experiment was conducted where thirty-five subjects are recruited. The experiment was conducted using fMRI under two tunnel scenarios: empty sidewall and decorated sidewall. The video of the driving scene was taken in the real driving environment of a tunnel and presented by a projector outside the operating room. The results showed that the fusiform gyrus and precuneus were more activated in tunnels with the decorated sidewall than that with an empty sidewall. These regions are known to be responsible for visual recognition, visual processing and visual spatial functions. Therefore, it indicates that the presence of decorated sidewall provides drivers with a better spatial and speed perception and could help reduce accidents associated with speed judgment. The differences between driver groups were also explored and the finding revealed that the activation level of superior frontal gyrus is different between male and female drivers, which indicated that the same sidewall decoration has different effect between driver groups. C1 [Chen, Peiyan; Chen, Feng; Zhang, Lin; Ma, Xiaoxiang; Pan, Xiaodong] Tongji Univ, Key Lab Rd & Traff Engn, Minist Educ, 4800 Caoan Rd, Shanghai 201804, Peoples R China. C3 Tongji University RP Chen, F (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, Key Lab Rd & Traff Engn, Minist Educ, 4800 Caoan Rd, Shanghai 201804, Peoples R China. EM fengchen@tongji.edu.cn; 1351349@tongji.edu.cn; xiaoxiang.ma@tongji.edu.cn RI Ma, Xiaoxiang/L-6493-2019; Chen, Feng/P-7135-2019 OI Ma, Xiaoxiang/0000-0001-9080-0316; Chen, Feng/0000-0002-6511-9964 FU Natural Science Foundation of China, China [51578417, 51508409] FX This research was sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of China, China (51578417 and 51508409). The authors would like to thank the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Laboratory at Tongji University for providing technical and methodological support. 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PD NOV PY 2025 VL 157 AR 104507 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2025.104507 EA AUG 2025 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 7AZ9T UT WOS:001566749900002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Virtue, B Mohammadpour, J Salehi, F Abbassi, R AF Virtue, Brock Mohammadpour, Javad Salehi, Fatemeh Abbassi, Rouzbeh TI Safety Assessment of Hydrogen Jet Fire Scenarios within Semi-Confined Spaces SO FIRE-SWITZERLAND LA English DT Article DE computational fluid dynamics (CFD); safety assessment; hydrogen fires; tunnel safety ID COMPUTATIONAL FLUID-DYNAMICS; TUNNEL FIRES; IMPACT; ROAD AB Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle (HFCV) technology poses great promise as an alternative to significantly reduce the environmental impact of the transport sector's emissions. However, hydrogen fuel cell technology is relatively new, therefore, confirmation of the reliability and safety analysis is still required, particularly for fire scenarios within confined spaces such as tunnels. This study applied the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations in conjunction with probabilistic calculation methods to determine the associated thermal risk of a hydrogen jet fire in a tunnel and its dependency on scenarios with different tunnel slopes, longitudinal and transverse ventilation velocities, and fire positions. A large-scale model of 102 m in which the effects of outlined parameter variations on the severity of the fire incident were analysed. It is found that both tunnel ventilation techniques and slope were critical for the effective ejection of accumulated heat. With ventilation playing a primary role in the ejection of heat and gas and slope ensuring the stability of the ejected heat, probabilities of thermal burns were found to be reduced by up to approximately 35% with a strong suggestion of critical combinations to further reduce the dangers of hydrogen tunnel fires. C1 [Virtue, Brock; Mohammadpour, Javad; Salehi, Fatemeh; Abbassi, Rouzbeh] Macquarie Univ, Sch Engn, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. C3 Macquarie University RP Salehi, F (通讯作者)，Macquarie Univ, Sch Engn, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia. EM fatemeh.salehi@mq.edu.au RI Salehi, Fatemeh/GQH-5899-2022; Abbassi, Rouzbeh/AAA-2051-2020 OI Salehi, Fatemeh/0000-0002-4319-7849; Abbassi, Rouzbeh/0000-0002-9230-6175 CR Abohamzeh E, 2021, J LOSS PREVENT PROC, V72, DOI 10.1016/j.jlp.2021.104569 Baalisampang T, 2017, FIRE SAFETY J, V92, P42, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.05.012 Crowl DA, 2007, J LOSS PREVENT PROC, V20, P158, DOI 10.1016/j.jlp.2007.02.002 Gu XC, 2020, SAFETY SCI, V122, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.104532 Hansen OR, 2020, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V143, P164, DOI 10.1016/j.psep.2020.06.028 HSE, 2021, P SAFE NET ZERO 2021 Hu LH, 2013, APPL THERM ENG, V51, P246, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.07.043 Hussein H, 2021, HYDROGEN-BASEL, V2, P343, DOI 10.3390/hydrogen2030018 Inaki A.A., 2018, INT ASS HYDROGEN SAF LaFleur C.B., 2017, HYDROGEN FUEL CELL E, DOI [10.2172/1761273, DOI 10.2172/1761273] Li JM, 2017, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V205, P1864, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.10.265 Li YB, 2021, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V46, P12474, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.09.063 Li YZ, 2019, FIRE SAFETY J, V110, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102871 Liu QL, 2022, FIRE-BASEL, V5, DOI 10.3390/fire5050167 Marc J.A., 2010, FIRES EXPLOSIONS TOX Marchi CS, 2017, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V42, P7263, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.07.014 Mashhadimoslem H, 2020, FUEL, V282, DOI 10.1016/j.fuel.2020.118864 Middha P, 2009, J LOSS PREVENT PROC, V22, P295, DOI 10.1016/j.jlp.2008.10.006 Mohammadfam I, 2015, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V40, P13653, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2015.07.117 Molkov V., 2012, Fundamentals of Hydrogen Safety Engineering Moradi R, 2019, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V44, P12254, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.03.041 Najjar YSH, 2013, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V38, P10716, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2013.05.126 POINSOT T., 2001, THEORETICAL NUMERICA Pope S.B., 2001, Turbulent Flows Salvetti I.M.V., 2011, QUALITY RELIABILTY L, V16 Schefer RW, 2007, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V32, P2081, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2006.08.037 Schefer RW, 2011, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V36, P2530, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2010.04.008 Seike M, 2019, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V44, P26597, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2019.08.099 Shibani, 2022, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V160, P594, DOI 10.1016/j.psep.2022.02.057 Tolias IC, 2019, INT J HYDROGEN ENERG, V44, P9050, DOI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2018.06.005 Wu Y, 2008, TRANSPORT RES C-EMER, V16, P246, DOI 10.1016/j.trc.2007.08.001 Wu Y, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V35, P363, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00031-X Zhang RS, 2018, APPL ENERG, V211, P76, DOI 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.10.103 NR 33 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 2 U2 14 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2571-6255 J9 FIRE-BASEL JI Fire-Switzerland PD JAN PY 2023 VL 6 IS 1 AR 29 DI 10.3390/fire6010029 PG 20 WC Ecology; Forestry WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA 7Y0VA UT WOS:000914606900001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, YZ Lei, B Ingason, H AF Li, Ying Zhen Lei, Bo Ingason, Haukur TI The maximum temperature of buoyancy-driven smoke flow beneath the ceiling in tunnel fires SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Maximum gas temperature; Heat release rate; Ventilation velocity ID LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION AB In order to detect a fire and provide adequate fire protection to a tunnel structure, the maximum gas temperature beneath the ceiling to which the structure is exposed needs to be estimated. Theoretical analysis of maximum gas temperature beneath a tunnel ceiling based on a plume theory is given. The heat release rate, longitudinal ventilation velocity and tunnel geometry are taken into account. Two series of model-scale experimental. tests were also carried out. The results of both analysis and experiments show that the maximum excess gas temperature beneath the ceiling can be divided into two regions. when the dimensionless ventilation velocity is greater than 0.19, the maximum excess gas temperature beneath the tunnel ceiling increases linearly with the heat release rate and decreases linearly with the longitudinal ventilation velocity. When the dimensionless ventilation velocity is less than 0.19, the maximum excess gas temperature beneath the ceiling varies as the two-thirds power of the dimensionless heat release rate, independent of the longitudinal ventilation velocity. In both regions, the maximum excess gas temperature varies as the -5/3 power of the vertical distance between the fire source bottom and tunnel ceiling. The investigation presented here considers only the cases when the continuous flame region is lower than the ceiling height. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Li, Ying Zhen; Lei, Bo] SW Jiaotong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Chengdu, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University EM yingzhen.li@sp.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011; LEI, BO/IQV-8449-2023 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390; LEI, BO/0000-0001-5516-7279 FU Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China; SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Center FX This work was sponsored by the Ministry of Railways of the People's Republic of China and SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Center, which are gratefully acknowledged. The authors would also like to thank Associate Prof. Zhihao Xu and Associate Prof. Zhihui Deng for their help in the experiments, and Dr Margaret McNamee for her valuable comments. CR [Anonymous], 1995, MEM TUNN FIR VENT TE [Anonymous], 1999, EN13632 EUR COMM STA Dix A., 2010, P 4 INT S TUNN SAF S, P69 Heskestad G., 1995, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering Hu LH, 2006, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V21, P650, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2005.10.003 *I TNO BOUWM BOUWC, 1979, B79391 I TNO BOUWM B Ingason H, 2006, FLAMMABILITY TESTING OF MATERIALS USED IN CONSTRUCTION, TRANSPORT AND MINING, P231, DOI 10.1533/9781845691042.2.231 Ingason H, 1999, FOAR9901267311SE DEF Ingason H, 2007, FIRE SAFETY J, V42, P271, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.11.004 *ISO, 1999, ISO8341 Karlsson B., 2000, ENCLOSURE FIRE DYNAM, P53 Kurioka H, 2003, FIRE SAFETY J, V38, P319, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00089-9 Lemaire A, 2002, 2002CVBR05572 TNO Lönnermark A, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P506, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.05.003 McCaffrey B.J., 1979, NBSIR QUINTIERE JG, 1981, COMBUST SCI TECHNOL, V26, P193, DOI 10.1080/00102208108946960 QUINTIERE JG, 1989, FIRE SAFETY J, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(89)90045-3 RAJ PPK, CGD5579 US DEP TRANS Wu Y, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V35, P363, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00031-X Zukoski E. E., 1985, P 8 UJNR JOINT PAN M NR 20 TC 485 Z9 541 U1 17 U2 276 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD MAY PY 2011 VL 46 IS 4 BP 204 EP 210 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.02.002 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 758CI UT WOS:000290137300006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jiao, FT Shi, ZW Li, LY Xu, WP Lan, Q AF Jiao, Fangtong Shi, Zhenwei Li, Lingyu Xu, Wenpin Lan, Qing TI Research on visual differences of exits of different grades of tunnels based on machine learning SO DIGITAL TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY LA English DT Article DE Traffic safety; Tunnel exit; Machine learning model; Fixation characteristics; Scanning characteristics AB Tunnels are vital in connecting crucial transportation hubs as transportation infrastructure evolves. Variations in tunnel design standards and driving conditions across different levels directly impact driver visual perception and traffic safety. This study employs a Gaussian hybrid clustering machine learning model to explore driver gaze patterns in highway tunnels and exits. By utilizing contour coefficients, the optimal number of classification clusters is determined. Analysis of driver visual behavior across tunnel levels, focusing on gaze point distribution, gaze duration, and sweep speed, was conducted. Findings indicate freeway tunnel exits exhibit three distinct fixation point categories aligning with Gaussian distribution, while highway tunnels display four such characteristics. Notably, in both tunnel types, 65% of driver gaze is concentrated on the near area ahead of their lane. Differences emerge in highway tunnels due to oncoming traffic, leading to 13.47% more fixation points and 0.9% increased fixation time in the right lane compared to regular highway tunnel conditions. Moreover, scanning speeds predominantly fall within the 0.25-0.3 range, accounting for 75.47% and 31.14% of the total sweep speed. C1 [Jiao, Fangtong; Shi, Zhenwei; Li, Lingyu] Shandong Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Vehicle Engn, Zibo 255000, Shandong, Peoples R China. [Xu, Wenpin; Lan, Qing] Hebei Univ Water Resources & Elect Engn, Dept Transportat Engn, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei, Peoples R China. [Xu, Wenpin; Lan, Qing] Hebei Higher Inst Transportat Infrastruct Res & De, Ctr Digital & Intelligent Technol Applicat, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei, Peoples R China. C3 Shandong University of Technology; Hebei University of Water Resources & Electric Engineering RP Xu, WP (通讯作者)，Hebei Univ Water Resources & Elect Engn, Dept Transportat Engn, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei, Peoples R China.; Xu, WP (通讯作者)，Hebei Higher Inst Transportat Infrastruct Res & De, Ctr Digital & Intelligent Technol Applicat, Cangzhou 061001, Hebei, Peoples R China. EM xuwenpin@hbwe.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52302437]; Cangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project [213101011]; Science and Technol-ogy Program Projects of Shandong Provincial Department of Transportation [2024B28]; Doctoral Scientific Research Start-up Foundation of Shandong University of Technology [422049] FX Acknowledgments This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52302437) , the Cangzhou Science and Technology Plan Project (213101011) , the Science and Technol-ogy Program Projects of Shandong Provincial Department of Transportation (2024B28) , and the Doctoral Scientific Research Start-up Foundation of Shandong University of Technology (422049) . 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Transp. Saf. PD SEP 30 PY 2024 VL 3 IS 3 BP 75 EP 81 DI 10.48130/dts-0024-0008 PG 7 WC Transportation Science & Technology WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Transportation GA DW6FZ UT WOS:001693814200001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Han, XY Shao, Y Yang, SW Yu, P AF Han, Xueyan Shao, Yang Yang, Shaowei Yu, Peng TI Entropy-Based Effect Evaluation of Delineators in Tunnels on Drivers' Gaze Behavior SO ENTROPY LA English DT Article DE tunnel safety; delineator post configurations; entropy; gaze behavior; driving fatigue ID ATTENTION AB Driving safety in tunnels has always been an issue of great concern. Establishing delineators to improve drivers' instantaneous cognition of the surrounding environment in tunnels can effectively enhance driver safety. Through a simulation study, this paper explored how delineators affect drivers' gaze behavior (including fixation and scanpath) in tunnels. In addition to analyzing typical parameters, such as fixation position and fixation duration in areas of interest (AOIs), by modeling drivers' switching process as Markov chains and calculating Shannon's entropy of the fit Markov model, this paper quantified the complexity of individual switching patterns between AOIs under different delineator configurations and with different road alignments. A total of 25 subjects participated in this research. The results show that setting delineators in tunnels can attract drivers' attention and make them focus on the pavement. When driving in tunnels equipped with delineators, especially tunnels with both wall delineators and pavement delineators, the participants exhibited a smaller transition entropy Ht and stationary entropy Hs, which can greatly reduce drivers' visual fatigue. Compared with left curve and right curve, participants obtained higher Ht and Hs values in the straight section. C1 [Han, Xueyan; Shao, Yang; Yang, Shaowei] Changan Univ, Transportat Technol Bldg, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. [Yu, Peng] China Airport Construct Grp Corp, Northwest Branch, Xian 710075, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University RP Han, XY (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Transportat Technol Bldg, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. EM hxyan@chd.edu.cn; 2014021039@chd.edu; g106@chd.edu.cn; yu764592985@163.com RI SHAO, Yang/IZQ-3714-2023; Yu, Peng/GLU-0710-2022 OI SHAO, Yang/0000-0002-3259-1269; FU China Scholarship Council [201506560015] FX This work was supported by China Scholarship Council with file No. 201506560015. 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In particular the paper describes the safety equipment, evacuation facilities and plans, public relations system for safety. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Chiyoda Engn Consultants Co Ltd, Tech Dev Dept, Chiyoda Ku, Tokyo 102, Japan. RP Yamada, N (通讯作者)，Japan Highway Publ Corp, Chiyoda Ku, 3-3-7 Iidabashi, Tokyo 102, Japan. CR *PIARC ROAD TUNN C, 1995, 20 WORLD ROAD C MONT *TRANST BAY HIGHW, 1995, TRANST BAY HIGHW *TRANST BAY HIGHW, 1997, TRANST BAY HIGHW YAMADA N, 1998, P S UND SPAC JAP SOC, V3 1997, TOKYO WAN ODAN DORO NR 5 TC 15 Z9 18 U1 0 U2 9 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD JAN-MAR PY 1999 VL 14 IS 1 BP 3 EP 12 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(99)00008-5 PG 10 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 206YZ UT WOS:000080909500001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wu, Y AF Wu, Y. TI Assessment of the impact of jet flame hazard from hydrogen cars in road tunnels SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART C-EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES LA English DT Article DE impact assessment; hydrogen car; road tunnel safety AB Underground tunnels form an important part of modern road transportation systems. As the development of hydrogen cars advances into the market place, it is unavoidable that in the near future that hydrogen cars will become users of ordinary road tunnels. This paper discusses potential fire scenarios and fire hazards of hydrogen cars in road tunnels and implications on fire safety measures and ventilation systems in existing tunnels. Hydrogen has a low ignition energy, and wide flammable range suggesting that leaks have a high probability of ignition and result in hydrogen flame. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations of hydrogen jet flame in a full scale 5 in by 5 in square cross-section tunnel were carried out. The effect of the ventilation on controlling the upstream backlayering and the downstream flame were discussed. The results showed that the impact of a hydrogen flame in the tunnel depended oil the hydrogen release rate. The tunnel ventilation system could eliminate the upstream backlayering and fully control downstream flame with a smaller hydrogen release rate. For a larger hydrogen release, the tunnel ventilation system could not provide sufficient air flow into the fire and there is an oxygen deficit hydrogen layer accumulating under the ceiling downstream of the fire. The accumulating hydrogen layer could pose a more serious hazard inside the tunnel. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Univ Sheffield, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England. C3 University of Sheffield RP Wu, Y (通讯作者)，Univ Sheffield, Dept Chem & Proc Engn, Mappin St, Sheffield S1 3JD, S Yorkshire, England. EM y.wu@sheffield.ac.uk CR BREKELMAN J, 2005, SUMMARY LARGE SCALE Brinckerhoff P., 1996, MEMORIAL TUNNEL FIRE French S.E., 1994, Proceedings of the International Conference on Fires in Tunnels, P63 HAACK A, 2002, TUNNEL, P2 LAUNDER BE, 1974, COMPUT METHODS APPL, V3, P289 LJUBOJA M, 1980, T ASME Swain M.R., 2001, P 2001 DOE HYDR PROG Woodburn PJ, 1996, FIRE SAFETY J, V26, P63, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(96)00019-7 Wu Y, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V35, P363, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00031-X Wu Y, 2007, FUEL, V86, P1840, DOI 10.1016/j.fuel.2006.11.032 NR 10 TC 20 Z9 24 U1 2 U2 42 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0968-090X J9 TRANSPORT RES C-EMER JI Transp. Res. Pt. C-Emerg. Technol. PD APR PY 2008 VL 16 IS 2 BP 246 EP 254 DI 10.1016/j.trc.2007.08.001 PG 9 WC Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Transportation GA 334DA UT WOS:000258201300008 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Fang, S Ma, JX AF Fang, Song Ma, Jianxiao TI Experimental Analysis of Driver Visual Characteristics in Urban Tunnels SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE traffic safety; urban tunnel; driver behavior; visual features; cluster analysis ID QUANTITATIVE-ANALYSIS; ENVIRONMENT; IMPACT AB Through an urban tunnel-driving experiment, this paper studies the changing trend of drivers' visual characteristics in tunnels. A Tobii Pro Glasses 2 wearable eye tracker was used to measure pupil diameter, scanning time, and fixation point distribution of the driver during driving. A two-step clustering algorithm and the data-fitting method were used to analyze the experimental data. The results show that the univariate clustering analysis of the pupil diameter change rate of drivers has poor discrimination because the pupil diameter change rate of drivers in the process of "dark adaptation" is larger, while the pupil diameter change rate of drivers in the process of "bright adaptation" is relatively smooth. The univariate and bivariate clustering results of drivers' pupil diameters were all placed into three categories, with reasonable distribution and suitable differentiation. The clustering results accurately corresponded to different locations of the tunnel. The clustering method proposed in this paper can identify similar behaviors of drivers at different locations in the transition section at the tunnel entrance, the inner section, and the outer area of the tunnel. Through data-fitting of drivers' visual characteristic parameters in different tunnels, it was found that a short tunnel, with a length of less than 1 km, has little influence on visual characteristics when the maximum pupil diameter is small, and the percentage of saccades is relatively low. An urban tunnel with a length between 1 and 2 km has a significant influence on visual characteristics. In this range, with the increase in tunnel length, the maximum pupil diameter increases significantly, and the percentage of saccades increases rapidly. When the tunnel length exceeds 2 km, the maximum pupil diameter does not continue to increase. The longer the urban tunnel, the more discrete the distribution of drivers' gaze points. The research results should provide a scientific basis for the design of urban tunnel traffic safety facilities and traffic organization. C1 [Fang, Song; Ma, Jianxiao] Nanjing Forestry Univ, Coll Automobile & Traff Engn, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China. [Fang, Song] Nanjing Inst Railway Technol, Coll Locomot & Vehicle, Nanjing 210031, Peoples R China. C3 Nanjing Forestry University RP Ma, JX (通讯作者)，Nanjing Forestry Univ, Coll Automobile & Traff Engn, Nanjing 210037, Peoples R China. EM fangsong-321@163.com; majx@njfu.edu.cn OI fang, song/0000-0002-2371-4108 FU Youth Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China [51508280]; Excellent Scientific and Technological Innovation team of Universities in Jiangsu Province [2019042] FX This research was funded by the Youth Foundation of National Natural Science Foundation of China, Grant No. 51508280 and the Excellent Scientific and Technological Innovation team of Universities in Jiangsu Province, Grant No. 2019042. 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Sci.-Basel PD MAY PY 2021 VL 11 IS 9 AR 4274 DI 10.3390/app11094274 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA SB4NN UT WOS:000649973200001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, KQ Sun, JC Xiang, F Yang, SY Ling, WH AF Yang, Keqing Sun, Jianchun Xiang, Fen Yang, Shiyong Ling, Weihao TI Research on Fire Smoke Characteristics and Key Factor Evaluation in High-Altitude Traffic Tunnels SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE fire safety; high-altitude tunnel; influencing factors; orthogonal analysis; sensitivity analysis ID CRITICAL VELOCITY; BURNING RATE; POOL FIRE; VENTILATION; MOVEMENT AB Given the seriousness of fire safety issues in high-altitude traffic tunnels, it is essential to investigate the spatial temperature characteristics under the coupling of multiple factors and their correlation with fire safety elements. This study systematically conducted full-scale simulation analyses of highway tunnels to reveal the distribution of transverse and longitudinal spatial temperature as well as the longitudinal smoke diffusion patterns. Based on the simulation data, an integrated approach utilizing orthogonal test analysis, deviation analysis, and sensitivity analysis was employed to explore the impacts of various factors, including altitude, the transverse position of the fire source, fire scale, and wind speed, on tunnel fire safety. The results indicate that the influence of altitude on the longitudinal temperature along the arch and the position of spatial cross-section characteristic points varies. Longitudinal ventilation speed is a relatively key factor affecting tunnel fire safety, particularly in terms of arch temperature and smoke backflow length, where its impact is significant. Additionally, fire scale has a notable impact on evacuation safety, with its overall influence ranking just below that of wind speed. In contrast, altitude and fire source position have relatively minor effects on tunnel fire safety. Inadequate longitudinal ventilation hinders the escape of personnel during tunnel fires, indicating that the design and operation of ventilation systems should be prioritized in fire prevention and control strategies. The findings of this study have significant practical implications for optimizing fire prevention and response capabilities in high-altitude tunnels. C1 [Yang, Keqing; Sun, Jianchun; Yang, Shiyong; Ling, Weihao] Southwest Petr Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Geomat, Chengdu, Peoples R China. [Yang, Keqing] Chengdu Publ Transportat Grp Co, Chengdu, Peoples R China. [Xiang, Fen] China Railway Second Engn Grp Corp, Chengdu, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Petroleum University RP Sun, JC (通讯作者)，Southwest Petr Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Geomat, Chengdu, Peoples R China. 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PD MAR PY 2025 VL 49 IS 2 BP 233 EP 246 DI 10.1002/fam.3263 EA DEC 2024 PG 14 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Materials Science GA X6A5C UT WOS:001381366700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Choubineh, M Mahdavi, S Dehkordi, MK AF Choubineh, Mohamadreza Mahdavi, Saeed Dehkordi, Mahdiye Khademi TI Parametric analysis, numerical modelling, and machine learning-based prediction of tunnel crown displacement in EPB tunnelling SO GEOMECHANICS AND GEOENGINEERING-AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel displacement profile; EPB tunnelling; numerical modelling; Gradient Boosting; MultiOutputRegressor; Bootstrap Sampling ID SUPPORT DESIGN; BACK ANALYSIS; TWIN TUNNELS; ROCK MASSES; SIMULATION; STABILITY; DEFORMATION; EXCAVATIONS; PROFILES; STRESSES AB Accurate prediction of tunnel displacement is vital for ensuring underground stability and safety. This study presents an integrated methodology that combines numerical simulation, field calibration, sensitivity analysis, Taguchi experimental design, and machine learning to predict tunnel crown displacement with high accuracy. FLAC3D modelling with the Mohr-Coulomb elastoplastic model was calibrated using field data from Isfahan Subway Line 2. A Taguchi design of 27 scenarios evaluated six parameters, with sensitivity analysis identifying tunnel diameter (25%) and overburden height (22%) as the most influential, followed by internal friction angle (20%) and elastic modulus (15%), while cohesion (10%) and Poisson's ratio (8%) showed limited impact. Numerical results were benchmarked against Hoek's empirical model, with deviations attributed to face pressure and operational conditions. To enhance predictive capability, a machine learning framework using MultiOutputRegressor with Gradient Boosting was employed to estimate Hoek's coefficients. 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Geoengin. PD NOV 2 PY 2025 VL 20 IS 6 BP 1474 EP 1492 DI 10.1080/17486025.2025.2547794 EA SEP 2025 PG 19 WC Engineering, Geological WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA 8XN8E UT WOS:001563698000001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, HY He, YY AF Liu, Haiyang He, Yiyang TI Comprehensive Evaluation of Resilience for Qinling Tunnel Group Operation Safety System Based on Combined Weighting and Cloud Model SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Article DE tunnel traffic accidents; resilience evaluation; analytic hierarchy process; combined weighting; cloud model AB An extensive network of tunnels has recently been constructed in the Qinling Mountains. Characterized by high and steep terrain, this network has led to frequent traffic accidents. To address this issue, this paper introduces the theory of resilience into the evaluation system of safety systems during the operation period of highway tunnel groups. Based on this, this paper establishes a resilience evaluation index system for the operation safety system of highway tunnel groups, including a human system, vehicle system, and road system. To address both qualitative and quantitative issues concerning the indicators, this paper employs the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy weight method to combine and assign weights to the resilience evaluation indicators. Subsequently, the cloud model method is utilized to quantify the level of resilience of the highway tunnel group safety system during the operation period. The study results unveiled the patterns of traffic accidents within the Qinling Tunnel Group from the perspectives of vehicle, road, and human factors. The final weight allocation reveals that the road system has the highest proportion, exerting the greatest influence as a primary level index. Moreover, by taking the Qinling Tunnel Group on the Xihan Expressway as an engineering example, the resilience level of the case project was analyzed and obtained. Proposals for enhancing resilience were put forth, taking into account the project's unique attributes, encompassing adaptability, resistance, and recovery. Overall, this study validates the feasibility and reliability of the proposed method for assessing the resilience of highway networks, offering empirical support for transportation administrators in the implementation of resilience-enhancing strategies. C1 [Liu, Haiyang] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. [He, Yiyang] Zhejiang Expressway Construction Management Co Ltd, Hangzhou 310020, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University RP Liu, HY (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. 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Along with the advancement of highway tunnels, fire incidents continue increasing, causing significant damages to life and property safety. The knowledge of characteristics of highway tunnel fire accidents is essential for the fire authorities to update their safety policies on tunnels and also useful for the scholars to carry out basic and applicable researches. Previous studies have been performed on fire accident statistics in highway tunnels before 2016. The dataset after 2016 are unknown. To solve this problem, the present study examined total 256 fire incidents in Chinese highway tunnels during 2010-2021 based on police-reported database. The results showed that the fire number in 2017-2021 is almost three times that in 2010-2016. The fires occur more in spring and summer. The majority of fires occur in the long and extra-long tunnels (80%), in the one-way tunnels (90%), in the curved tunnels (70%), in the interior zone of tunnels (67.2%) and in the low altitude areas (60%). The top two burning vehicle types are heavy goods vehicles (HGVs, 38.1%) and passenger cars (37.2%). A total of 81.2% of fatalities in highway tunnel fires are associated with HGVs. The head of vehicle (41.8%), tire (25.3%) and goods (15.3%) are the top three causes of fire. Despite the fact that 92.7% of cases are single fire category while spread fire category only accounts for 7.3%, the spread fire has a more than 7 times higher casualty rate than the single fire. Based on the results, some useful fire safety measures for highway tunnels are proposed. It is hoped that this work could provide some data supports and references for tunnel fire safety and relative policy-making. C1 [Wan, Huaxian; Jiang, Yujia; Jiang, Junping] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Dept Fire Protect Engn, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University RP Wan, HX (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Dept Fire Protect Engn, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, Peoples R China. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD SEP PY 2023 VL 139 AR 105237 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105237 EA JUN 2023 PG 26 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA Q0KN8 UT WOS:001054487800001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU To, CW Chow, WK Cheng, FM AF To, C. W. Chow, W. K. Cheng, F. M. TI Numerical studies on explosion hazards of vehicles using clean fuel in short vehicular tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Explosion; Clean fuel; Vehicular tunnels AB Short vehicular tunnels (SVT) with heavy traffic are commonly constructed in urban areas of densely populated cities of the Asia-Oceania Region. The introduction of vehicles using clean fuel poses new concerns on the fire safety of existing road tunnels. The explosion of a taxi using Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) occurred in a garage, alarming the need for protecting existing road tunnels against hazards in using clean energy. In this paper, explosion hazards of an LPG taxi in a section of SVT were studied by using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Flame Acceleration Simulator (FLACS). The scenario of LPG leaking into the concealed space beneath the tunnel floor level of SVT through vents at the road side is simulated. A full tank of LPG would completely be released in about 231 s. The leaked LPG in the concealed space is ignited 19 s after the complete release, i.e. at t = 250 s. Predicted results on explosion pressure and temperature illustrate that appropriate protection measures should be provided to ensure the safety of SVT. Results also suggest that the existing fire safety codes for SVT should be revised by including an explosion analysis of LPG taxis. C1 [To, C. W.; Chow, W. K.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Res Ctr Fire Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Cheng, F. M.] Xian Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Safety Sci & Engn, Xian, Peoples R China. C3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Xi'an University of Science & Technology RP Chow, WK (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Kowloon, Hunghom, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM wan-ki.chow@polyu.edu.hk RI Chow, Wan Ki/HHS-5060-2022 OI Chow, Wan Ki/0000-0001-8398-3126 FU Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Theme-Based Research Scheme Project "Safety, Reliability, and Disruption Management of High Speed Rail and Metro Systems" [T32-101/15-R] FX The work described in this paper was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Theme-Based Research Scheme Project "Safety, Reliability, and Disruption Management of High Speed Rail and Metro Systems" (T32-101/15-R) with account number 3-RBAC. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JAN PY 2021 VL 107 AR 103649 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103649 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA PE6TK UT WOS:000598496500001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Muya, MS He, B Wang, JT Li, GC AF Muya, M. S. He, Bo Wang Jingtao Li Guocheng TI Simulation of stress distribution around tunnels and interaction between tunnels using an elasto-plastic model SO JOURNAL OF CHINA UNIVERSITY OF GEOSCIENCES LA English DT Article DE computer simulation; tunnels; stress distribution; interaction ID DESIGN AB This article presents a computer simulation of stress distribution around tunnels and interaction between tunnels using an elasto-plastic model. A finite element method using ANSYS software has been used for the analyses of one and two tunnels at different overburden depths with different separating distances between the tunnels. The results of numerical analyses indicate that stress distribution and stress concentration around the tunnels vary with the overburden depths. It is found that the coefficients of stress concentration for elasto-plastic medium are smaller than those for elastic one by 1.9%. Furthermore, the interaction between the two tunnels rapidly decreases with the increase of separation distance between them. In addition, for quantitatively describing the interaction between the two tunnels, a critical separation distance is introduced. The critical separation distances between the two tunnels at different overburden depths are 8 m, 12 m, and 14 m respectively. This fact is very important and essential for the design of mining tunnels and to ensure safety in tunnel engineering. C1 Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Mech, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. C3 Huazhong University of Science & Technology RP Muya, MS (通讯作者)，Huazhong Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Civil Engn & Mech, Wuhan 430074, Peoples R China. EM somomgaza@yahoo.com CR AVERILL ML, 1982, SIMULATION MODELING BERNARD PZ, 1976, THEORY MODELLING SIM Cai M, 2000, INT J ROCK MECH MIN, V37, P509, DOI 10.1016/S1365-1609(99)00077-5 DARYL LL, 2002, FINITE ELEMENT METHO Rao S.S., 1982, FINITE ELEMENT METHO ROBERTS A, 1977, GEOTECHNOLOGY INTRO, P213 SPEERS CR, 1992, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V7, P25, DOI 10.1016/0886-7798(92)90110-4 NR 7 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 10 PU CHINA UNIV GEOSCIENCES, WUHAN PI WUHAN PA 388 LIMO RD, WUHAN, CHINA MAINLAND 430074, PEOPLES R CHINA SN 1002-0705 J9 J CHINA UNIV GEOSCI JI J. China Univ. Geosci. PD MAR PY 2007 VL 18 IS 1 BP 90 EP 94 DI 10.1016/S1002-0705(07)60023-5 PG 5 WC Geology; Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Geology GA 180KF UT WOS:000247361200011 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, YZ Ingason, H AF Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur TI Position of Maximum Ceiling Temperature in a Tunnel Fire SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Position; Flame angle; Maximum ceiling temperature; Heat release rate; Ventilation velocity AB The position of the maximum ceiling gas temperature indicates how far the fire plum could be blown away by a ventilation flow. It could be applied to estimate the activation of a detection system or a sprinkler system, or to estimate the range of damage to the tunnel structure. An equation for predicting the position of the maximum ceiling gas temperature in a tunnel fire is proposed based on a theoretical analysis and validated using both laboratory test data and full scale test data. A flame angle has been defined based on the position of the maximum ceiling temperature in a tunnel fire. The flame angle is directly related to the dimensionless ventilation velocity, and it becomes insensitive to the heat release rate for a large tunnel fire. Further, it is found that a constant critical flame angle exists, defined as the flame angle under the critical condition when the backlayering just disappears. For a given tunnel and fire source, the flame angle under critical conditions is the same value, independent of heat release rate, and the maximum ceiling temperature under critical conditions always corresponds to the same position. Generally the horizontal distance between the position of the maximum ceiling temperature and the fire source centre is around 1.5 times the effective tunnel height under the critical condition. C1 [Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Boras, Sweden. C3 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@sp.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Swedish Road Administration (SRA); SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre FX This study was sponsored by the Swedish Road Administration (SRA) and SP Tunnel and Underground Safety Centre. We would like to acknowledge Mr Bernt Freiholtz at SRA for his advice and encouragement in this project and Dr Margaret McNamee for her valuable comments. The authors would also like to thank Prof. Bo Lei, associate Prof. Zhihao Xu and associate Prof. Zhihui Deng at Southwest Jiaotong University for their help in the tests. CR American Gas Association, 1974, 31 IS [Anonymous], FIR RES TESTS EL B 1 European Committee for Standardization, 1999, FIR RES TESTS 2 FHWA, 1995, MEM TUNN FIR VENT TE Heskestad G., 1975, J FIRE FLAMMABILITY, V6, P253 Ingason H, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P646, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.06.002 Ingason H, 2010, FIRE SAFETY J, V45, P371, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.004 Instituut TNO voor Bouwmaterialen en Bouwconstructies, 1979, BEPR HETG VERH TWEE Karlsson B., 2000, ENCLOSURE FIRE DYNAM, P53 Kurioka H, 2003, FIRE SAFETY J, V38, P319, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00089-9 Lemaire T, 2002, 2002CVBR05572 TNO Lemaire T, 2006, FIRE TECHNOL, V42, P329, DOI 10.1007/s10694-006-8434-4 Li YZ, 2012, FIRE SAFETY J, V48, P38, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.12.011 Li YZ, 2011, FIRE SAFETY J, V46, P204, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.02.002 Li YZ, 2010, FIRE SAFETY J, V45, P361, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.003 Li YZ, 2010, 201051 SP Lönnermark A, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P506, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.05.003 Lönnermark A, 2006, FIRE TECHNOL, V42, P283, DOI 10.1007/s10694-006-7508-7 QUINTIERE JG, 1981, COMBUST SCI TECHNOL, V26, P193, DOI 10.1080/00102208108946960 QUINTIERE JG, 1989, FIRE SAFETY J, V15, P3, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(89)90045-3 NR 20 TC 72 Z9 78 U1 6 U2 107 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 EI 1572-8099 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD JUL PY 2014 VL 50 IS 4 BP 889 EP 905 DI 10.1007/s10694-012-0309-2 PG 17 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA AF5ZV UT WOS:000334795000004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Krispel, S Peyerl, M Maier, G AF Krispel, Stefan Peyerl, Martin Maier, Gerald TI Enhancing safety whilst saving energy in tunnels due to an optimised choice of road surface materials SO BAUTECHNIK LA German DT Article DE concrete; surface; pavement; brightness; luminance; energy saving; safety; energy expenditure; tunnel AB The durability and longevity of concrete pavements is well known everywhere. Due to these characteristics the overhaul and maintenance requirements, provided the major construction and production principles are respected, are sharply reduced. This results in a prevention of transport disruptions respectively traffic jams and their subsequent costs. However, there are many more positive characteristics of concrete, which become more and more effective during the entire operating life of concrete surfaces, which are widely unknown. Among other things, concrete pavements can reduce the fuel consumption of lorries (resulting in a reduction of CO2 emission), due to non-deformable pavements. Furthermore hardened concrete is able to absorb and store CO2 and there are advantages caused by the bright surface of the material. The Smart Minerals GmbH examines the aspect of brightness of concrete for the road surface of tunnels in the course of a research project. Due to the good photometric characteristics of concrete and the resulting higher brightness of the pavement, the road users have a subjective higher sense of safety and the bright surface of concrete causes a reduction of energy-consumption for lighting. To ensure the required brightness of the pavement, concrete surfaces need much less powerful light sources. Therefore it is theoretically possible to reduce the power of the light source, compared to the asphalt surface, to an extent of two thirds. C1 [Krispel, Stefan; Peyerl, Martin; Maier, Gerald] Smart Minerals GmbH, Franz Grill Str 9,Objekt 214, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. RP Krispel, S (通讯作者)，Smart Minerals GmbH, Franz Grill Str 9,Objekt 214, A-1030 Vienna, Austria. EM krispel@smartminerals.at; peyerl@smartminerals.at; maier@smartminerals.at CR [Anonymous], 2011, 675242011 DIN 2 [Anonymous], 2011, 081702 RVS OST FORSC [Anonymous], 2014, 090241 RVS OST FORSC [Anonymous], 2010, 233032010 ONR AUSTR [Anonymous], 2008, 675242008 DIN 1 [Anonymous], 2005, 1320142005 ONORM EN FFG, 845651 FFG McIntosh B, 1987, CONCRETE INT, V9, P24 NR 8 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 10 PU ERNST & SOHN PI BERLIN PA ROTHERSTRASSE 21, BERLIN, DEUTSCHLAND 10245, GERMANY SN 0932-8351 EI 1437-0999 J9 BAUTECHNIK JI Bautechnik PD JUL PY 2019 VL 96 IS 7 BP 499 EP + DI 10.1002/bate.201800078 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA IH9OW UT WOS:000474837300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lin, TT Yang, MZ Zhang, L Wang, TT Zhong, S AF Lin, Tong-tong Yang, Ming-zhi Zhang, Lei Wang, Tian-tian Zhong, Sha TI Influence of bionics shark gills tunnel portal on the micro-pressure wave at the tunnel exit SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel environment; Bionic tunnel portal; Train and tunnel aerodynamics; Micro-pressure wave ID TRAIN; AMPLITUDE AB In this study, the bionic principle is used to relieve the micro-pressure waves (MPWs) at the tunnel exit. A bionic shark gill tunnel portal with holes was studied, and the effects of the opening ratios and oblique cutting angles of the bionic shark gill opening tunnel portal on the initial compression wave (ICW) and MPW induced by a high-speed train (HST) passing through the tunnel are examined. The results show that when the opening ratio of the bionic shark gill tunnel portal is 24%, the highest mitigation effect on the ICW pressure gradient and MPW is observed. In addition, the high-pressure region of the ICW in the tunnel decreased with increasing opening ratio. The greatest mitigation effect on the ICW pressure gradient and MPW is obtained for the oblique cutting angle of the bionic hole on the tunnel portal (with an opening ratio of 24%) of 16 degrees, because the oblique cutting angle facilitates the expulsion of the jet-stream from the bionic hole at the tunnel portal. C1 [Zhang, Lei] Cent South Univ, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Minist Educ, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. Joint Int Res Lab Key Technol Rail Traff Safety, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; Central South University RP Zhang, L (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Minist Educ, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. EM gszxzhanglei@126.com OI Lin, Tongtong/0009-0003-9455-5807 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52002408]; Project of State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing [ZZYJKT2021-09]; Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province [2021JJ40772]; High Performance Computing Center of Central South University FX The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 52002408) , the Project of State Key Laboratory of High Performance Complex Manufacturing (Grant number ZZYJKT2021-09) , and the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Grant number 2021JJ40772) . This work was supported in part by the High Performance Computing Center of Central South University. CR [Anonymous], 2010, BS EN 14067-5 Baker CJ, 2014, AERONAUT J, V118, P201 BAKER CJ, 1986, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V24, P227, DOI 10.1016/0167-6105(86)90024-3 Bell JR, 2014, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V134, P122, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2014.09.004 CEN, 2013, 140674 CEN EN CEN, 2009, CEN EN 14067-4 CEN, 2010, CEN EN 14067-6 Guo ZJ, 2022, P I MECH ENG F-J RAI, V236, P234, DOI 10.1177/09544097211014075 Huang S, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V106, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103611 Li DQ, 2023, APPL SCI-BASEL, V13, DOI 10.3390/app13053124 Li WH, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V113, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103973 [蔺童童 Lin Tongtong], 2022, [铁道科学与工程学报, Journal of Rail Way Science and Engineering], V19, P2515 Liu TH, 2010, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V25, P212, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2009.12.001 Meng S, 2021, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V208, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104457 MENTER F., 2003, Turbulence, Heat and Mass Transfer 4 - Ten Years of Industrial Experience with the SST Turbulence Model, DOI DOI 10.4028/WWW.SCIENTIFIC.NET/AMR.576.60 Miyachi T, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V115, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103996 Murray PR, 2010, J SOUND VIB, V329, P2915, DOI 10.1016/j.jsv.2010.01.036 Niu JQ, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V80, P277, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.07.031 Ouyang DH, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V135, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105030 Ozawa S., 1979, Railway Technical Research Report Saito S, 2020, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V206, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104375 Wang Jiu-gen, 2014, Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering, V14, P43 Wang JY, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V134, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.104999 Xiang XT, 2018, BUILD ENVIRON, V132, P245, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.01.045 Yamamoto A., 1977, SPRING M PHYS SOC JA, P137 Yang MZ, 2022, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V227, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2022.105063 Zhang C., 2019, Machinery, V46, P42 Zhang D.Y., 2022, Microand Nano-Bionic Surfaces, P197 Zhang DY, 2011, J HYDRODYN, V23, P204, DOI 10.1016/S1001-6058(10)60105-9 Zhang J, 2023, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V132, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104859 Zhang L, 2018, J WIND ENG IND AEROD, V178, P1, DOI 10.1016/j.jweia.2018.05.003 NR 31 TC 12 Z9 17 U1 7 U2 59 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 EI 1878-4364 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD FEB PY 2024 VL 144 AR 105542 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105542 EA DEC 2023 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA DZ1Q5 UT WOS:001135826200001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, G Zhou, SJ Chen, B Xue, RD Yang, Y Sun, SC AF Chen, Guang Zhou, Shujia Chen, Bo Xue, Rudai Yang, Ying Sun, Shuangcheng TI Numerical simulation of high-pressure hydrogen leakage and dispersion in tunnel environments for fuel cell locomotives SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrogen safety; Leakage and dispersion; CFD; Tunnel environment; Under-expanded jets ID UNDER-EXPANDED HYDROGEN; 2-LAYER MODEL; JETS; TRANSPORT; RAILWAY; ENERGY; PREDICTIONS; EXPLOSION; PIPELINES; GAS AB The application of hydrogen fuel cell power systems in rail vehicles, replacing traditional internal combustion engines or pantograph-based power systems, offers advantages such as high efficiency, no pollution, zero carbon emissions, and low noise. However, hydrogen is highly flammable and explosive, and leakage in enclosed or semi-enclosed spaces such as tunnels can lead to accumulation and hindered diffusion, posing safety concerns. To support the safe adoption of hydrogen fuel cell locomotives, this study employs large eddy simulation (LES) to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of hydrogen leakage and diffusion when a hydrogenpowered train operates inside a tunnel. The simulation method is validated against existing experimental data. The effects of leakage direction, leakage diameter, and train speed on high-pressure hydrogen dispersion are investigated in detail. Simulation results revealed that maintaining a train speed above a critical threshold of 40 km/h is essential for safety, as the enhanced piston effect effectively prevents the accumulation of hydrogen in the confined space between the train roof and the tunnel ceiling. Under lower speeds, this region may exhibit a hydrogen volume fraction exceeding 0.04, which poses an explosion risk. Therefore, a key safety strategy derived from this study is to ensure that in the event of a leakage, the train exits the tunnel promptly at a speed no less than 40 km/h. This finding on the critical speed constitutes a significant contribution to the formulation of safety protocols for hydrogen-powered trains in tunnels. C1 [Chen, Guang; Zhou, Shujia; Chen, Bo; Xue, Rudai] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Minist Educ, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. [Chen, Guang; Zhou, Shujia; Chen, Bo; Xue, Rudai] Cent South Univ, Joint Int Res Lab Key Technol Rail Traff Safety, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. [Chen, Guang; Zhou, Shujia; Chen, Bo; Xue, Rudai] Cent South Univ, Natl & Local Joint Engn Res Ctr Safety Technol Rai, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. [Yang, Ying; Sun, Shuangcheng] Engn Res Ctr Railway Ind New Energy Syst, Zhuzhou, Peoples R China. [Yang, Ying; Sun, Shuangcheng] Hunan Engn Res Ctr Hydrogen Technol Rail Transit, Zhuzhou 412001, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; Central South University; Central South University RP Sun, SC (通讯作者)，Engn Res Ctr Railway Ind New Energy Syst, Zhuzhou, Peoples R China. EM sunshuangcheng@163.com OI Chen, Guang/0000-0003-0652-553X FU Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province [2023RC3247]; Science and Technology Research Plan of China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. [N2022J016-C]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52406211]; Open Project of Engineering Research Center of Railway Industry of New Energy System [05-22-46-007-0] FX This work was supported by the Science and Technology Innovation Program of Hunan Province (2023RC3247) , Science and Technology Research Plan of China State Railway Group Co., Ltd. (N2022J016-C) , National Natural Science Foundation of China (52406211) and Open Project of Engineering Research Center of Railway Industry of New Energy System (05-22-46-007-0) . 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J. Hydrog. Energy PD NOV 7 PY 2025 VL 186 AR 152034 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2025.152034 EA OCT 2025 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA 9GF6X UT WOS:001605611700004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yao, YZ Li, YZ Ingason, H Cheng, XD AF Yao, Yongzheng Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur Cheng, Xudong TI Numerical study on overall smoke control using naturally ventilated shafts during fires in a road tunnel SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Natural ventilation; Vertical shaft; Smoke control; CFD simulation ID BACK-LAYERING LENGTH; LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; VERTICAL SHAFT; FLOW; SIMULATION; EXTRACTION; BEHAVIORS; SYSTEMS AB This paper studies the overall smoke control of natural ventilation systems with vertical shafts during fires in a common road tunnel by numerical modelling. The variables studied include the heat release rate, longitudinal fire location along the tunnel, length of shafts and the interval between two shafts. Simulation results indicate that the total smoke spread length on both sides of fire source is closely independent of the heat release rate and longitudinal fire locations. For a given dimensionless shaft interval (the ratio of the shaft interval to shaft length), with the increase of shaft length, the smoke spread length firstly increases, reaching a maximum at 12 m, and then decreases significantly until 18 m. For a fire less than 30 MW, the first shaft pair on both sides of fire source prevents the critical-temperature smoke (270 degrees C) from spreading beyond this shaft. For a 100 MW fire, in the cases with shorter shaft lengths (L-shaft < 9 m), the critical-temperature smoke can't be controlled between the first shaft pair. The gas temperature at human height (1.8 m) is less than 60 degrees C in all cases with shafts. Downdraught occurs when the smoke front stabilizes at the bottom of a shaft and the buoyancy force could be too low to overcome the kinetic pressure of the air flow flowing into this shaft, consequently destroying the structure of smoke layer. In most scenarios, the total exhaust area of shafts that is required to exhaust all the smoke is about 100 m(2). The first shaft pair plays a critical role to exhaust the smoke, and its exhaust efficiency is also affected significantly by the shaft length. This study investigates how to control the smoke by using vertical shafts in a road tunnel fire and the conclusions are useful to tunnel fire protection engineering. C1 [Yao, Yongzheng; Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Gothenburg, Sweden. [Yao, Yongzheng; Cheng, Xudong] Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, Beijing, Peoples R China. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Gothenburg, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011; Cheng, Xudong/AAF-3731-2020; Yao, Yongzheng/AAW-3522-2020 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390; Yao, Yongzheng/0000-0001-6598-9882 FU Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) FX This project was financially supported by the Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC). Besides, the authors would also like to acknowledge China Scholarship Council for providing Yongzheng Yao with the opportunity to study at RISE Research Institutes of Sweden. 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J. Therm. Sci. PD JUN PY 2019 VL 140 BP 491 EP 504 DI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.03.016 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA IC0WH UT WOS:000470680300040 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xu, P Jiang, SP Xing, RJ Tan, JQ AF Xu, P. Jiang, S. P. Xing, R. J. Tan, J. Q. TI Full-scale immersed tunnel fire experimental research on smoke flow patterns SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Smoke layer height; Smoke spread velocity; CO concentration; Full-scale experiment ID LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; MAXIMUM TEMPERATURE; NATURAL VENTILATION; GAS TEMPERATURE; ASPECT RATIO; ROAD TUNNEL; NEAR-FIELD; VELOCITY; BENEATH AB To research the smoke flow patterns and their effects on personnel evacuation during a tunnel fire, a full-scale model of an immersed 150 m tunnel was constructed, taking the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge immersed tunnel in China as the prototype. A series of fire tests, including pool fires and vehicle fires, were developed to simulate a real fire scenario. The characteristic parameters describing the smoke flow were measured, including smoke layer height, smoke spread velocity, and CO concentration. Their development behaviors and main influence factors were explored, and finally smoke flow patterns were examined. The results showed that smoke stratification appeared, which was measured by smoke layer height. The smoke layer height distribution along the tunnel was found to obey a quartic polynomial trend (goodness of fit > 95%). From this, the safety distances were predicted to be 20 m in windy conditions and 80-90 m in still (no wind) conditions. Thus, the longitudinal velocity plays a leading role. Around the fire source or in still conditions, the buoyancy of the smoke is the critical factor driving smoke flow; the influence of other factors is no more than +/- 20%. However, other conditions depended on the ventilation state. CO concentration decreased sharply with increasing distance from the fire source. At a distance of 60 m, CO concentration decayed by 50%. C1 [Xu, P.; Xing, R. J.; Tan, J. Q.] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Xu, P.] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Cultivat Base Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [Jiang, S. P.] China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & De, Chongqing 400067, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Xu, P (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, 66 Xuefu Rd, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. EM xu_pai@126.com OI xu, pai/0000-0002-6178-5564; huffman, sxcq/0000-0003-1451-3002 FU Chongqing Nature Science Foundation [cstc2016jcyjA1548]; Chongqing Education Commission Science and Technology Research Project [KJ1600505]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China; Opening funds of the State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Bridge and Tunnel Engineering in Mountain Areas [CQSLBF-Y16-17] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the support extended by Chongqing Nature Science Foundation (Award No. cstc2016jcyjA1548), Chongqing Education Commission Science and Technology Research Project (Award No. KJ1600505) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China and Opening funds of the State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base for Bridge and Tunnel Engineering in Mountain Areas under Grant no. CQSLBF-Y16-17 for funding this research. The authors would like to thank the editor and the reviewers for their helpful comments and constructive suggestions which have significantly improved the quality of this paper. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD NOV PY 2018 VL 81 BP 494 EP 505 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.009 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA GW5DI UT WOS:000446949500043 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Galea, ER Wang, Z Jia, F Lawrence, PJ Ewer, J AF Galea, E. R. Wang, Z. Jia, F. Lawrence, P. J. Ewer, J. TI Fire safety assessment of Open Wide Gangway underground trains in tunnels using coupled fire and evacuation simulation SO FIRE AND MATERIALS LA English DT Article DE Open Wide Gangway; underground train fire; tunnel fire; fire modelling; evacuation modelling AB A new type of train configuration, known as Open Wide Gangway (OWG) is becoming popular, particularly in underground environments. Previous fire modelling analysis demonstrated that the OWG configuration was considered safe as or safer than conventional configurations as it reduced the likelihood of flashover. However, these studies have ignored the impact on evacuation of the spread of fire effluent to non-fire cars. Here we explore the fire safety offered by conventional and OWG configurations using coupled fire and evacuation modelling techniques. Two tunnel train situations are considered: one in which the car side doors are available for evacuation (train in a wide tunnel) and the other in which only the end cab doors are available (train in a narrow tunnel). Two population configurations are considered, fully and half loaded. Two ignition sources are also considered, one representing an accidental fire and the other an arson fire. The analysis demonstrates that while the OWG configuration may produce improved fire performance in the car of fire origin compared to the conventional configuration, if the interaction of the fire effluent with the evacuating passengers is considered, the OWG configuration results in a significantly greater number of casualties in virtually all the scenarios considered. Copyright (c) 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. C1 [Galea, E. R.; Wang, Z.; Jia, F.; Lawrence, P. J.; Ewer, J.] Univ Greenwich, Fire Safety Engn Grp, 30 Pk Row, Greenwich, England. C3 University of Greenwich RP Galea, ER (通讯作者)，Univ Greenwich, Fire Safety Engn Grp, 30 Pk Row, Greenwich, England. EM e.r.galea@gre.ac.uk RI ; Lawrence, Peter/R-9970-2019; Galea, Edwin/AAC-1213-2020 OI Wang, Zhaozhi/0000-0002-8986-0554; Jia, Fuchen/0000-0003-1850-7961; Lawrence, Peter/0000-0002-0269-0231; Ewer, John/0000-0003-0609-272X; Galea, Edwin/0000-0002-0001-6665 CR [Anonymous], 68531999 BS [Anonymous], 2007, ROLLING STOCK INFORM Babrauskas V, 2003, FIRE SAFETY J, V38, P613, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(03)00027-4 Chiam BH, 2005, 0501 U CANT DEP CIV, P340 Ewer J., 2007, USER GUIDE TECHNICAL Galea E.R., 2008, PROC 9 IAFSS S, P465 Galea ER, 2000, FIRE MATER, V24, P291, DOI 10.1002/1099-1018(200011/12)24:6<291::AID-FAM750>3.0.CO;2-6 Galea ER, 2010, AERONAUTICAL J ROYAL, V114, P271 Galea ER, 2014, DOTFRAORD1435 Galea ER, 2013, P 13 INT FIR SCI ENG, V2, P1023 Gwynne S, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P327, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00060-6 Hjohlman M, 200908 SP TECHN RES Hong WH, 2004, 6 S AOFST Hu X, 2012, J FIRE PROT ENG, V22, P245, DOI 10.1177/1042391512459640 Jia F, 2006, AERONAUT J, V110, P303, DOI 10.1017/S0001924000013178 Jin T., 1985, FIRE SCI TECHNOLOGY, V5, P79, DOI DOI 10.3210/FST.5.79 Peacock R.D., 2004, NATL I STAND TECHNOL, P149 Pritchard R., 2008, TODAYS RAILWAYS NOV, P32 Purser DA, 2009, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC, P2 Putorti Jr AD, 2001, 60400 NIJ NAT I STAN Tewarson A., 1995, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC, V2nd Ting YS, 2012, 6 INT C TUNN SAF VEN, P108 Wang Z, 2007, FIRE MATER, V31, P27, DOI 10.1002/fam.924 Wang Z, 2011, FIRE MATER, V35, P505, DOI 10.1002/fam.1069 WANG Z., 2012, P 5 INT S HUM BEH FI, P159 Wang ZZ, 2013, J AIRCRAFT, V50, P164, DOI 10.2514/1.C031845 NR 26 TC 13 Z9 13 U1 1 U2 56 PU WILEY PI HOBOKEN PA 111 RIVER ST, HOBOKEN 07030-5774, NJ USA SN 0308-0501 EI 1099-1018 J9 FIRE MATER JI Fire Mater. PD OCT PY 2017 VL 41 IS 6 BP 716 EP 737 DI 10.1002/fam.2413 PG 22 WC Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Materials Science GA FH7HG UT WOS:000411354900011 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wu, XD Miao, XM Gong, M Su, JP Zhu, YQ Chen, XL AF Wu, Xiaodong Miao, Xiaomeng Gong, Min Su, Junpeng Zhu, Yaqi Chen, Xiaolei TI Vibration Safety Threshold and Control Technology for Blasting to Prevent Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Tunnel Sections Near Faults SO JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE coastal tunnel; seawater intrusion; blast-induced vibration; control blasting; vibration safety threshold ID EXCAVATION DAMAGED ZONE; SIMULATION; FLOW; EVOLUTION; MODELS; COAL AB Coastal underground engineering projects are prone to seawater intrusion during blasting operations, posing significant risks to the safety of construction personnel and the structural integrity of the projects. To ensure the safety of blasting operations in areas at risk of seawater intrusion, this study focuses on a section of a coastal tunnel that is at risk of such intrusion. Using fracture mechanics theory and silo theory analysis methods, the minimum safe distance between the workface and the fault to prevent seawater intrusion is determined. Numerical simulations are employed to analyze the dynamic response of the surrounding rock and the attenuation of vibrations as blasting excavation progresses near the fault-controlled zone. This study also explores the impact of dynamic excavation on fault stability. By employing a regression analysis, this study establishes quantitative relationships between the amount of explosive used and the peak particle velocity (PPV) at different distances, as well as between the range of rock damage and PPV at various distances. This analysis allows for the determination of a safe PPV threshold to prevent seawater intrusion in the fault-controlled area. The accuracy of the computational model is validated using field-measured data. Finally, an optimized blasting design and strategy based on electronic detonator initiation are proposed for the control area, ensuring construction safety. This study provides theoretical and technical references for achieving safe and efficient blasting excavation in coastal underground engineering projects. C1 [Wu, Xiaodong; Gong, Min; Zhu, Yaqi; Chen, Xiaolei] Univ Sci & Technol Beijing, Sch Civil & Resource Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. [Miao, Xiaomeng] Sinochem Energy Logist Co Ltd, Beijing 100031, Peoples R China. [Miao, Xiaomeng; Su, Junpeng] Quanzhou Oil Reserve Base Co Ltd, Quanzhou 362000, Peoples R China. C3 University of Science & Technology Beijing RP Gong, M (通讯作者)，Univ Sci & Technol Beijing, Sch Civil & Resource Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. EM wuxiaodong@ustb.edu.cn; miaoxiaomeng@sinochem.com; gongmustb@163.com; sujunpeng@sinochem.com; zyq702@live.com; 17801052187@163.com OI Wu, Xiaodong/0009-0009-5441-4501 FU Youth fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [52304204]; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2022TQ0025, 2023M740216] FX This research was funded by the youth fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 52304204, the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, grant number 2023M740216, and the followship of the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation, grant number 2022TQ0025. 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PD SEP PY 2024 VL 12 IS 9 AR 1646 DI 10.3390/jmse12091646 PG 28 WC Engineering, Marine; Engineering, Ocean; Oceanography WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Oceanography GA H4M0N UT WOS:001323186600001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YZ Alonso, F Faus, M Du, ZG Mei, JL AF Yang, Yongzheng Alonso, Francisco Faus, Mireia Du, Zhigang Mei, Jialin TI Exploring the causes of frequent accidents at highway tunnel exits: Coupling analysis of the slack effect and white hole effect in extra-long tunnels SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article DE Tunnel exit; Slack effect; White hole effect; Psychological and physiological inconsistency; phenomenon; Driving safety ID ROAD; BEHAVIOR AB In this paper, the causes of frequent traffic accidents at the exits of highway tunnels are investigated. This study recruited 34 subjects to conduct vehicle experiments using an illumination meter, eye tracker, Smarter Eye and OBD to measure the illumination, eye movement characteristics, driving trajectory, and speed while driving in a tunnel exit. A questionnaire was used to investigate drivers' subjective feelings while driving. The change trend of each indicator in the area near the tunnel exit was analyzed, and the relationships among the light environment, driver physiology, driving behavior, and driver psychology were explored. The psychological and physiological inconsistency phenomenon and abnormal acceleration behavior were observed at the tunnel exit, and the slack effect was verified. As the tunnel exit area is driven through, with the rapid increase in illumination, the rate of change of the driver's pupil area increases, and the distance between the vehicle and the tunnel sidewall increases. It is unreasonable that in a tunnel exit with a poor traffic environment, some drivers experience psychological slack and tend to increase their speed and accelerate out of the tunnel. The slack effect is observed in most drivers, approximately 79.4% of the total. The white hole effect interferes with drivers' vision and reduces their ability to obtain traffic information. The slack effect reduces drivers' attention and increases vehicle speed. A coupling effect exists between the white hole and slack effects, which together threaten traffic safety at the tunnel exit. C1 [Yang, Yongzheng; Du, Zhigang; Mei, Jialin] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yongzheng; Alonso, Francisco; Faus, Mireia] Univ Valencia, Res Inst Traff & Rd Safety, INTRAS, Valencia, Spain. [Alonso, Francisco; Faus, Mireia] Univ Valencia, Fac Psychol, Valencia, Spain. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; University of Valencia; University of Valencia RP Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. EM zhig_du7@163.com RI yang, yongzheng/LJL-0203-2024; Faus, Mireia/ABA-6139-2021; Alonso, Francisco/D-5659-2012 OI yang, yongzheng/0000-0001-6681-2237; Mei, Jialin/0000-0002-3636-0791 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291]; China Scholarship Council [202306950072] FX This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52072291) , and China Scholarship Council (No. 202306950072) . 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Res. Pt. F-Traffic Psychol. Behav. PD OCT PY 2024 VL 106 BP 288 EP 305 DI 10.1016/j.trf.2024.08.018 EA AUG 2024 PG 18 WC Psychology, Applied; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Psychology; Transportation GA E2A0C UT WOS:001301069400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, FY Liu, QQ Huang, JL Zhao, XH Dong, WH AF Zhang, Fangyan Liu, Qiqi Huang, Jianling Zhao, Xiaohua Dong, Wenhui TI Impact Analysis of Tunnel Sidewall Decoration on Driving Safety: An Exploration of Element Complexity and Pattern Spacing Coupling Coordination Using Driving Simulator Technology SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Article DE decorated tunnel sidewall; driving behavior; impact analysis; coupling coordination degree; driving simulator technology ID DRIVER PERFORMANCE; SPEED; INFORMATION; SYSTEM; COLOR; SIGNS AB As a novel traffic security facility to improve the environment of tunnels, the influence of tunnel sidewall decoration on drivers has been highly controversial. To analyze the impact of the multi-factor coupling of sidewall decoration effects on driving safety, eight combination schemes with different pattern elements and pattern spacings were designed to create a driving simulation environment. Twenty-seven drivers were recruited to obtain fine-grained driving behavior indicators via driving simulation experiments. The velocity following ratio, steering wheel angle, maximum deceleration, and accelerator power were selected to construct an index system. The visual information load of drivers was quantified by the landscape color quantified theory. Based on the analysis of the influence of the singular factor of the pattern element or pattern spacing on driving behavior, a coupling coordination degree model is introduced to quantify the relationship between the complexity of the pattern elements, the pattern spacing, and the coupling coordination degree, and a reasonable combination of their complexities is selected. The results show that the element complexity and pattern spacing of tunnel sidewall decoration have significant effects on driving behavior. Among the schemes considered in this study, the coupling effect of an element complexity of 562.1 and a pattern spacing of 5.5 m was found to be the optimal combination. The coupling coordination degree should be more than 0.8 as the threshold, and the model analysis results indicated that when the pattern spacing was fixed at about 10 m, the ideal element complexity was between 135.6-564.7. This study offers both theoretical and technical support for enhancing traffic safety through tunnel sidewall decoration. By defining optimal thresholds for information density and pattern spacing, it lays a solid foundation for the development of a standardized guideline on decoration content. C1 [Zhang, Fangyan] Shanxi Transport Safety & Emergency Technol Ctr Co, Taiyuan 030032, Peoples R China. [Liu, Qiqi; Zhao, Xiaohua; Dong, Wenhui] Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Huang, Jianling] Beijing Intelligent Transportat Dev Ctr, Beijing 100073, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing University of Technology RP Liu, QQ (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Metropolitan Transportat, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM liuqiqi@emails.bjut.edu.cn FU the Key R&D Program of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Science and Technology Department: Research and Application Demonstration of Active Warning, Prevention and Control Technology for Traffic Safety Risks on Special Sections of Freeways [No. 202202130501021] FX This research was supported by the Key R&D Program of Shanxi Province, Shanxi Science and Technology Department: Research and Application Demonstration of Active Warning, Prevention and Control Technology for Traffic Safety Risks on Special Sections of Freeways (No. 202202130501021). 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In this study, in order to overcome the drawbacks of existing tunnel lighting control modes that disregard the color temperature of natural light characteristics and collaborative influence of color temperature and luminance of natural light on tunnel lighting quality, one artificial neural network (ANN) model is designed and trained to simulate one physical lighting control system that takes into consideration color temperature and luminance simultaneously. In this model, multiple parameters of discrete and continuous types of input layer and output layer are synergistically analyzed. The model was also trained with quantities of field data from one tunnel in service and includes one hidden layer with 10 neurons. The simulation results showed that this model obtains a high degree of fitness with inside luminance and 100% recognition rate with inside color temperature in the threshold zone, which conforms to the regulation strategy of actual lighting control systems with high confidence. The proposed model will greatly enhance the reliability and sustainability of the lighting system during its normal operation, which can also support other lighting scenarios due to its flexibility and scalability with multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) capabilities. C1 [Su, Baofeng; Hu, Jiangbi; Wang, Ronghua] Beijing Univ Technol, Fac Architecture Civil & Transportat Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Zeng, Juncheng] Fujian Expressway Sci & Technol Innovat Res Inst C, Fuzhou 350001, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing University of Technology RP Hu, JB (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Fac Architecture Civil & Transportat Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM hujiangbi@bjut.edu.cn RI ; Wang, Ronghua/HTO-8566-2023 OI HU, jiangbi/0000-0001-5626-162X; Wang, Ronghua/0000-0003-3968-8212 CR [Anonymous], 2020, 2019 ROAD TRAFF ACC [Anonymous], 2014, TD70201 JTG [Anonymous], TORCHES LED FIXTURES Bassan S, 2016, IATSS RES, V40, P35, DOI 10.1016/j.iatssr.2016.02.002 Berman SM, 2008, LIGHT ENG, V16, P88 Bertin K, 2019, ELECTRONICS-SWITZ, V8, DOI 10.3390/electronics8111278 Chen Z., 2007, CHINA ILLUM ENG J, V18, P31 Choudhury AKR, 2014, WOODHEAD PUBL SER TE, P1 CIE Technical Committee, 2004, GUID LIGHT ROAD TUNN, V2nd ed Doulos LT, 2020, ENERGIES, V13, DOI 10.3390/en13071707 Du J., 2020, ZHAOMING GONGCHENG X, V31, P11 Edward I.A, 2014, ENHANCEMENT LIGHTING Guo Y.W., 2018, ENERGY CONSERV, V45, P4 Kiyak I, 2021, J NANOMATER, V2021, DOI 10.1155/2021/6681335 Ministry of Transport, 2022, PRC STAT REP TRANSP Navvab M, 2002, J ILLUM ENG SOC, V31, P70, DOI 10.1080/00994480.2002.10748373 Park YS, 2016, DEV ENVIRON MODEL, V28, P123, DOI 10.1016/B978-0-444-63623-2.00007-4 Peña-García A, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V119, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104227 Pervez A, 2020, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V142, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2020.105542 Putcha C, 2021, RELIABILITY RISK ANA, DOI [10.1007/978-3-030-80454-1_3, DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-80454-1_3] Qin L, 2017, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V9, DOI 10.3390/su9122208 Reyes MA, 2013, IEEE T IND APPL, V49, DOI 10.1109/TIA.2013.2261272 Su BF, 2022, INT J ENV RES PUB HE, V19, DOI 10.3390/ijerph19148517 Tan KZ, 2021, IEEE T DEVICE MAT RE, V21, P310, DOI 10.1109/TDMR.2021.3085579 van Winsum W, 2018, HUM FACTORS, V60, P855, DOI 10.1177/0018720818776880 Wang Y, 2018, SOFTW GUIDE, V17, P157 Xu Q., 2021, MAPP INTIMACIES, DOI [10.21203/rs.3.rs-147874/v1, DOI 10.21203/RS.3.RS-214071/V1] Yamamoto J, 2007, P 26 SESSION CO VOLU Yasukouchi Akira, 2005, Journal of Physiological Anthropology and Applied Human Science, V24, P41, DOI 10.2114/jpa.24.41 Zezhong Li, 2021, 2021 4th World Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Intelligent Manufacturing (WCMEIM), P613, DOI 10.1109/WCMEIM54377.2021.00131 Zhang X.Q., 2016, HIGHWAY, V61, P5 Zhang XQ, 2017, ADV MECH ENG, V9, DOI 10.1177/1687814017696449 Zhang Yujie, 2022, Journal of Physics: Conference Series, V2196, DOI [10.1088/1742-6596/2196/1/012004, 10.1088/1742-6596/2196/1/012004] NR 33 TC 1 Z9 1 U1 5 U2 35 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2076-3417 J9 APPL SCI-BASEL JI Appl. Sci.-Basel PD JAN PY 2023 VL 13 IS 1 AR 42 DI 10.3390/app13010042 PG 29 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 7Q3MI UT WOS:000909298700001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, TT Li, Z Hu, C Lu, YB Li, GL Gong, YF Wang, Y Zhang, L Shi, FC AF Wang, Tiantian Li, Zhe Hu, Chong Lu, Yibin Li, Guoliang Gong, Yifeng Wang, Yu Zhang, Lei Shi, Fangcheng TI Research on the matching of tunnel-hoods of high-speed railway tunnels for different lengths at speeds of 400 km/h SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART F-JOURNAL OF RAIL AND RAPID TRANSIT LA English DT Article DE intensification; long tunnel; tunnel-hood; micro pressure wave; high-speed train ID CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA; TRAIN NOSE AB The micro pressure wave (MPW) generated by high-speed train at the tunnel exit will produce a certain intensity effect due to the tunnel length (L-t) raising, which will affect the lives of the residents in the vicinity and the safety of the buildings. In this study, a sliding grid method is utilized to research the MPW generated by a 400 km/h high-speed train through tunnels with different L-t. Corresponding tunnel-hoods are tailored to these tunnels, and the computational methodology is validated through field tests. The results show that as the L-t increases, the amplitude of the MPW increases first and then decreases, and the intensification rate reaches the maximum when L-t is 12 km. The amplitude of the MPW measured 20 m away from the tunnel exit increases by 47.3% compared to the result of a 500 m tunnel; To mitigate MPW of long tunnels, this study proposes tailored tunnel-hood designs for different L-t. When L-t < 2 km, implementing a equal cross-section hat oblique open-hole tunnel-hood achieves a 67.5% mitigation in the amplitude of MPW; When 2 km < L-t < 5 km, adopting an enlarged hat oblique open-hole tunnel-hood can reduce the amplitude of MPW by 70.7%. When L-t > 8 km, a combined tunnel-hood with an equal cross-section open-hole and enlarged hat oblique open-hole tunnel-hood effectively mitigates MPW. When 8 km < L-t < 12 km, a combined tunnel-hood with an optimized opening rate can be used to mitigate MPW. The results of the study not only provide a reference for the design of tunnel-hood, but also provide new strategies for mitigation of MPW in tunnels of different lengths. C1 [Wang, Tiantian; Li, Zhe; Shi, Fangcheng] Hunan Univ, Coll Mech & Vehicle Engn, Changsha, Peoples R China. [Wang, Tiantian; Hu, Chong; Lu, Yibin; Wang, Yu; Zhang, Lei] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Minist Educ, 180 Zhutang West Rd, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Li, Guoliang] China Railway First Survey & Design Inst Grp Co Lt, Xian, Peoples R China. [Gong, Yifeng] China Railway Siyuan Survey & Design Grp Co Ltd, Wuhan, Peoples R China. C3 Hunan University; Central South University RP Hu, C (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Minist Educ, 180 Zhutang West Rd, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China. EM chonghuq@csu.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52322215] FX The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support received from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant number 52322215). 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Inst. Mech. Eng. Part F-J. Rail Rapid Transit PD APR PY 2026 VL 240 IS 4 BP 500 EP 511 DI 10.1177/09544097251415076 EA JAN 2026 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA FH2FY UT WOS:001665498900001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YX Zhang, QB AF Yang, Yuxuan Zhang, Qianbo TI Investigation on the Effect of Fire Location on Smoke Exhaust Performance in Metro Tunnels SO JOURNAL OF PERFORMANCE OF CONSTRUCTED FACILITIES LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Fire location; Tunnel slope; Smoke exhaust performance; Numerical simulation ID VENTILATION; TEMPERATURE AB Fire location in metro tunnels is random. This study endeavors to comprehensively explore the influence of fire location on the smoke exhaust performance of intermediate air shafts. Adopting a numerical simulation approach, in-depth research is conducted by analyzing multiple key parameters. These parameters include the longitudinal distribution of ceiling smoke temperature, the distribution characteristics of visibility and smoke layer height, as well as the quantitative evaluation of the smoke exhaust efficiency of intermediate air shafts. The results demonstrate that as fire location shifts toward the uphill side, the maximum tunnel ceiling temperature increases generally. Meanwhile, the longitudinal attenuation rate of smoke temperature on downhill side decreases, and the longitudinal attenuation rate on uphill side increases. If the fire locations in two experimental conditions are symmetrical along the longitudinal center of the tunnel, the longitudinal distributions of visibility are also symmetrical. Under mode E of a horizontal tunnel, the smoke exhaust efficiency of Fire 3 is the lowest. For Fire 1 to 4, the smoke exhaust efficiency can be increased to more than 90% by supplementing air supply, while Fire 5 is much lower than that of the other fire locations. Metro tunnels are complex environments, and fires within them pose significant threats to public safety and infrastructure. Emergency ventilation is a critical research aspect within the scope of fire prevention design in metro tunnels. In view of the inherent randomness of fire locations in tunnels, this paper studies the impact of fire location on smoke exhaust performance from the perspective of different hazard parameters. Through comprehensive numerical simulations and theoretical analyses, the research systematically evaluates how different fire locations affect the smoke exhaust performance in metro tunnels. The obtained research conclusions are expected to offer scientific and engineering support for the formulation of optimal tunnel ventilation strategies and more refined smoke exhaust designs, ultimately enhancing the overall safety of metro tunnel operations. C1 [Yang, Yuxuan] Beijing Inst Technol, State Key Lab Explos Sci & Safety Protect, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yuxuan] China Univ Min & Technol Beijing, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yuxuan] Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yuxuan] Sichuan Normal Univ, Sichuan Key Lab Publ Fire Prevent & Control Techno, Chengdu 610101, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Qianbo] Special Police Coll China, Special Warfare Dept, Beijing 102211, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing Institute of Technology; China University of Mining & Technology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; Sichuan Normal University RP Yang, YX (通讯作者)，Beijing Inst Technol, State Key Lab Explos Sci & Safety Protect, Beijing 100081, Peoples R China.; Yang, YX (通讯作者)，China Univ Min & Technol Beijing, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.; Yang, YX (通讯作者)，Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, Hefei 230026, Peoples R China.; Yang, YX (通讯作者)，Sichuan Normal Univ, Sichuan Key Lab Publ Fire Prevent & Control Techno, Chengdu 610101, Peoples R China. EM yangyuxuan@bit.edu.cn RI Yang, Yuxuan/ABD-5147-2021 FU Open Foundation of Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Fire Prevention and Control Technology [SC_KLPFPCT2024Y08]; Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Fire Science [HZ2025-KF19]; National Key R&D Program for Young Scientists of China [2022YFC3080900]; Science and Technology Innovation Program of Beijing Institute of Technology [2022CX01025]; Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [12221002]; China Academy of Safety Science and Technology FX This research was supported by the Open Foundation of Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Public Fire Prevention and Control Technology (No. SC_KLPFPCT2024Y08), Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (HZ2025-KF19), National Key R&D Program for Young Scientists of China (No. 2022YFC3080900), Science and Technology Innovation Program of Beijing Institute of Technology (No. 2022CX01025), and Foundation for Innovative Research Groups of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 12221002). In addition, the author hereby extends sincere and special gratitude to the China Academy of Safety Science and Technology for its invaluable support. CR Beijing Municipal Planning Commission, 2013, 501572013 GB BEIJ MU China Urban Rail Transit Association Yearbook Compilation Committee, 2024, CHINA URBAN RAIL TRA [代宝乾 DAI Baoqian], 2005, [中国安全科学学报, China Safety Science], V15, P80 Hu LH, 2008, EXP THERM FLUID SCI, V32, P1468, DOI 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2008.03.005 Hu LH, 2007, BUILD ENVIRON, V42, P3905, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2006.10.052 Hu LH, 2013, APPL THERM ENG, V51, P246, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.07.043 Huanhuan Z., 2023, FIRE SCI TECHNOL, V42, P1067 Kurioka H, 2003, FIRE SAFETY J, V38, P319, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00089-9 McGrattan K., 2008, FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULA Ministry of Public Security Peoples Republic of China, 2018, 512982018 GB MIN PUB Morgan J. 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PD APR PY 2026 VL 40 IS 2 AR 04025080 DI 10.1061/JPCFEV.CFENG-5082 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA DS4MA UT WOS:001690973600003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, W Deng, L Wu, SL Shi, CL Hong, WJ AF Liu, Wei Deng, Lei Wu, Shilu Shi, Congling Hong, Wenjie TI Experimental investigation of mass loss rate and spatial temperature distribution of the pool fire in tunnel SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Temperature distribution; Burning rate; Full-size tunnel ID CROSS AIR-FLOW; SMOKE-TEMPERATURE; BURNING RATES; UNDERGROUND ROAD; ENTRAINMENT; EVOLUTION; CHANNEL; SAFETY; MODEL; WIND AB Tunnel fires are accompanied by high temperatures that severely threaten the tunnel stability and the personnel safety, but the burning rate of liquid fuel and spatial temperature distribution near the pool fire had been little studied in a full-scale tunnel. To address this issue, a series of pool fire tests were conducted in a reduced-scale tunnel and a full-scale tunnel, respectively, to investigate the mass burning rate of liquid fuel, temperature variations of the tunnel ceiling and the vertical temperature distribution around the fire source. The results show that the burning of heavy naphtha has a greater damaging effect on the tunnel construction compared to sweet crude oil and high sulfur crude oil. Furthermore, an unified correlation was proposed to describe the fuel mass loss rate in the tunnel. The results obtained in this work would provide a reference for the prevention and rescue of tunnel fires. C1 [Liu, Wei; Deng, Lei; Wu, Shilu; Hong, Wenjie] China Univ Min & Technol Beijing, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. [Liu, Wei; Shi, Congling] China Acad Safety Sci & Technol, Beijing Key Lab Metro Fire & Passenger Transportat, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China. C3 China University of Mining & Technology; China Academy of Safety Science & Technology RP Liu, W (通讯作者)，China Univ Min & Technol Beijing, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China.; Liu, W; Shi, CL (通讯作者)，China Acad Safety Sci & Technol, Beijing Key Lab Metro Fire & Passenger Transportat, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China. EM liuwei7230@cumtb.edu.cn; shicl@chinasafety.ac.cn RI Liu, Wei/IQS-4669-2023 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52074303, 51874315]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [2022JCCXAQ06] FX The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support provided by National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant numbers 52074303, 51874315] . This work is also a funded project of the the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (2022JCCXAQ06) . We also appreciate the Editor?s efforts and the anonymous reviewers who provided valuable comments and sugges- tions on our research. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD NOV PY 2022 VL 129 AR 104688 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104688 EA AUG 2022 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 3Y6DO UT WOS:000843814000001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ingason, H Li, YZ AF Ingason, Haukur Li, Ying Zhen TI Spilled liquid fires in tunnels SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science CY JUN 12-16, 2017 CL Lund Univ, Lund, SWEDEN SP Int Assoc Fire Safety Sci HO Lund Univ DE Dangerous goods; Spilled liquid; Spillage; Leakage rate; Fire; Heat release rate; Tunnels AB The study focuses on release of liquids inside tunnels from tankers containing dangerous good. Experiments and analysis from large scale tests are presented. The tests include different leakage rates, leakage type, liquids, spillage sizes on sloping surfaces and heat release rates. Models for estimation of leakage rates, spillage sizes and heat release rates for different scenarios are presented. The results are important to use in the design of active fire protections systems in tunnels including ventilation, fixed fire-fighting and drainage systems. C1 [Ingason, Haukur; Li, Ying Zhen] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Swedish Transport Administration (STA); European Union (EU) through the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) FX The work was funded by the Swedish Transport Administration (STA) and the European Union (EU) through the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), which are greatly acknowledged. We would like to thank Ulf Lundstrom, Henric Modig and Glenn Appel at STA for their support during the performance of the tests. The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the authors. The European Union is not responsible for any use that may be made of the information contained therein. CR [Anonymous], 1995, MEMORIAL TUNNEL FIRE [Anonymous], 2015, Tunnel Fire Dynamics [Anonymous], 2002, UN REC TRANSP DANG G [Anonymous], 2007, MOD REG Babrauskas Vytenis., 2002, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC, V3rd Caldecott Tunnel Near Oakland California, 1982, 3665A NAT TRANSP SAF Carvel R., 2012, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE, V2nd Dahlberg M, 1992, SP IND CALORIMETER R, V1992, P43 Egilsrud P.E, 1983, FHWARD83 US DEP TRAN Heselden AJM, 1976, P 2 INT S AER VENT V, pJ11 Ingason H, 1994, SMALL SCALE TEST ROA, P238 Investigation Report on the catastrophic fire and explosion accident on 1 March in Yanhou tunnel in Jincheng-Section, 2014, JINCH SEC SHANX JINC Klein R., 2016, P 7 INT S TUNN SAF S Larson D. W., REGULATORY CONSIDERA Liew S, 1992, P 1 INT C SAF ROAD R, P227 Mealy C, 2014, FIRE TECHNOL, V50, P419, DOI 10.1007/s10694-012-0281-x Putorti A. D., 2001, 60400 NIST NIJ Rapport om brann i tanktilhenger i Skatestraumtunnelen i Sogn og Fjordane 15. juli 2015 Statens havarikommisjon for transport (SHT), 2016, 201605 SHT Simmons C.S., 2004, Spills on Flat Inclined Surfaces Zabetalds M. G., 1961, RES HAZARDS ASSOCIAT NR 20 TC 72 Z9 80 U1 4 U2 62 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 EI 1873-7226 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD JUL PY 2017 VL 91 SI SI BP 399 EP 406 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.065 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA FE1MN UT WOS:000407982400045 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Sun, J Pei, XK Yang, C Zhu, BZ AF Sun, Jing Pei, Xingkai Yang, Cheng Zhu, Binzhong TI Dynamic response analysis of the process of the utility shield tunnel under-passing the operating subway tunnel. SO ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE The utility shield tunnel Operating subway tunnel Dynamic train load Dynamic response AB To analyze the interaction between the operating subway tunnel and the utility tunnel under construction during the utility tunnel under-passing the subway tunnel, an operating tunnel-stratum-utility shield tunnel coupled dynamic calculation model is established taking the utility tunnel under construction under-passing the Guangzhou-Foshan line subway project as an example. And the interaction between the existing tunnel and utility tunnel was studied. The results show that the amplitude change of the vertical displacement, acceleration and additional vertical stress are most influenced by the under-passing shield tunnel when the train operating on one line, and the max changes are 0.01mm, 0.03m/s2 and 1.5kPa, respectively. The vertical displacement and acceleration response generated by the train operation during the excavation of the new tunnel can be neglected, but the vertical additional stress will have the max change of 2.1kPa. The closer the distance between the train load to the new and old tunnel structures are, the greater the displacement, acceleration and additional stresses of the new and old tunnel structures are when the trains are running in different lines. Structural safety calculations show that the old and new tunnel structures are safe during the utility shield tunnel under-passing. The study can provide useful reference for the construction and operation of similar tunnels. C1 [Sun, Jing; Pei, Xingkai; Yang, Cheng] Guangzhou Metro Design & Res Inst Co Ltd, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [Zhu, Binzhong] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Chengdu, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University RP Zhu, BZ (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Chengdu, Peoples R China. 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J. Struct. Eng. PY 2023 VL 23 IS 3 BP 44 EP 52 AR 234433 DI 10.56748/ejse.234433 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA O1JP6 UT WOS:001041454900001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, JL Zheng, XF Chen, DY Yang, L Cui, YP Li, KJ Song, ZL Chou, H AF Li, Jinglong Zheng, Xiufang Chen, Diyang Yang, Lin Cui, Yupeng Li, Kejin Song, Zengliang Chou, Hui TI Application of data augmentation techniques in tunnel health assessment SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE data augmentation; tunnel health assessment; CTGAN; machine learning AB Tunnel health assessment is an important part of ensuring the structural safety and extending the service life of tunnels. However, limited by the problems of insufficient data and class imbalance in the monitoring of tunnel defects, the model may face the prediction bias during the training process. Therefore, this study introduces a tunnel health assessment method based on data augmentation to improve the classification performance and generalization ability of the model. First, the defects monitoring data of the left line of the Huilongshan Tunnel in Shaoguan City, Guangdong Province were collected, a true dataset containing 13 defect indicators was established, and preprocessing operations such as feature transformation, outlier detection and handling, missing value filling, and normalization were performed on it. Then, three data augmentation methods, CTGAN, SMOTE, and CVAE, were used to augment the dataset to generate the synthetic datasets, D s1 , D s2 , and D s3 , respectively. The similarity between the synthetic datasets and the true dataset was assessed using statistical methods, including statistical indicators, boxplots, and Q-Q plots. The effectiveness of data augmentation was then validated using three machine/deep learning models, BP neural networks, SVM, and XGBoost. The experimental results show that the synthetic dataset D s1 generated by CTGAN performed the best in terms of accuracy (98.47%), precision (98.05%), recall (98.10%), and F1 score (98.06%), significantly improving the model's classification performance while effectively mitigating the problems of insufficient data and class imbalance. Overall, this study demonstrates the superiority of the CTGAN method in tunnel health assessment tasks and provides a reliable data augmentation solution for tunnel health assessment. C1 [Li, Jinglong; Zheng, Xiufang] Shandong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Jinan, Peoples R China. [Chen, Diyang; Yang, Lin; Cui, Yupeng] Shandong Univ, Sch Qilu Transportat, Jinan, Peoples R China. [Li, Kejin; Song, Zengliang; Chou, Hui] China Railway 14th Bur Grp Corp Ltd, Jinan, Peoples R China. C3 Shandong University; Shandong University RP Chen, DY; Yang, L (通讯作者)，Shandong Univ, Sch Qilu Transportat, Qianfoshan Campus,17923 Jing Shi Rd,Opposite Qianf, Jinan 250061, Shandong, Peoples R China. EM chen199006@163.com; happy_yangl@163.com FU National Key Research and Development Program of China [2024YFF0507902]; University Research Project on Intelligent Detection and Rapid Remediation Technologies and Equipment for Tunnel Secondary Lining Quality [zy20240101] FX The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors acknowledge financial support from the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2024YFF0507902) and the University Research Project on Intelligent Detection and Rapid Remediation Technologies and Equipment for Tunnel Secondary Lining Quality (No. zy20240101). 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Comput. Methods Sci. Eng. PD SEP PY 2025 VL 25 IS 5 BP 4320 EP 4334 DI 10.1177/14727978251337992 EA APR 2025 PG 15 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA 4XD6Y UT WOS:001478246400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU García-Trenas, T López, JC Peña-García, A AF Garcia-Trenas, T. Lopez, J. C. Pena-Garcia, A. TI Proposal to forest Alpine tunnels surroundings to enhance energy savings from the lighting installations. Towards a standard procedure SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Road tunnel; Lighting; Energy savings; Sustainability; Tunnel forestation ID ROAD TUNNELS; TENSION STRUCTURES; SUNLIGHT; OPTIMIZATION; PERGOLAS; PIPES AB The lighting installation in tunnels is a major problem in terms of drivers safety, energy consumption and use of raw materials. According to the recommendations of the International Commission on Illumination (CIE), the demand of tunnels in terms of luminance mainly depends on three factors: maximum speed allowed inside the tunnel, tunnel orientation and the characteristics of the portal gate surroundings. Focusing on this last factor, this study analyses how changes in the vegetation of the portal gate surroundings in an Alpine environment can contribute to save energy from the lighting installation. Its main target is to achieve a low L20 luminance through the lowest reflectance of portal surroundings, which is connected to a minor luminance requirement inside the tunnel. Departing from several autochthonous species growing in that climatic zone, photometrical considerations are introduced in order to find the most accurate one to maximize savings without impairing the safety. It has been concluded that common ivy is the most suitable specie to forest the entrance of the tunnels in Alpine zone, allowing decreases in the installed power between 22 and 53 kW in the tunnels considered in this research. The accuracy of common ivy is specially relevant because other research based on completely different environments and climates also concluded that this specie is the best in terms of energy and installed power savings. These data show that a standard procedure based on climbing species like common ivy can allow the achievement of more sustainable road tunnels. C1 [Garcia-Trenas, T.; Lopez, J. C.; Pena-Garcia, A.] Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Lopez, J. C.; Pena-Garcia, A.] Univ Granada, Res Grp Lighting Technol Safety & Sustainabil, E-18071 Granada, Spain. C3 University of Granada; University of Granada RP Peña-García, A (通讯作者)，Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, E-18071 Granada, Spain. EM pgarcia@ugr.es RI Peña-García, A./H-2562-2015 OI Peña García, Antonio Manuel/0000-0002-3551-3370 FU Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [ENE2013-67031-R] FX This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness as part of the Research Project ENE2013-67031-R (MINECO/FEDER). 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD AUG PY 2018 VL 78 BP 1 EP 7 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.04.019 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA GK5LL UT WOS:000436216500001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, YZ Ingason, H AF Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur TI Influence of fire suppression on combustion products in tunnel fires SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 7th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security (ISTSS) CY MAR 16-18, 2016 CL Montreal, CANADA DE Tunnel fire; Fire suppression; Ventilation; Activation; CO yield; Soot yield; Visibility; FED ID WATER; SYSTEM; TESTS AB A series of model scale tunnel fire tests was carried out to investigate effects of the fire suppression system on production of key combustion products including CO and soot. The key parameters accounted for in the tests include fuel type, ventilation velocity and activation time. The results show that fire suppression indeed has influence on production of combustion products especially for cellulose fuels. In case that the fire is not effectively suppressed, e.g. when the water density is too low or activation is too late, the CO concentration and visibility could be worse than in the free-burn test. From the point of view of production of combustion products, only fire suppression systems with sufficient capability and early activation are recommended to be used in tunnels. C1 [Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Swedish Transport Administration (STA); European Union (EU) through the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T) FX The work was funded by the Swedish Transport Administration (STA) and the European Union (EU) through the Trans-European Transport Network (TEN-T), which are greatly acknowledged. Special thanks to Ulf Lundstrom, Henric Modig and Glenn Appel at STA for their support and encouragement during the project. The technicians Sven-Gunnar Gustafsson, Tarmo Karjalainen and Michael Magnusson at SP Fire Research are acknowledged for the construction of the test rig and the valuable assistance during performance of the tests. We would also like to thank Oskar Bialas at Scania for the assistance in carrying out some of the tests. The sole responsibility of this publication lies with the authors. 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PD APR PY 2018 VL 97 BP 96 EP 110 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.06.011 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA GJ1SF UT WOS:000435047400011 OA Bronze DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yeung, JS Wong, YD Xu, H AF Yeung, Jian Sheng Wong, Yiik Diew Xu, Hong TI Driver perspectives of open and tunnel expressways SO JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Open expressway; Tunnel expressway; Driver perspectives; Free association; Roadway qualities ID CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; NAVIGATION SYSTEM; VISUAL-ATTENTION; ROAD TUNNEL; BEHAVIOR; SAFETY; LANDMARKS; RESPONSES AB Urban road tunnels are becoming more extensive due to land scarcity in city areas, and accident rates in these tunnels are comparatively lower than those on open roads. This study examines drivers' perspectives of open and tunnel expressways for 114 active drivers in Singapore using the free association technique. The driver perspectives of open and tunnel expressways were found to be different using t-tests on the frequency of associations to each category, and through multidimensional scaling analysis. Drivers perceive speed, traffic condition, and scenery to be most prevalent for open expressways; while lighting, enforcement, and safety are most prevalent for tunnel expressways. Road qualities important to the driver are identified in this study and the findings are discussed. Analysis of response valence reveals that tunnels are generally perceived less positively as compared to open expressways, and ANOVA found that frequent tunnel users do not perceive tunnel expressways more positively than infrequent users. The response valence is also found to correlate well with the reported quality of experience in each environment. The differences in driver perspectives may help explain differences in driver behaviour. Findings from this study also provide insight to road planners in meeting quality needs of drivers. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Yeung, Jian Sheng; Wong, Yiik Diew] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ctr Infrastruct Syst, Singapore 639798, Singapore. [Xu, Hong] Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Humanities & Social Sci, Div Psychol, Singapore 637332, Singapore. C3 Nanyang Technological University; Nanyang Technological University RP Yeung, JS (通讯作者)，Nanyang Technol Univ, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Ctr Infrastruct Syst, 50 Nanyang Ave N1-B1b-09, Singapore 639798, Singapore. 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S., 2013, ASSESSMENT UND UNPUB Yeung JS, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V38, P534, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.09.002 Zhao L., 2011, ICCTP 2011: Towards Sustainable Transportation Systems, P1760, DOI DOI 10.1061/41186(421)174 Zhao W.-H., 2011, 1 INT C TRANSP INF S, P45 NR 64 TC 42 Z9 49 U1 0 U2 33 PU ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI LONDON PA 24-28 OVAL RD, LONDON NW1 7DX, ENGLAND SN 0272-4944 EI 1522-9610 J9 J ENVIRON PSYCHOL JI J. Environ. Psychol. PD DEC PY 2013 VL 36 BP 248 EP 256 DI 10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.09.002 PG 9 WC Environmental Studies; Psychology, Multidisciplinary WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Psychology GA 298PE UT WOS:000330335900028 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Du, ZG Wan, HL Wu, CZ Pan, XD AF Du, Zhigang Wan, Hongliang Wu, Chaozhong Pan, Xiaodong TI SAFETY EVALUATION OF HIGHWAY TUNNEL-ENTRANCE ILLUMINANCE TRANSITION BASED ON EYE-PUPIL CHANGES SO PROMET-TRAFFIC & TRANSPORTATION LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnel; entrance; illuminance transition; pupil change; visual load AB Utilizing the EMR-8B eye-tracker system, the pupil changes of eight drivers were monitored when they drove through 26 typical highway tunnels. Based on the test results, the driver's pupil areas and pupil illuminance were found to be in a power function relationship at tunnel entrances. Furthermore, a quantitative relationship between the pupil area and its critical velocity was established, and the ratio of pupil area's velocity in relation to its critical velocity was used to evaluate the lighting transitions and to establish the ideal curve of pupil illuminance at tunnel entrances. The results demonstrated that the relationship between the pupil illuminance of the tunnel entrance and the driver's pupil areas conforms to the Stevens law found in experimental psychology; severe pupil illuminance transition within the range of 10 metres of the existing highway tunnel entrances, which results in great visual load, is in urgent need of improvement. C1 [Du, Zhigang; Wan, Hongliang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Wu, Chaozhong] Wuhan Univ Technol, Intelligent Transport Syst Res Ctr, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Pan, Xiaodong] Tongji Univ, Transportat Sch, Shanghai 201804, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; Wuhan University of Technology; Tongji University RP Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat, 1040 Heping Ave, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM zhigangdu21@yahoo.com; hongliangwan@yahoo.com; wucz72@yahoo.com; Panxd3@yahoo.com RI Wan, Hongliang/AAW-4298-2020 OI Wan, Hongliang/0000-0001-6771-2721 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51008241]; China Scholarship Council [201308420161] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51008241) and China Scholarship Council (No.201308420161). 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The concentration of traffic injuries is a combination of high speed and low driver alertness. The government of South Korea has deployed the variable speed limit (VSL) as a safety countermeasure to mitigate the consequences of tunnel entrance crashes. This measure has not been quantitatively reviewed, therefore, the effectiveness of implementing VSL at tunnel entrance zones is unknown. The aim of this was to predict the injury severity of crashes occurring at the tunnel entrance zone given the nature of the crash, the size of the tunnel, the roadway geometric characteristics, and environmental factors. It was anticipated that a statistical model calibrated with historical crash data and tunnel features would be able to justify the current locations of VSL implementation and prioritize new VSL implementations. A geographically weighted logistic regression was employed and benchmarked by the conventional logistic regression model, considering the varying geographic locations of freeway tunnel entrances. The geographically weighted logistic regression model presented consistent findings and a slightly better statistical goodness-of-fit than the conventional logistic model. Moreover, the geographically weighted regression captured the local impact of low-level traffic speed on crash injury severities. The findings in this study could help researchers and practitioners evaluate site-specific traffic safety improvement strategies. C1 [Jung, Soyoung] Dongyang Univ, Sch Smart Safety Syst, Cheonan, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea. [Qin, Xiao] Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Inst Phys Infrastructure & Transportat IPIT, Milwaukee, WI USA. [Qin, Xiao] Univ Wisconsin Milwaukee, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Milwaukee, WI USA. C3 University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee; University of Wisconsin System; University of Wisconsin Milwaukee RP Jung, SY (通讯作者)，Dongyang Univ, Sch Smart Safety Syst, Cheonan, Gyeonggi Do, South Korea. 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Res. Record PD SEP PY 2023 VL 2677 IS 9 BP 730 EP 742 DI 10.1177/03611981231167156 EA APR 2023 PG 13 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA GN8S2 UT WOS:000977023500001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, TH Tian, HQ Liang, XF AF Liu, Tang-hong Tian, Hong-qi Liang, Xi-feng TI Aerodynamic Effects Caused by Trains Entering Tunnels SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-ASCE LA English DT Article DE Train; Tunnel; Aerodynamics; Pressure change; Air flow; Micropressure wave ID COMPRESSION WAVE; ENTRY AB With the increase in train speed, the aerodynamics in tunnels is emerging. In recent years, we have carried out a few full-scale tests about tunnel aerodynamics, and the law of influence of train speed on pressure change, airflow velocity, and micropressure wave are obtained, and a passenger comfort survey was conducted. When a high-speed train enters a tunnel at 200 km/h, the pressure change amplitude and pressure change per second inside the vehicle are 1,036 Pa and 273 Pa/s, respectively, and 88.9% people experienced no obvious discomfort; the airflow velocity in the tunnel is 14.8 m/s, which exceeds the criterion, 14 m/s. Therefore, it is suggested that workers should not work in the tunnel when a train passes; because the micropressure wave is only 9.7 Pa at the measured point, 20 m from the exit port of tunnel, the tunnel has a cross section enlarged hood with windows, and the passing train does not impact the environment near the tunnel. C1 [Liu, Tang-hong; Tian, Hong-qi; Liang, Xi-feng] Cent S Univ, Key Lab Track Traff Safety, Minist Educ, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University RP Liu, TH (通讯作者)，Cent S Univ, Key Lab Track Traff Safety, Minist Educ, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. RI liu, th/KBQ-0635-2024 FU China Railway Department; Key Laboratory for Track Traffic Safety of Ministry of Education FX This work has been sponsored by China Railway Department. Thanks to Professor Hongqi Tian and Professor Xifeng Liang for their useful comments and suggestions on the work. The financial support of the Key Laboratory for Track Traffic Safety of Ministry of Education is gratefully acknowledged. CR Auvity B, 2001, EXP FLUIDS, V30, P221, DOI 10.1007/s003480000159 Bellenoue M, 2002, J FLUID STRUCT, V16, P581, DOI 10.1006/jfls.2002.0444 Howe MS, 2005, IMA J APPL MATH, V70, P400, DOI 10.1093/imamat/hxh038 LIU TH, 2007, RES REPORT AERODYNAM WANG W, 1998, J SICHUAN UNION U, V2, P34 [王英学 Wang Yingxue], 2003, [中国铁道科学, China Railway Science], V24, P83 XU HS, 1996, CHINA RAILWAY SCI, V17, P21 [余南阳 Yu Nanyang], 2003, [中国铁道科学, China Railway Science], V24, P67 NR 8 TC 21 Z9 23 U1 3 U2 44 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0733-947X J9 J TRANSP ENG-ASCE JI J. Transp. Eng.-ASCE PD SEP PY 2010 VL 136 IS 9 BP 846 EP 853 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000146 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA 639EF UT WOS:000280952900007 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kong, SM Kim, HG Lee, HH Lee, SW AF Kong, Suk-Min Kim, Hyo-Gyu Lee, Ho-Hyeong Lee, Seong-Won TI Development of a Fire Risk Assessment Program for Submerged Tunnels SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE submerged tunnels; fire risk assessment; quantitative risk assessment; road tunnel; railway tunnel AB Submerged tunnels are an innovative infrastructure solution for connecting roads and railways, especially in areas where conventional bridge or overland tunnel construction is limited by deep waterways, narrow straits, or dense urban development. In such regions, submerged tunnels offer an efficient and less intrusive alternative that overcomes geographical constraints. However, unlike conventional ground-level or subsea tunnels, submerged tunnels have unique structural and environmental characteristics, which necessitate the development of a dedicated evaluation system for responding to fire and other disasters. In this study, a quantitative fire risk assessment program (SFT_QRA) was developed by reflecting the specific characteristics of submerged tunnels. The program was applied to both road and railway tunnels to obtain evaluation results. First, to more realistically reflect the fire risk within submerged tunnels, the latest statistical data were used to update fire occurrence probabilities and the proportion of vulnerable users. In addition, the optimal smoke control mode for structural stop zones in ultra-long tunnels was analyzed to derive strategies for establishing a safe evacuation environment. Second, an Excel VBA-based assessment program was developed to improve user convenience and was structured to enable fire analysis and evacuation simulations. Third, in order to verify the accuracy and reliability of the developed program, a comparative analysis was conducted against commercial quantitative risk assessment programs. As a result, the total risk error rate was 0.4% for road tunnels and within 5.0% for railway tunnels, showing similar levels of results. This study advances quantitative risk assessment methods by incorporating the unique features of submerged tunnels and implementing them in a validated program. Through this approach, it presents a practical solution that can contribute to the advancement of tunnel fire safety technologies and the overall enhancement of tunnel safety. C1 [Kong, Suk-Min; Lee, Seong-Won] Korea Inst Civil Engn & Bldg Technol, Dept Geotech Engn Res, Goyang 10223, South Korea. [Kim, Hyo-Gyu; Lee, Ho-Hyeong] JuSeong GNB Inc, Guri 11901, South Korea. C3 Korea Institute of Civil Engineering & Building Technology (KICT) RP Lee, SW (通讯作者)，Korea Inst Civil Engn & Bldg Technol, Dept Geotech Engn Res, Goyang 10223, South Korea. EM kongsukmin@kict.re.kr; swlee@kict.re.kr OI Lee, Seong Won/0000-0002-9715-9012; 이, 호형/0000-0003-2066-3795 FU Korea Agency for Land and Infrastructure Technology Advancement [RS-2023-00245334]; Smart Operation and Performance Improvement Technology Development Project for the Activation of Joint Utilities by the Korea Agency for Land and Infrastructure Technology Advancement FX This research was conducted with support from the Smart Operation and Performance Improvement Technology Development Project for the Activation of Joint Utilities by the Korea Agency for Land and Infrastructure Technology Advancement (RS-2023-00245334). We express our gratitude for this support. CR Ingason H., 2015, Tunnel Fire Dynamics, DOI DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2199-7 Lu C., 2024, SSRN Electron. J, DOI [10.2139/ssrn.4681767, DOI 10.2139/SSRN.4681767] Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport, 2020, Guidelines for the Installation and Management of Road Tunnel Fire Safety Facilities Persson M., 2002, Masters Thesis Ryu J.-O., 2018, J. Korean Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Assoc, V20, P917 Shin Heesoon, 2007, [TUNNEL AND UNDERGROUND SPACE, 터널과 지하공간], V17, P1 Shirin F., 2021, Int. J. Creative Res. Thoughts, V9, P2320 Yoo Ji-Oh, 2015, [Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association, 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집], V17, P249, DOI 10.9711/ktaj.2015.17.3.249 Yue SY, 2024, DEEP UNDERGR SCI ENG, V3, P247, DOI 10.1002/dug2.12102 Zhang XN, 2024, SAFETY SCI, V177, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2024.106563 NR 10 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 3 U2 7 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA MDPI AG, Grosspeteranlage 5, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2076-3417 J9 APPL SCI-BASEL JI Appl. Sci.-Basel PD JUN 17 PY 2025 VL 15 IS 12 AR 6798 DI 10.3390/app15126798 PG 13 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA 4EB9W UT WOS:001515826600001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lombardi, M Berardi, D Galuppi, M AF Lombardi, Mara Berardi, Davide Galuppi, Marta TI A Critical Review of Fire Tests and Safety Systems in Road Tunnels: Limitations and Open Points SO FIRE-SWITZERLAND LA English DT Review DE tunnel fire; large-scale fire test; ventilation system; automatic shutdown; water mist solutions; computational fluid dynamics; systematic literature review ID SMOKE TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; CRITICAL VELOCITY; LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; NEURAL-NETWORK; WATER MIST; HEAT; FLOW; MODEL; SUPPRESSION; MOVEMENT AB Fire tests are used to determine whether fire protection products meet the minimum performance criteria set out in codes and legislation, as well as to certify these products. Experimental large-scale fires are used to test the performance of safety systems in tunnels, which are confined environments with a high probability of accidents and significant consequences due to the evolution of the event and whether there is the capability of counteracting it by safety measures. In this study, we conducted a systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines. We searched the Scopus and Web of Science databases for publications from 2013 to 2022, resulting in a selection of 72 articles. An analysis was conducted on the following main topics: tunnel fires, fire characteristics (measured variables, spread, and smoke), model-scale tests, automatic shutdown systems, and ventilation solutions. One of the most important contributions of this study is the suggestion that fire tests represent an effective method not only to prevent fire events in tunnels but also to ensure the resilience of the infrastructure. Based on this state-of-the-art literature review, future tunnels could be designed by linking new smart technology and artificial intelligence to create interactive and high-performing safety systems. C1 [Lombardi, Mara; Berardi, Davide; Galuppi, Marta] Sapienza Univ Rome, Dept Chem Engn Mat Environm DICMA, Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Rome, Italy. C3 Sapienza University Rome RP Berardi, D (通讯作者)，Sapienza Univ Rome, Dept Chem Engn Mat Environm DICMA, Via Eudossiana 18, I-00184 Rome, Italy. EM davide.berardi@uniroma1.it RI LOMBARDI, MARA/A-4157-2014; Berardi, Davide/AAN-6643-2020; Galuppi, Marta/ITT-5895-2023 OI LOMBARDI, MARA/0000-0002-4884-6318; Berardi, Davide/0000-0002-3771-677X; Galuppi, Marta/0000-0001-5838-8608 FU European Union Next-GenerationEU [PE0000005] FX This study was carried out within the RETURN Extended Partnership and received funding from the European Union Next-GenerationEU (National Recovery and Resilience Plan-NRRP, Mission 4, Component 2, Investment 1.3-D.D. 1243 2/8/2022, PE0000005). 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These can include different fire growth rates or combinations of fire growth rates with constant levels of heat release rate (HRR) coupled to a decay period. This means that the curve has to be represented with different mathematical expressions for different time periods. A more convenient way is to describe the design fire curve with a single mathematical expression. Such a curve has been presented by the author (H. Ingason, Fire development in large tunnel fires, 8th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science, Beijing, China, 18-23 September 2005, pp. 1497-1508), but it does not include a constant HRR period. This paper presents a new, single exponential, design fire curve with a constant maximum HRR. A presentation of available design curves is given as well. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. C3 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden RP Ingason, H (通讯作者)，SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Box 857, S-50115 Boras, Sweden. 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PD FEB PY 2009 VL 44 IS 2 BP 259 EP 265 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.06.009 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 396OQ UT WOS:000262601400012 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU He, K Li, YZ Ingason, H Shi, L Cheng, XD AF He, Kun Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur Shi, Long Cheng, Xudong TI Experimental study on the maximum ceiling gas temperature driven by double fires in a tunnel with natural ventilation SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Double fire sources; Maximum excess gas temperature; Natural ventilation; Temperature profile ID POOL FIRES; FLAME LENGTH; MODEL; VELOCITY AB The maximum gas temperature below the ceiling is an important parameter for tunnel safety. The present study analyzed the characteristics of the maximum excess ceiling gas temperature driven by double fire sources in a naturally ventilated tunnel. A series of small-scale tunnel fire experiments were carried out with different fire separation distances and heat release rates. Theoretical analysis based on the equivalent virtual origin was also performed. The results showed that there exists only one peak gas temperature when the two fire plumes are merged before reaching the ceiling, while two peak gas temperatures can be observed when the two fire plumes are completely separated. The maximum excess gas temperature below the tunnel ceiling gradually decreases with an increasing fire separation distance in the plume merging region (S < S-cp). When the fire separation distance increases further (S > S-cp), the effect of the fire separation distance on the maximum gas temperature below the ceiling is very limited. Furthermore, a model using an equivalent fire source was proposed to predict the maximum excess gas temperature below the ceiling, considering different plume merging states. The present study contributes to the understanding of the maximum excess gas temperature characteristics of the smoke flow driven by double fires with an equal heat release rate in naturally ventilated tunnels. C1 [He, Kun; Shi, Long; Cheng, Xudong] Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China. [Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire & Safety, Gothenburg, Sweden. C3 Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS; RISE Research Institutes of Sweden RP Cheng, XD (通讯作者)，Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China.; Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire & Safety, Gothenburg, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@ri.se; chengxd@ustc.edu.cn RI ; Cheng, Xudong/AAF-3731-2020; Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011; Shi, Long/AAI-5259-2020 OI He, Kun/0000-0001-8943-8671; FU National Key Research and Development Program of China [2022YFC3005201]; Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS [CX2320007001]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [WK2320000048, WK2320000056]; USTC Tang Scholar; Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC); Swedish Fire Research Board (BRANDFORSK) FX This work was financially supported by National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFC3005201) , the Tunnel and Underground Safety Center (TUSC) , the Swedish Fire Research Board (BRANDFORSK) , Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS (No. CX2320007001) , Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities under Grants (No. WK2320000048 and No. WK2320000056) and USTC Tang Scholar, which are greatly acknowledged. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD FEB PY 2024 VL 144 AR 105550 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105550 EA DEC 2023 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA FI5A7 UT WOS:001145133800001 OA Green Submitted, hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ntzeremes, P Kirytopoulos, K AF Ntzeremes, Panagiotis Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos TI Applying a stochastic-based approach for developing a quantitative risk assessment method on the fire safety of underground road tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Underground tunnel; Fire; Stochastic modelling; Quantitative-risk-assessment ID EVACUATION MODELS; SOCIAL-INFLUENCE; BEHAVIOR; TRANSPORT; SYSTEMS; USERS AB Fire safety is an important aspect of underground road tunnels' operation. Undertaking high traffic volumes, they are one of the most critical infrastructure for the daily operation of modem urban networks. Aiming to guarantee their safety, risk assessment has been established as a valuable tool. However, the deterministic approach of existing methods has weaknesses in addressing the embedded uncertainty included in important parameters of the system. This paper, applying a stochastic-based approach, proposes a novel quantitative risk assessment method, named SIREN. Initially, the system's parameters are investigated and the ones which should be treated as stochastic are identified. Subsequently, the method considers both tunnel airflows and trapped-users' evacuation in order to estimate their potential losses. Finally, the system's level of safety is provided through the distribution of the trapped-users losses, which occurred by accumulating the results that derived from the Monte Carlo Simulation. The proposed method is illustrated through the case of an urban underground road tunnel during rush hour. The outcome highlights a significant proportion of scenarios that exceed the number of losses estimated by the traditional methods. Meanwhile, the method examines the parameters' criticality supporting, thus, safety analysts in selecting additional to standard safety measures, if needed. Furthermore, the proposed method aids analysts to act consistently with the as low as reasonable practicable principle. C1 [Ntzeremes, Panagiotis] NTUA, Sch Mech Engn, Athens, Greece. [Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos] Univ South Australia, Sch Nat & Built Environm, Adelaide, SA, Australia. C3 National Technical University of Athens; Adelaide University; University of South Australia RP Ntzeremes, P (通讯作者)，Bldg E,1st Floor,Heroon Polytechniou 9, Athens 15780, Greece. 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PD NOV PY 2018 VL 81 BP 619 EP 631 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.020 PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA GW5DI UT WOS:000446949500052 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Borg, A Bjelland, H Njå, O AF Borg, Audun Bjelland, Henrik Nja, Ove TI Reflections on Bayesian Network models for road tunnel safety design: A case study from Norway SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Bayesian Network model; Road tunnels; Risk assessment; Case study; Rogfast ID RISK-ASSESSMENT; PROBABILITY; ASSESSMENTS AB Directive 2004/54/EC from the European Parliament states that all EU member states should have well defined methodologies for risk analysis. This means that decisions regarding the design of road tunnels must be supported by risk information. TRANSIT, a Bayesian Network (BN) model for conducting quantitative road tunnel risk assessments has been developed to comply with the requirements. The developers of TRANSIT claim that their model represents best practice for risk assessments of road tunnels. This article explores the foundation for this claim. Furthermore, we assess TRANSIT as a tool for decision support regarding the design of new and novel road tunnel designs. The interactions between TRANSIT and the engineering environment and between risk analysts and responsible decision makers are studied by analyzing the engineering process of the 25 km Rogfast subsea road tunnel project in Norway. Our analysis shows that TRANSIT could be a useful tool in combination with other risk assessment activities. We also find that the model has severe limitations, especially when used for novel tunnel design projects such as Rogfast. First, the model applies a definition of risk that in most cases fails to provide an adequate risk picture, and hence fails to communicate risk to important stakeholders. Second, both data and models are rigid and presented to the users as a "black box". This poses challenges with regard to the ownership of the analysis results and the responsibility for decisions made on the basis of the model, i.e., the relationship between the developer/owner and the analysts. Third, a standardized model will lead to standardized problems and solutions, which means that the results obtained from TRANSIT will be predictable when some experience with the model is gathered. In this way the model will preserve existing design and not promote innovation with regards to traffic safety designs. Fourth, the model emphasizes key performance indicators such as average annual daily traffic (AADT), tunnel length and curvature, while causes found in accident reports such as driving behavior, latent conditions and organizational and managerial factors may be neglected in the design process. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Borg, Audun; Bjelland, Henrik; Nja, Ove] Univ Stavanger, Fac Sci & Technol, Stavanger, Norway. C3 Universitetet i Stavanger RP Borg, A (通讯作者)，Univ Stavanger, Fac Sci & Technol, Stavanger, Norway. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUL PY 2014 VL 43 BP 300 EP 314 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.05.004 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA AQ0NH UT WOS:000342479500030 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, JSM Chow, WK AF Li, JSM Chow, WK TI Illegal carriage of dangerous goods and their effects on tunnel safety SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article AB Consequent to a recent fire resulting from a truck carrying illegal diesel outside a tunnel in Hong Kong, people are quite concerned about the safety aspects of vehicular tunnels. That truck was an ordinary vehicle without appropriate protection against the possible accidental fires due to those liquid fuels. The safety impact on a vehicular tunnel of a fire in an unprotected truck carrying illegal diesel is studied in this paper. Empirical results on spill fires and cooling jet expressions were applied to assess the probable tunnel environment. The two-layer zone model CFAST was also used to verify the results. The smoke temperature in the tunnel within 100 m of the fire might be up to 300 degrees C, and smoke would travel rapidly. It is recommended that a proper safety management scheme should be worked out by the tunnel management authority. If necessary, every truck of enclosed structure should be inspected before entering a vehicular tunnel longer than a specified length, say 230 m. (C) 2000 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. C3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University RP Li, JSM (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. RI Chow, Wan Ki/HHS-5060-2022 OI Chow, Wan Ki/0000-0001-8398-3126 CR Alpert R.L., 1972, FIRE TECHNOL, V8, P181, DOI [10.1007/BF02590543, DOI 10.1007/BF02590543] BABRAUSKAS V, 1997, FIRE PROTECTION HDB, pCH1 Chow WK, 1996, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V11, P221, DOI 10.1016/0886-7798(96)00012-0 *GOV HONG KONG, 1992, 4 GOV HONG KONG FIR HAACK A, 1992, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V7, P363, DOI 10.1016/0886-7798(92)90066-Q Ingason H., 1994, P INT C FIR TUNN BOR JACQUES E, 1995, FIRE COINTE TUNNEL D LUCHIAN SF, 1999, TASK FORCE TECHNICAL PEACOCK RD, 1993, 1299 NIST *PUBL WORKS DEP, 1967, COMM BOOK OP TUNN 1998, BS5588 FIRE PRECAU 4 1999, S CHINA MORNING 0928 1999, MING PAO 0724 1997, S CHINA MORNING 0225 NR 14 TC 9 Z9 11 U1 0 U2 10 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR-JUN PY 2000 VL 15 IS 2 BP 167 EP 173 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(00)00044-4 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 350BH UT WOS:000089080500005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xiao, Y Liang, B Chen, K AF Xiao, Yao Liang, Bo Chen, Kai TI Analysis and prediction models for operating speed of vehicles in expressway superlong tunnels based on geometric and traffic related parameters SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Operating speed; prediction model; expressway superlong tunnel; geometric parameters; driving scene; traffic safety ID DESIGN AB Objectives: Operating speeds on roads are critical indicators for evaluating traffic safety. Currently available research on the operating speed's prediction focuses on open roads and highways. Insufficient attention has been paid, so far, to tunnels, which form bottlenecks on expressways. The present research aims to establish an operating speed prediction model for tunnels and analyze the influence of their geometric parameters on the operating speeds of vehicles. Methods: We consider the speed of vehicles collected through field measurements in the portals and lay-bys of six superlong tunnels (length greater than 3000 m). Using linear regression, a prediction model for the speed in an expressway superlong tunnel is obtained considering tunnel's geometric parameters. The influence of various parameters on the operating speed are analyzed through comparisons with existing research findings. Results: We establish the first operating speed prediction model for tunnels considering geometric parameters and find that the vehicle type is the most important parameter affecting the operating speed. Other important parameters include the preceding curve length up to speed observation point (PCLS), preceding tangent length (PTL) and preceding tangent length up to speed observation point (PTLS). Conclusions: The influence of geometric parameters on vehicle operating speed in super long tunnels differs from that observed in non-tunnel roadways. The effects of the preceding or subsequent curve radius (R-b or R-a) of the tangent section, curvature (1/R), and curve degree (DC) are not important in this case. Furthermore, we find that the influence of the posted speed limit (PSL) is closely related to the driving scene and safety awareness of drivers. These findings can improve the design and joint evaluation of tunnel geometric parameters and traffic safety. C1 [Xiao, Yao] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Chongqing Rail Transit Grp Co Ltd, Sch Civil Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Liang, Bo] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Chen, Kai] Chongqing CISDI Engn Consulting Co Ltd, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Liang, B (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM liang_laoshi@126.com OI Xiao, Yao/0000-0003-3791-9080 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51878107, 52108362]; Science and Technology Research Project of China Railway Fourth Survey and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd [2017K075-1] FX The research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51878107, 52108362) and the Science and Technology Research Project of China Railway Fourth Survey and Design Institute Group Co., Ltd (No. 2017K075-1). CR Abbas SKS, 2011, PROCD SOC BEHV, V16, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.456 [Anonymous], 2018, A Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 2018 Bassan S, 2015, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V45, P214, DOI [10.1016/j.tust.2014.10.004, 10.1016/J.tust.2014.10.004] Bella F, 2014, J SAFETY RES, V49, P45, DOI 10.1016/j.jsr.2014.02.007 Castro M, 2011, J TRANSP ENG, V137, P837, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000309 CCCC First Highway Consultants, 2018, DES SPEC HIGHW AL Chelbi Engineering Consultants, 2015, SPEC HIGHW SAF AUD Choudhari T, 2019, TRANSP DEV ECON, V5, DOI 10.1007/s40890-019-0082-8 Dell'Acqua G, 2015, TRANSPORT RES REC, P83, DOI 10.3141/2472-10 Fitzpatrick K, 2001, TRANSPORT RES REC, P18 Goyani J, 2022, J TRANSP ENG A-SYST, V148, DOI 10.1061/JTEPBS.0000644 Hashim IH, 2016, J TRAFFIC TRANSP ENG, V3, P82, DOI 10.1016/j.jtte.2015.09.005 Jacob A, 2013, J TRANSP ENG-ASCE, V139, P287, DOI 10.1061/(ASCE)TE.1943-5436.0000503 [马聪 Ma Cong], 2018, [长安大学学报. 自然科学版, Journal of Chang'An University. 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PD OCT 3 PY 2022 VL 23 IS 7 BP 410 EP 415 DI 10.1080/15389588.2022.2087874 EA JUN 2022 PG 6 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA 3P5BK UT WOS:000815387600001 PM 35748658 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Pérez-Acebo, H Isasa, M Gurrutxaga, I Alonso-Solórzano, A AF Perez-Acebo, Heriberto Isasa, Miren Gurrutxaga, Itziar Alonso-Solorzano, Angela TI Analysis of the Skid Resistance Decrease in Bituminous Pavements in Dual-Carriageway Tunnels SO BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE skid resistance; pavement friction; tunnel; road safety; SCRIM coefficient; pavement management system ID SEASONAL-VARIATIONS; CRASH FREQUENCY; ASPHALT; SAFETY; MODEL; PERFORMANCE; FRICTION AB Unlike other pavement indices, the skid resistance, or friction, of bituminous pavements behaves differently. After the extension of a new layer, the friction increases as the bitumen film is removed and the aggregates are exposed. The aggregates are then polished by traffic, mainly by heavy vehicles, and the pavement reaches the seasonal phase, in which, if heavy traffic volume remains constant, the only variations are seasonal, with maximum values in winter and minimum values in summer. Nonetheless, in tunnels, as they are not exposed to climatic actions, the friction value is lower than outside. Therefore, the article evaluates the skid resistance decrease in tunnels compared to outdoor conditions. For this purpose, the skid resistance values in dual-carriageway tunnels in Gipuzkoa (Spain) were studied and compared with the values obtained 500 m before and after the tunnel. Overall, a 10% friction decrease was observed inside the tunnels. In winter, the decrease was 11%, while in summer it was 8%. In tunnels longer than 500 m, the decrease was greater (12%) than in tunnels shorter than 500 m (9% and 7%). This analysis contributes to a better knowledge of the available friction inside a tunnel and to the better management of road safety. C1 [Perez-Acebo, Heriberto] Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Mech Engn Dept, P Rafael Moreno Pitxitxi 2, Bilbao 48013, Spain. [Isasa, Miren; Gurrutxaga, Itziar] Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Mech Engn Dept, Pl Europa 1, San Sebastian 20018, Spain. [Alonso-Solorzano, Angela] Univ Francisco Vitoria, Dept Phys, Carretera Pozuelo Majadahonda,Km 1-800, Pozuelo De Alarcon 28223, Spain. C3 University of Basque Country; University of Basque Country; Universidad Francisco de Vitoria RP Pérez-Acebo, H (通讯作者)，Univ Basque Country UPV EHU, Mech Engn Dept, P Rafael Moreno Pitxitxi 2, Bilbao 48013, Spain. EM heriberto.perez@ehu.eus; miren.isasa@ehu.eus; itziar.gurruchaga@ehu.eus; angela.alonso@ufv.es RI Perez-Acebo, Heriberto/J-2635-2019; Isasa, Miren/ABE-7988-2021; Gurrutxaga, Itziar/PMS-1074-2026 OI Perez-Acebo, Heriberto/0000-0003-0577-9597; Alonso-Solórzano, Ángela/0000-0002-4409-3945; FU Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia/Diputacion Foral de Gipuzkoa [P9, P10]; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) [GIU21/046] FX This research was funded by Gipuzkoako Foru Aldundia/Diputacion Foral de Gipuzkoa, grant number P9, Project 'Gipuzkoan eraikuntza eta mugikortasun adimentsu eta jasangarria/Construccion y movilidad inteligentes y sostenibles en Gipuzkoa' of the Etorkizuna Eraikiz program 2022, and grant number P10; Project 'MUGI JASS (MUgikortasuna Gipuzkoan: Interkonektatua, JASangarria eta Segurua/Movilidad en Gipuzkoa: interconectada, sostenible y segura)' of the Etorkizuna Eraikiz program 2024; and the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), grant GIU21/046. 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At its deepest point, the tunnel, composed of two tubes 6.6 km long and 11.3 m in diameter, will be 60 m below sea level. It will be opened for traffic at the beginning of 2003 and will be used by approximately 12, 000 vehicles per day. The tunnel and associated roads will cost more than NLG 1.5 billion (approx. $US730 million). The tunnel will be run by a limited liability company, which will initially have two shareholders: the State of the Netherlands (95%) and the province of Zeeland (5%). The average toll will be NLG 11.75 (approx. $US5.75) (2003 prices). Characteristic features of the tunnel are its great length and depth and the high level of safety. The latter will be provided by features such as 26 transverse connections between the two tunnel tubes. (C) 1999 Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved. RP Heijboer, J (通讯作者)，NV Westerscheldetunnel, Postbus 303, NL-4460 AS Goes, Netherlands. CR HOEKSMA J, 1998, P 3 INT C SAF ROAD R, P761 NR 1 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR-JUN PY 1999 VL 14 IS 2 BP 161 EP 169 DI 10.1016/S0886-7798(99)00030-9 PG 9 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 238BW UT WOS:000082691900008 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chow, WK Gao, Y Zhao, JH Dang, JF Chow, NCL AF Chow, W. K. Gao, Y. Zhao, J. H. Dang, J. F. Chow, Nadia C. L. TI A study on tilted tunnel fire under natural ventilation SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tilted tunnel; Smoke movement; Numerical simulation ID LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; SMOKE CONTROL; FLOW; TEMPERATURE; VELOCITY; RELEASE AB Tilted tunnel fire under natural ventilation has been discussed. Smoke movement in a scale tunnel model of length 8 m, width 1.5 m and height 1 m was studied. Air temperature distribution and velocity components along the longitudinal axis at the tunnel opening were measured. Simulations using Computational Fluid Dynamics on smoke movement in the tilted tunnel fire were then carried out. Buoyancy of smoke layer in the tilted tunnel model was deduced by integrating experimental data with simulations results. Smoke velocity distributions in different tilted tunnels were studied numerically. For a horizontal tunnel, the smoke temperature decay rate along the longitudinal direction can be described by an exponential function. For tunnels tilted from 3 degrees to 9 degrees, smoke temperature decayed with different exponential functions on the two sides of the fire. The smoke velocity along the longitudinal axis was not symmetric about the fire source, but with a maximum value located on the leeward side in tunnels tilted at 3-9 degrees. The neutral plane of flow disappeared at the lower opening of the tunnel when the angle was above 9 degrees. Empirical expressions of smoke temperature and velocity decays along the longitudinal axis for a tilted tunnel were also derived. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Chow, W. K.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Res Ctr Fire Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Gao, Y.; Zhao, J. H.; Dang, J. F.] Harbin Engn Univ, Coll Aerosp & Civil Engn, Harbin, Heilongjiang, Peoples R China. [Chow, Nadia C. L.] City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Architecture & Civil Engn, Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. C3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Harbin Engineering University; City University of Hong Kong RP Chow, WK (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM beelize@polyu.edu.hk RI Chow, Wan Ki/HHS-5060-2022 OI Chow, Wan Ki/0000-0001-8398-3126; CHOW, Cheuk Lun/0000-0001-5748-4331 FU grant from Research Grants Council of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China for Theme-Based Research Scheme Project "Safety, Reliability, and Disruption Management of High Speed Rail and Metro Systems" [T32-101/15-R] FX The work described in this paper was partly supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China for the Theme-Based Research Scheme Project "Safety, Reliability, and Disruption Management of High Speed Rail and Metro Systems" (Project number: T32-101/15-R). CR [Anonymous], 2001, P 4 INT C SAF ROAD R [Anonymous], 2004, INT J ENG PERFORM BA Atkinson GT, 1996, FIRE SAFETY J, V27, P335, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(96)00061-6 Ballesteros-Tajadura R, 2006, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V21, P21, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2005.04.006 Cafaro E, 2010, OPEN THERMODYN J, V4, P156, DOI [10.2174/1874396X01004010156, DOI 10.2174/1874396X01004010156] Chow WK, 2010, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V25, P122, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2009.10.001 Chow W.K., 2012, J APPL FIRE SCI, V22, P165 Chow WK, 1998, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V13, P271, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(98)00061-3 Colella F, 2011, COMPUT FLUIDS, V51, P16, DOI 10.1016/j.compfluid.2011.06.021 Fedkiw R, 2001, COMP GRAPH, P15, DOI 10.1145/383259.383260 Hu LH, 2008, EXP THERM FLUID SCI, V32, P1468, DOI 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2008.03.005 Hu LH, 2007, J FIRE SCI, V25, P23, DOI 10.1177/0734904107062357 Hu LH, 2013, APPL THERM ENG, V51, P246, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2012.07.043 [霍岩 HUO Yan], 2011, [哈尔滨工程大学学报, Journal of Harbin Engineering University], V32, P906 Ingason H, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P646, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.06.002 Ingason H, 2010, FIRE SAFETY J, V45, P371, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.004 Klote J.H., 1998, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC, P3 Ko GH, 2010, J FIRE SCI, V28, P27, DOI 10.1177/0734904109106547 Kunsch JP, 1999, ATMOS ENVIRON, V33, P13 Kurioka H, 2003, FIRE SAFETY J, V38, P319, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(02)00089-9 Lee SR, 2006, BUILD ENVIRON, V41, P719, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2005.03.010 Oka Y, 1995, FIRE SAFETY J, V25, P305, DOI 10.1016/0379-7112(96)00007-0 Riess I, 1999, P ITC C TUNN FIR ESC Tang W, 2013, APPL THERM ENG, V60, P7, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.06.033 Vauquelin O, 2006, FIRE SAFETY J, V41, P420, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2006.02.007 Vauquelin O, 2005, EXP THERM FLUID SCI, V29, P725, DOI 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2005.01.002 Wehner M., 2013, P WORLD TUNN C 2013 Wu Y, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V35, P391, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00032-1 Wu Y, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V35, P363, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00031-X Xu ZS, 2012, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V45, P678, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2012.08.222 Yang D, 2010, APPL THERM ENG, V30, P872, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2009.12.019 NR 31 TC 120 Z9 136 U1 4 U2 111 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 EI 1873-7226 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. 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PD APR PY 2016 VL 81 BP 44 EP 57 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.01.014 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA DK0LQ UT WOS:000374604700005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yu, LX Lei, XW Huang, P Liu, CX Zhang, H Yang, FQ AF Yu, Longxing Lei, Xiwen Huang, Ping Liu, Chunxiang Zhang, Hao Yang, Fuqiang TI Study on the combination effect of tunnel slope and longitudinal fire location on the asymmetric flow fields in a naturally ventilated tunnel SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Inclined tunnel; Longitudinal fire location; Asymmetric flow effect; Mass flow rate; Back-layering length ID BACK-LAYERING LENGTH; TILTED TUNNEL; ROAD TUNNEL; CEILING-JET; TEMPERATURE; VELOCITY; SAFETY AB CFD simulation tests were carried out to study the asymmetric flow phenomenon caused by the combination effect of tunnel slope and longitudinal fire location in a naturally ventilated tunnel. The result shows that the tunnel slope and the longitudinal fire location can both create the induced longitudinal flow solely. The longitudinal flow within tunnel induced by the stack effect caused by the tunnel slope is normally unidirectional, flowing uphill and the speed increases gradually with the tunnel slope. While the longitudinal flow induced by the thermal pressure difference caused by the uneven distribution of upstream and downstream smoke transportation can be bidirectional, which depends on the longitudinal fire location (also known as the downstream and upstream tunnel length difference, Delta L = L-down - L-up). Therefore, the induced longitudinal flow under the combination effect of tunnel slope and longitudinal fire location is very complex. For tunnels going uphill from left (upstream) to the right (downstream) portals, the two effects are positively added when the fire is located at the upstream tunnel (Delta L > 0), while the two effects are counteracted when the fire is located at the downstream (Delta L < 0). To quantify the strength of asymmetric flow caused by the two effects, an empirical equation of mass flow rate of induced longitudinal flow is proposed. Meanwhile, a model to predict the smoke back-layering length under the two effects is also proposed and validated by former experimental data. A prediction model on the upper critical fire position where the two effects are completely canceled out is proposed. Another critical position (the lower critical fire position) where the smoke flow can achieve unidirectional transportation in an inclined tunnel under natural ventilation conditions is deduced as well. C1 [Yu, Longxing; Lei, Xiwen; Huang, Ping; Liu, Chunxiang; Yang, Fuqiang] Fuzhou Univ, Coll Environm & Safety Engn, Fuzhou 350116, Peoples R China. [Yu, Longxing; Zhang, Hao] China Acad Bldg Res, State Key Lab Bldg Safety & Built Environm, Beijing 100013, Peoples R China. [Yu, Longxing] Univ Sci & Technol China, State Key Lab Fire Sci, JinZhai Rd 96, Hefei 230026, Anhui, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Hao] China Acad Bldg Res, 30 North Third Ring Rd East, Beijing 100013, Peoples R China. [Yang, Fuqiang] 2 Xue Yuan Rd, Fuzhou 350108, Peoples R China. C3 Fuzhou University; Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Science & Technology of China, CAS RP Zhang, H (通讯作者)，China Acad Bldg Res, 30 North Third Ring Rd East, Beijing 100013, Peoples R China.; Yang, FQ (通讯作者)，2 Xue Yuan Rd, Fuzhou 350108, Peoples R China. EM Cabrzh@126.com; Ouyangfq@163.com RI ; Yu, Longxing/LMN-9077-2024; Liu, Chunxiang/ADA-0243-2022 OI Lei, Xiwen/0009-0000-4760-4758; Yu, Longxing/0000-0002-4077-3599; FU Opening Funds of State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment & National Engineering Research Center of Building Technology [BSBE2021-05]; Youth Innovation Project of Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province [2023J05104]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52211530486, 52006210]; Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Fire Science [HZ2022-KF05] FX This work was supported by the Opening Funds of State Key Laboratory of Building Safety and Built Environment & National Engineering Research Center of Building Technology (BSBE2021-05) , the Youth Innovation Project of Natural Science Foundation of Fujian Province (2023J05104) , the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52211530486, 52006210) and the Opening Fund of State Key Laboratory of Fire Science (HZ2022-KF05) . The computational resources used in this work were provided by the Supercomputing Environment of Chinese Academy of Sciences (ScGrid) . 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR PY 2024 VL 146 AR 105623 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105623 EA FEB 2024 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA LQ4T1 UT WOS:001188261700001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, P Qu, XB AF Li, Pan Qu, Xiaobo TI Optimal Allocation of Tunnel Safety Provisions Based on a Quantitative Risk Assessment Model SO SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMING LA English DT Article ID CYCLE COST-ANALYSIS; FIRE AB This paper addresses the issue of optimally selecting the tunnel safety provisions. Tunnel safety provisions are the assets of urban road tunnels which are installed and implemented to reduce the tunnel risks, which are basically selected by expert judgment in practice. An optimization model is proposed to obtain the optimal solution for the selection of tunnel safety provisions. The objective function is to minimize the life cycle costs of tunnel safety provisions, which is subject to the requirements for tunnel safety provisions and the safety targets. Finally, by taking advantage of the special structure of the optimizationmodel, a Bi-Section Search and Bound Algorithm (BSSBA) is designed to efficiently solve the problem. C1 [Li, Pan] Soochow Univ, Sch Urban Rail Transportat, Suzhou 215131, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Qu, Xiaobo] Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. C3 Soochow University - China; University of Technology Sydney RP Qu, XB (通讯作者)，Univ Technol Sydney, Sch Civil & Environm Engn, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia. 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Program. PY 2016 VL 2016 AR 9628095 DI 10.1155/2016/9628095 PG 5 WC Computer Science, Software Engineering WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Computer Science GA EF7YR UT WOS:000390545800001 OA Green Submitted, hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kirytopoulos, K Mourelatos, A Chatzistelios, G Ntzeremes, P Konstantinidou, M AF Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos Mourelatos, Andreas Chatzistelios, Georgios Ntzeremes, Panagiotis Konstantinidou, Myrto TI A virtual reality instrument to raise drivers' awareness on safer driving through road tunnels SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS PART O-JOURNAL OF RISK AND RELIABILITY LA English DT Article DE Behavioral patterns; road safety; tunnel users; virtual reality; safety; serious games ID BEHAVIOR; SYSTEM AB Studies reveal that drivers' behavior is the most significant factor in road accidents worldwide. Regarding tunnels, which are the most critical element of road infrastructure, despite the significant efforts that have been conducted toward the enhancement of drivers' education all these years, studies illustrate that there are still serious deficiencies need to be tackled. To address this issue, this research endeavor develops a virtual reality tool based on the serious game idea in order to inform and educate potential users about the specific rules and behavioral patterns that should govern their safe driving when passing through tunnels. To do so, the appropriate behavioral patterns are determined using applicable norms and guidelines while the specific educational requirements are identified. Following that, the novel tool for training users is developed. The tool consists of a virtual reality gaming environment based on the notion of serious games that simulates driving through a tunnel from a first-person perspective. Various scenarios are developed within this environment based on the knowledge gaps identified in the literature, with the aim of assessing users' knowledge as well as educating them when required. The developed tool was tried by more than 50 drivers, professional and non-professional during tool's launch activities. In particular, drivers who had recently obtained a driver's license confirmed that such a tool would be especially useful in the context of their training. The ultimate goal of this study is to provide an efficient tool in order to support both practitioners and authorities to significantly improve the safety level of road tunnels by emphasizing on the driving behavior, since this is considered the most crucial component of each tunnel system. C1 [Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos; Mourelatos, Andreas; Chatzistelios, Georgios; Ntzeremes, Panagiotis] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens, Greece. [Mourelatos, Andreas; Konstantinidou, Myrto] Natl Ctr Sci Res Demokritos, Syst Reliabil & Ind Safety Lab, Athens, Greece. [Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, 9 Iroon Polytechnioy Str, Athens 15780, Greece. C3 National Technical University of Athens; National Centre of Scientific Research "Demokritos"; National Technical University of Athens RP Kirytopoulos, K (通讯作者)，Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, 9 Iroon Polytechnioy Str, Athens 15780, Greece. EM kkir@mail.ntua.gr RI Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/H-1348-2018; Chatzistelios, Georgios/AEA-0107-2022 OI Chatzistelios, Georgios/0000-0003-2902-7832 FU European Union; Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness ,Entrepreneurship and Innovation [T1EDK-02374] FX The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following finan-cial support for the research, authorship, and/or publi-cation of this article: This research has been co-financedby the European Union and Greek national funds through the Operational Program Competitiveness ,Entrepreneurship and Innovation, under the callRESEARCH-CREATE-INNOVATE (project code:T1EDK-02374). Project partners: National TechnicalUniversity of Athens, EGNATIA Motorway SA,TEKMON P.C., Department of Mathematics of the University of Ioannina, National Center of ScientificResearch DEMOKRITOS.'' 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Inst. Mech. Eng. Part O-J. Risk Reliab. PD JUN PY 2024 VL 238 IS 3 SI SI BP 451 EP 463 DI 10.1177/1748006X231175719 EA MAY 2023 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA SJ5T2 UT WOS:001001625600001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kunc, R Omerovic, S Ambroz, M Prebil, I AF Kunc, Robert Omerovic, Senad Ambroz, Miha Prebil, Ivan TI Comparative study of European tunnel emergency-stop-area-wall protection measures SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Tunnel emergency stop area; Accident; Steel safety railing; Crash cushion; Numerical analysis AB Due to the increasing number of traffic accidents involving the collisions of vehicles with the emergency-stop-area head walls in tunnels, a comparative numerical analysis in accordance with the EN 1317 standard has been performed in order to assess the quality of the available protective safety barriers. Based on the simulation results, the values of the relevant injury criteria - the acceleration severity index (ASI), the theoretical head impact velocity (THIV) and the post-impact head deceleration (PHD) - were computed for several collision scenarios involving two different passenger vehicles colliding with two different safety barriers in various ways. The results show that due to the geometrical restrictions in the tunnel's emergency stop area none of the barriers can provide total protection for the occupants of the vehicle in the event of a collision. The installation of a steel-sheet-tube crash cushion was, however, found to provide the best possible protection within the given limitations. The results of the analysis were the basis for selecting a safety-barrier design for existing tunnel installations and for the proposed changes in regulations governing the geometry of the tunnel's emergency stop area. (C) 2013 Published by Elsevier Ltd. C1 [Kunc, Robert; Omerovic, Senad; Ambroz, Miha; Prebil, Ivan] Univ Ljubljana, Fac Mech Engn, Chair Modelling Engn Sci & Med, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. C3 University of Ljubljana RP Kunc, R (通讯作者)，Univ Ljubljana, Fac Mech Engn, Chair Modelling Engn Sci & Med, Askerceva Cesta 6, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia. EM robert.kunc@fs.uni-lj.si; senad.omerovic@fs.uni-lj.si; miha.ambroz@fs.uni-lj.si; ivan.prebil@fs.uni-lj.si RI Ambrož, Miha/E-5204-2011; Kunc, Robert/IWE-5371-2023 OI Ambrož, Miha/0000-0003-3710-7883; CR [Anonymous], 2002, EN 1317 2 [Anonymous], 2003, EN 1317 4 [Anonymous], 2004, BAST 2004 7A 17 JF [Anonymous], 2009, EN ISO 898 1 [Anonymous], 2001, BAST 2000 7A 11 JF [Anonymous], 2003, EN 1317 3 [Anonymous], 2009, EN 13501 1 [Anonymous], 2002, EN 1317 1 [Anonymous], 2013, BBC News Borovinsek M, 2007, ENG FAIL ANAL, V14, P1711, DOI 10.1016/j.engfailanal.2006.11.068 CETU, 1990, DOCUMENT NO 2 DRSC (Slovenian Road Agency), 2008, TSC 02210 VARNOSTNE EuroTAP, 2007, FINAL REPORT Friedrich F., 2001, BERICHT UBER EINEN P, P30 FSGV, 2006, RICHTLINIEN FUR DIE FSV, 2009, RVS 09 01 24 Hoj N. P., 2007, TECHNICAL REPORT NCAC, 2008, NCAC 2007 T 008 NCAC, 2008, NCAC 2007 T 007 Petric, 2012, JEKLENE VARNOSTNE OG PIARC, 2001, CROSS SECTION GEOMET Qua X., 2013, ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AN, V50, P616 Ray M. H., 2010, NCHRP WEBONLY DOCUME SIA, 2004, SN 505 197 2 Statens vegvesen, 2004, ROAD TUNNELS Wach W., 2011, SIMULATION OF VEHICL NR 26 TC 8 Z9 8 U1 0 U2 4 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0001-4575 EI 1879-2057 J9 ACCIDENT ANAL PREV JI Accid. Anal. Prev. PD FEB PY 2014 VL 63 BP 9 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2013.10.020 PG 13 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA 304NF UT WOS:000330752900002 PM 24246295 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kirytopoulos, K Konstandinidou, M Nivolianitou, Z Kazaras, K AF Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos Konstandinidou, Myrto Nivolianitou, Zoe Kazaras, Konstantinos TI Embedding the human factor in road tunnel risk analysis SO PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Road tunnels; Directive 2004/54/EC; Fuzzy systems; CREAM; Risk analysis; Uncertainty representations; HRA ID HUMAN RELIABILITY-ANALYSIS; CREAM; SYSTEM AB The paper is focusing on road tunnel safety and builds upon the Directive 2004/54/EC launched by the European Commission; the latter sets basic requirements and suggests the implementation of risk assessment in several tunnel cases apart from technical measures imposed on the basis of tunnel structural and operational characteristics. Since the EU Directive does not indicate the method for performing risk assessment, a wide range of methods have been proposed, most of them based on quantitative risk assessment (QRA). Although the majority of current road tunnel QRAs assess physical aspects of the tunnel system and consider several hazards concerning the transportation of dangerous goods through a tunnel, they do not take into account, sufficiently, several organizational and human-related factors that can greatly affect the overall safety level of these critical infrastructures. To cope with this limitation this paper proposes a fuzzy logic system based on CREAM method for human reliability analysis (Hollnagel, 1998) in order to provide more sophisticated estimations of the tunnel operator's performance in safety critical situations. It is deduced that a human reliability analysis component to analyze operator performance, like the fuzzy system proposed here, is important for risk analysts. Consideration of organizational and human factors will enhance risk analysts' studies and highlight the uncertainty related to human performance variability. (C) 2014 The Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. C1 [Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos] Univ S Australia, Sch Nat & Built Environm, Barbara Hardy Inst, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia. [Konstandinidou, Myrto; Nivolianitou, Zoe] Natl Ctr Sci Res Dimokritos, Inst Nucl & Radiol Sci & Technol Energy & Safety, Syst Reliabil & Ind Safety Lab, Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece. [Kazaras, Konstantinos] Natl Tech Univ Athens, Sch Mech Engn, Athens 15780, Greece. C3 Adelaide University; University of South Australia; National Technical University of Athens RP Nivolianitou, Z (通讯作者)，Natl Ctr Sci Res Dimokritos, Inst Nucl & Radiol Sci & Technol Energy & Safety, Syst Reliabil & Ind Safety Lab, Aghia Paraskevi 15310, Greece. EM myrto@ipta.demokritos.gr RI ; Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/H-1348-2018; Konstandinidou, Myrto/AAJ-6581-2020 OI Nivolianitou, Zoe/0000-0001-7794-9618; Kirytopoulos, Konstantinos/0000-0001-7675-6785; Konstandinidou, Myrto/0000-0001-8736-017X CR Bjelland H, 2013, SAFETY SCI, V55, P34, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.12.012 Bogaert M, 2013, CHEM ENGINEER TRANS, V31, P19, DOI 10.3303/CET1331004 Calhoun J, 2013, QUAL RELIAB ENG INT, V29, P869, DOI 10.1002/qre.1442 Carvel R., 2005, The Handbook Of Tunnel Fire Safety Cesar J, 2012, CHEM ENGINEER TRANS, V26, P13, DOI 10.3303/CET1226003 Chakrabarti UK, 2011, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V89, P248, DOI 10.1016/j.psep.2011.04.003 Dix A., 2004, TUNNEL MANAGEMENT IN, V7, P29 Fabiano B, 2005, J LOSS PREVENT PROC, V18, P403, DOI 10.1016/j.jlp.2005.06.031 Fabiano B, 2002, J HAZARD MATER, V93, P1, DOI 10.1016/S0304-3894(02)00034-1 Holicky M, 2009, STRUCT SAF, V31, P260, DOI 10.1016/j.strusafe.2008.06.003 Hollnagel E., 1998, COGNITIVE RELIABILIT INERIS, 2005, TRANSP DANG GOODS RO Kazaras K, 2013, THESIS NATL TU ATHEN Kazaras K., 2013, J RISK RES Kazaras K, 2013, CHEM ENGINEER TRANS, V31, P349, DOI 10.3303/CET1331059 Kazaras K, 2012, SAFETY SCI, V50, P1806, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2012.04.013 Kim BJ, 1996, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V52, P27, DOI 10.1016/0951-8320(95)00148-4 Kirytopoulos K., 2010, BACK FUTURE, P167 Kirytopoulos KA, 2010, J RISK RES, V13, P1027, DOI 10.1080/13669877.2010.494331 Klir J., 1995, FUZZY SETS FUZZY LOG Konstandinidou M, 2006, RELIAB ENG SYST SAFE, V91, P706, DOI 10.1016/j.ress.2005.06.002 Konstandinidou M., 2008, Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O (Journal of Risk and Reliability), V222, P39, DOI 10.1243/1748006XJRR68 Konstandinidou M., 2010, P 13 INT S LOSS PREV, P633 Ma ZL, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P350, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.004 MAMDANI EH, 1974, P I ELECTR ENG, V121, P1585, DOI 10.1049/piee.1974.0328 Marseguerra M, 2007, RISK ANAL, V27, P137, DOI 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00865.x Nyvlt O, 2011, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V26, P71, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2010.06.010 Palazzi E, 2012, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V90, P121, DOI 10.1016/j.psep.2011.06.009 Pedrycz W., 1993, FUZZY CONTROL FUZZY Piarc, 2008, PIARC Technical Committee C3.3 PIARC, 2007, INT APPR ROAD TUNN S PIARC, 2008, RISK AN ROAD TUNN Qiang Meng, 2011, International Journal of Reliability and Safety, V5, P285, DOI 10.1504/IJRS.2011.041181 Qu XB, 2011, EXPERT SYST APPL, V38, P13827, DOI 10.1016/j.eswa.2011.04.186 Ricard F, 2005, 33 ASECAP STUD INF D Sudheer S, 2012, FIRE TECHNOL, V48, P183, DOI 10.1007/s10694-010-0206-5 TRB, 2011, DES FIR ROAD TUNN SY Van den Schoor F, 2013, FIRE SAFETY J, V57, P58, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.10.026 Vianello C, 2012, J LOSS PREVENT PROC, V25, P718, DOI 10.1016/j.jlp.2012.04.002 Yang ZL, 2013, OCEAN ENG, V58, P293, DOI 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2012.11.003 Zadeh L.A., 1996, MULTIPLE VALUED LOGI, V1, P1 Zadeh LA, 2008, INFORM SCIENCES, V178, P2751, DOI 10.1016/j.ins.2008.02.012 Zio E, 2009, FUZZY SET SYST, V160, P1947, DOI 10.1016/j.fss.2009.01.016 Zio E, 2013, PROCESS SAF ENVIRON, V91, P31, DOI 10.1016/j.psep.2012.01.004 NR 44 TC 18 Z9 20 U1 0 U2 32 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV PI AMSTERDAM PA PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5820 EI 1744-3598 J9 PROCESS SAF ENVIRON JI Process Saf. Environ. Protect. PD JUL PY 2014 VL 92 IS 4 SI SI BP 329 EP 337 DI 10.1016/j.psep.2014.03.006 PG 9 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA AN6JM UT WOS:000340700800008 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wan, L Yan, Y Zhang, CG Liu, CC Mao, TY Wang, WX AF Wan, Li Yan, Ying Zhang, Chang'an Liu, Changcheng Mao, Tianyi Wang, Wenxuan TI Characteristics and identification of risky driving behaviors in expressway tunnels based on behavior spectrum SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Traffic safety; Tunnel section; Behavior spectrum; Risky driving behavior; Pattern identification ID TRAFFIC SAFETY; ROAD TUNNELS; DRIVERS; CLASSIFICATION; PERFORMANCE; DESIGN AB Expressway tunnels are semi-enclosed structures characterized by monotonous alignment transitions and unique lighting environments, which can easily lead to drivers developing constrained and irritable psychology. This may result in risky behaviors, e.g., speeding and fatigued driving. Previous research on tunnel driving behaviors mainly focuses on visual factors, neglecting the impacts of nonstationary time-series combined parameters on risky driving. Firstly, 30 drivers were recruited to carry out the real test. Then, based on the evolution of time series, drawing inspiration from the concept of lineage in biology, and considering multiple driving performance indicators, driving behavior chains and the feature spectrum were constructed. The characteristics of the behavior spectrum were divided into six groups: electroencephalogram, heart rate, eye movement, speed, steering, and carfollowing behaviors. Subsequently, the spectral analysis using the spectral radius property of matrix theory revealed the distinctive characteristics of risky driving behaviors. The study deeply explored the inducing mechanism, hidden patterns, and rules of risky driving behaviors under the coupling effect of tunnel environment and drivers' attributes. Finally, the significant features that influence driving behaviors were used as the input variables for constructing identification models using the adaptive boosting (AdaBoost) and random forest (RF) algorithms. The synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE) and adaptive synthetic sampling (ADASYN) were employed for oversampling. The results indicate that the ADASYN-RF algorithm outperformed others, achieving a precise recall rate area under the curve (AUPRC) of 0.978 when using the spectral radius of the speed and steering groups as input variables. These findings offer theoretical guidance for developing tunnel traffic safety strategies. (c) 2024 Tongji University and Tongji University Press. Publishing Services by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY C1 [Wan, Li] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. [Wan, Li; Zhang, Chang'an] Shandong Transportat Planning & Design Inst Grp Co, Jinan 250031, Shandong, Peoples R China. [Yan, Ying; Liu, Changcheng; Mao, Tianyi; Wang, Wenxuan] Changan Univ, Coll Transportat Engn, Xian 710064, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Chang'an University RP Yan, Y (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Coll Transportat Engn, Xian 710064, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. EM yanying2199@chd.edu.cn RI Wang, Wenxuan/AAW-9073-2020 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51978069]; Science and Technology Project of Shandong Transportation Department [2022-KJ-044]; Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province [2021KWZ-09]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Centrl Universities, CHD [300102342202] FX This research is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51978069) , Science and Technology Project of Shandong Transportation Department (No. 2022-KJ-044) , Key Research and Development Plan of Shaanxi Province (No. 2021KWZ-09) , and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Centrl Universities, CHD (No. 300102342202) . The authors declare that the contents of this article has not been published previously. All the authors have contributed to the work described, read and approved the contents for publication in this journal. The authors declare that they have no known com-peting financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper. All the authors have been certified by their respective organizations for human subject research. 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J. Transp. Sci. Technol. PD DEC PY 2024 VL 16 BP 5 EP 17 DI 10.1016/j.ijtst.2023.10.006 PG 13 WC Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Transportation GA R6C8O UT WOS:001392314300001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Deng, E Yang, WC He, XH Zhu, ZH Wang, HF Wang, YW Wang, A Zhou, L AF Deng, E. Yang, Weichao He, Xuhui Zhu, Zhihui Wang, Hanfeng Wang, Youwu Wang, Ang Zhou, Lei TI Aerodynamic response of high-speed trains under crosswind in a bridge-tunnel section with or without a wind barrier SO JOURNAL OF WIND ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL AERODYNAMICS LA English DT Article DE Bridge-tunnel section; Wind barrier; High-speed train; Aerodynamic response; Flow field structure; Running safety ID 2 WINDPROOF FACILITIES; RUNNING SAFETY; DYNAMIC-RESPONSE; ENTERING TUNNEL; FLOW; BEHAVIOR; LOADS; PERFORMANCE; PRESSURE; VIADUCT AB High-speed trains experience a sharp transition to a strong crosswind environment when running in a bridge-tunnel section due to the perennial prevailing crosswind in the canyon, and this sudden transition seriously affects train safety. In this study, a 3D computational fluid dynamics numerical model of the train-tunnel-bridge-wind barrier is established based on the delayed detached eddy simulation turbulence model and porous media theory. A dynamic analysis model of wind-train-bridge coupling is adopted. The effects of wind barrier with a height of 3 m and porosity of 30% on the aerodynamic coefficient, flow field structure and running safety of high-speed trains under crosswind in the bridge-tunnel section are studied. Results indicate that the sharp change effect of the aerodynamic coefficient is significantly weakened by more than 50% by the wind barrier. The aerodynamic fluctuation amplitudes in the bridge-tunnel section are 1.25-5.5 times higher than those in the bridge section. The difference in pressure distribution in the longitudinal direction is significantly reduced because of the obstruction and diversion of the wind barrier and the space limitation on the windward side. Accordingly, the change in amplitude of the aerodynamic coefficients in the bridge-tunnel section is reduced, and so is the safety of train operation. The bridge-tunnel section is the weak link of safety control. Using a wind barrier with the same parameters for the bridge and bridge-tunnel sections is unreasonable, that is, the parameters should be separately designed. C1 [Deng, E.; Yang, Weichao; He, Xuhui; Zhu, Zhihui; Wang, Hanfeng; Wang, Ang] Cent South Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. [Yang, Weichao; He, Xuhui; Zhu, Zhihui; Wang, Hanfeng] Natl Engn Lab High Speed Railway Construct, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Wang, Youwu] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Lei] Hong Kong Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Kowloon, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Hong Kong University of Science & Technology RP Yang, WC; Zhu, ZH (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. EM denge12@csu.edu.cn; weic_yang@csu.edu.cn; xuhuihe@csu.edu.cn; zzhh0703@csu.edu.cn; wanghf@csu.edu.cn; yw.wang@connect.polyu.hk; angwang@csu.edu.cn RI ; ZHOU, LEI/KVB-7370-2024; Wang, You-Wu/KHC-9359-2024; Zhu, Zhi-hui/HDN-8464-2022 OI Deng, E/0000-0002-0943-9541; ZHOU, LEI/0000-0002-8580-6067; Wang, You-Wu/0000-0003-2293-4712; Zhu, Zhi-hui/0000-0003-0257-2128 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51978670]; National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars [51925808]; Project of Science and Technology and Development Plan of China National Railway Group Co., Ltd [K2019G041, KYY2020138, (20-22)] FX This work was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51978670), The National Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (Grant No. 51925808) and the Project of Science and Technology and Development Plan of China National Railway Group Co., Ltd (Grant Nos. K2019G041 and KYY2020138(20-22)). The authors are grateful for the supports awarded. In addition, the authors would like to thanks Ms. Xinyang Li for her great support for this paper. 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Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. PD MAR PY 2021 VL 210 AR 104502 DI 10.1016/j.jweia.2020.104502 EA FEB 2021 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil; Mechanics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Mechanics GA QM2HF UT WOS:000621600800001 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Sturm, P Rodler, J Thaller, T Fruhwirt, D Fössleitner, P AF Sturm, Peter Rodler, Johannes Thaller, Thomas Fruhwirt, Daniel Foessleitner, Patrick TI Hot smoke tests for smoke propagation investigations in long rail tunnels SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 8th International Symposium on Tunnel Safety and Security (ISTSS) CY MAR 14-16, 2018 CL Boras, SWEDEN DE Fire tests; Rail tunnels; Backlayering; Critical velocity; Water mist systems AB Smoke propagation in an enclosed facility is always a matter of concern whenever the evacuation of people is necessary. The construction of long rail tunnels has made evacuation an even greater challenge. Long rail tunnels are equipped with emergency stop stations so that evacuation may still occur even when trains are on fire and incapable of leaving the tunnel. However, should a train breakdown occur between the portal and the emergency station, passenger evacuation has to be performed via cross passages and into the non-affected (safe) tube. This requires a balanced pressure regime between the two tunnel tubes and/or across the cross passages. The paper describes field tests which were performed in order to investigate smoke propagation in tunnel tubes and over cross passages in the event of severe fires. Fire tests up to 21 MW peak heat release rate were performed, and smoke propagation was monitored, with a strong focus on the situation at cross passages. C1 [Sturm, Peter; Fruhwirt, Daniel] Graz Univ Technol, Graz, Austria. [Rodler, Johannes; Foessleitner, Patrick] FVTmbH Graz, Graz, Austria. [Thaller, Thomas] OBB Infrastruktur AG, Vienna, Austria. C3 Graz University of Technology RP Sturm, P (通讯作者)，Graz Univ Technol, Graz, Austria. EM sturm@ivt.tugraz.at OI Sturm, Peter/0000-0001-5789-7152; Fößleitner, Patrik/0000-0002-7426-7811; Fruhwirt, Daniel/0000-0002-8886-1571 FU research department of the Austrian Railway Corporation OBB FX The project was funded by the research department of the Austrian Railway Corporation OBB. The authors want to thank the companies PROMAT GmbH, for providing the passive fire protection boards and SICK GmbH for providing air velocity measuring instruments. Special thanks to DI. Matthias Kager and Mag. Susanne Fehleisen, OBB Infra, for on-site support. 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PD APR PY 2019 VL 105 BP 196 EP 203 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.03.003 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA HY6QM UT WOS:000468254800016 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Chen, JH Hu, ZK Yang, S AF Chen, Jianhong Hu, Zekun Yang, Shan TI Simulation of Fire Evacuation in a Naturally Ventilated Bifurcated Tunnel SO FIRE-SWITZERLAND LA English DT Article DE tunnel fire; evacuation; bifurcated tunnel; numerical simulation ID SMOKE; TEMPERATURE; MOVEMENT AB The natural wind velocities in tunnels under different natural conditions are distinct, and the longitudinal ventilation velocity significantly impacts the evacuation environment. This paper examines the evacuation conditions and strategies under varying wind velocities in bifurcated tunnels. Using Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and Pathfinder software, the fire development and evacuation of three distinct longitudinal positions in a bifurcated tunnel are simulated. The simulation results demonstrate that the evacuation conditions for disparate fire sources at varying wind velocities are markedly disparate. In consideration of the construction cost and the maximization of evacuation capacity, the width of the evacuation doors at the three locations should be set to 2 m, 1.5 m, and 1.5 m, respectively. Furthermore, an analysis of the safety of individual personnel through Fractional Effective Dose (FED) revealed that directing evacuees towards the upstream of the fire after the fire is detected can significantly reduce individual personnel injuries while ensuring the overall success of the evacuation. C1 [Chen, Jianhong; Hu, Zekun; Yang, Shan] Cent South Univ, Sch Resources & Safety Engn, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University RP Yang, S (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Resources & Safety Engn, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China. EM yangshan@csu.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation Project of China [52274163] FX This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation Project of China under Grant No. 52274163. 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Sci, V723, p1 Wang K, 2023, SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL, V15, DOI 10.3390/su15064865 Yamamoto K, 2018, SAFETY, V4, DOI 10.3390/safety4020012 Yang XL, 2021, CASE STUD THERM ENG, V28, DOI 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101497 Zhao SZ, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V73, P187, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.12.002 NR 35 TC 5 Z9 5 U1 13 U2 52 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND SN 2571-6255 J9 FIRE-BASEL JI Fire-Switzerland PD JUN PY 2024 VL 7 IS 6 AR 202 DI 10.3390/fire7060202 PG 17 WC Ecology; Forestry WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Environmental Sciences & Ecology; Forestry GA WO4D7 UT WOS:001255796100001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Hu, QC Zhang, S Zhang, XH Wang, F AF Hu, Qingchun Zhang, Shen Zhang, Xihong Wang, Fan TI Enhancing disaster prevention and structural resilience of tunnels: A study on liquid hydrogen leakage, diffusion, and explosion mitigation SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Liquid hydrogen; Tunnel safety; Hydrogen diffusion; Explosion overpressure; Mitigation strategies ID CONCRETE; CFD; DEFLAGRATIONS; SIMULATION; FIRE AB The increasing adoption of liquid hydrogen (LH2) as a clean energy carrier presents significant safety challenges, particularly in confined underground spaces like tunnels. LH2 ' s unique properties, including high energy density and cryogenic temperatures, amplify the risks of leaks and explosions, which can lead to catastrophic overpressures and extreme temperatures. This study addresses these challenges by investigating the diffusion and explosion behaviour of LH2 leaks in tunnels, providing critical insights into disaster prevention and structural resilience for underground infrastructure. Using advanced numerical simulations validated through theoretical calculations and experimental analogies, the study analyses hydrogen diffusion patterns, overpressure dynamics, and thermal impacts following an LH2 tank rupture. Results show that LH2 explosions generate overpressures exceeding 50 bar and temperatures surpassing 2500 degrees C , far exceeding the hazards posed by gaseous hydrogen leaks. Mitigation measures, such as suction ventilation and high humidity, significantly reduce explosion impacts, underscoring their value for tunnel safety. This research advances understanding of hydrogen safety in confined spaces, demonstrating the importance of integrating mitigation measures into tunnel design. The findings contribute to disaster prevention strategies, offer insights into optimizing safety protocols, and support the development of resilient infrastructure capable of accommodating hydrogen technologies in a rapidly evolving energy landscape. C1 [Hu, Qingchun; Zhang, Xihong] Curtin Univ, Ctr Infrastructure Monitoring & Protect, Sch Civil & Mech Engn, Perth, Australia. [Zhang, Shen] Cent South Univ, Sch Resources & Safety Engn, Changsha 410083, Peoples R China. [Wang, Fan] Cent South Univ, Sch Minerals Proc & Bioengn, Changsha 410083, Hunan, Peoples R China. C3 Curtin University; Central South University; Central South University RP Hu, QC (通讯作者)，Curtin Univ, Ctr Infrastructure Monitoring & Protect, Sch Civil & Mech Engn, Perth, Australia. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD AUG PY 2025 VL 162 AR 106626 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2025.106626 EA APR 2025 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 1HM5Q UT WOS:001465143400001 OA Green Submitted, hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Saito, S Yamauchi, Y AF Saito, Sanetoshi Yamauchi, Yuki TI Numerical study of the influence of tunnel wall properties on ceiling jet temperature in tunnel fires SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Ceiling jet; Tunnel fire; Numerical simulation; Temperature attenuation; Wall thermal property ID HORIZONTAL TUNNEL; SMOKE TEMPERATURE; BUOYANT PLUME; HEAT-TRANSFER; FLOW; SIMULATION; VELOCITY AB In tunnel fires, hot gas, called a ceiling jet, propagates beneath the ceiling from the fire source to the tunnel portals. The properties of the ceiling jet must be understood for conducting a fire safety assessment. Heat loss to the tunnel walls (ceiling and side walls) significantly affects the property of the ceiling jet movement in the tunnel. This study aims to estimate the influence of the tunnel wall property on the gas temperature using numerical simulation. Moreover, the correlation between the gas temperature and thermal parameter of the tunnel walls is derived. The simulation results showed that the gas temperature beneath the ceiling is approximately same when the thermal inertias of the tunnel walls are equal. The influence of heat penetration on the gas temperature was significant, and therefore it was important to confirm thermal penetration while conducting the model experiment. Moreover, it was revealed that a linear relationship exists between the gas temperature rise and a dimensionless parameter, which is a function of the Biot number and the Fourier number. The equation expressing this relationship can be used to estimate the influence of the tunnel wall property on the gas temperature. C1 [Saito, Sanetoshi; Yamauchi, Yuki] Railway Tech Res Inst, 2-8-38 Hikari Cho, Kokubunji, Tokyo 1858540, Japan. RP Saito, S (通讯作者)，Railway Tech Res Inst, 2-8-38 Hikari Cho, Kokubunji, Tokyo 1858540, Japan. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD OCT PY 2021 VL 116 AR 104087 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.104087 EA JUL 2021 PG 14 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA UB1RW UT WOS:000685629400004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Baraldi, D Kotchourko, A Lelyakin, A Yanez, J Middha, P Hansen, OR Gavrikov, A Efimenko, A Verbecke, F Makarov, D Molkov, V AF Baraldi, D. Kotchourko, A. Lelyakin, A. Yanez, J. Middha, P. Hansen, O. R. Gavrikov, A. Efimenko, A. Verbecke, F. Makarov, D. Molkov, V. TI An inter-comparison exercise on CFD model capabilities to simulate hydrogen deflagrations in a tunnel SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE CFD; Hydrogen; Tunnels; Hydrogen safety; Explosions ID EXPLOSIONS; PREDICT AB In the frame of the European Commission co-funded Network of Excellence HySafe (Hydrogen Safety as an Energy Carrier, www.hysafe.org), five organizations with significant experience in explosion modelling have performed numerical simulations of explosions of stoichiometric hydrogen-air mixtures in a 78.5 m long tunnel. The five organizations are the Karlsruhe Research Centre, GexCon AS, the joint Research Centre, the Kurchatov institute Research Centre and the University of Ulster. Five CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) codes with different turbulence and combustion models have been used in this Standard Benchmark Exercise Problem (SBEP). Since tunnels are semi-confined environments, hydrogen explosions in tunnels can potentially be critical accident scenarios from the point of view of the accident consequences and CFD methods are increasingly employed to assess explosions hazards in tunnels. The objective of the validation exercise is to assess the accuracy of the theoretical and numerical models by comparisons of the simulation results with the experimental data. A very good agreement between experiments and simulations was found in terms of maximum overpressures. (C) 2009 Professor T. Nejat Veziroglu. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Baraldi, D.] Joint Res Ctr, Inst Energy, NL-1755 ZG Petten, Netherlands. [Kotchourko, A.; Lelyakin, A.; Yanez, J.] Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Res Ctr, D-76021 Karlsruhe, Germany. [Middha, P.; Hansen, O. R.] GexCon AS, N-5892 Bergen, Norway. [Gavrikov, A.; Efimenko, A.] IV Kurchatov Atom Energy Inst, Res Ctr, Moscow 123182, Russia. [Verbecke, F.; Makarov, D.; Molkov, V.] Univ Ulster, HySAFER Ctr, Newtownabbey BT3 70QB, Co Antrim, North Ireland. C3 European Commission Joint Research Centre; EC JRC Institute for Energy & Transport (IET); Helmholtz Association; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; National Research Centre - Kurchatov Institute; Ulster University RP Baraldi, D (通讯作者)，Joint Res Ctr, Inst Energy, Westerduingweg 3,Pb 2, NL-1755 ZG Petten, Netherlands. EM daniele.baraldi@jrc.nl RI Gavrikov, Aney/K-2857-2017; Yanez, Jorge/K-5370-2015 OI Gavrikov, Aney/0000-0001-7307-0024; Lelyakin, Alexander/0000-0002-5175-377X; Baraldi, Daniele/0000-0001-5751-2443 FU European Commission [SES6-CT-2004-502630] FX The authors would like to thank the European Commission for the co-funding of this work in the framework of the EC cofunded project HySafe (SES6-CT-2004-502630). 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Energy PD SEP PY 2009 VL 34 IS 18 BP 7862 EP 7872 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2009.06.055 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA 504ND UT WOS:000270622800036 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, J Pervez, A Wang, ZW Han, CY Hu, LY Huang, HL AF Wang, Jie Pervez, Amjad Wang, Zhengwu Han, Chunyang Hu, Lanye Huang, Helai TI Crash analysis of Chinese freeway tunnel groups using a five-zone analytic approach SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Crash; Tunnel group; Connection zone; Light ID ROAD TUNNELS; TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; DESIGN AB For mountainous freeways, some tunnels are situated adjacent to each other resulting in the tunnel group. This study aims to investigate the characteristics of traffic crashes in freeway tunnel groups. A typical mountainous freeway with tunnel groups in China is studied using police-reported crash data. A five-zone approach is proposed for safety analysis of tunnel groups. The result shows that the connection zone has the highest crash rate. Interior entrance zone has a significantly higher proportion of crashes during the daytime compared with other four zones, while the exit impact zone is associated with a higher proportion of crashes during the nighttime. This indicates that crashes are more likely to occur when a vehicle moves from bright to dark environments. Findings in this study shed some light on the engineering and policy implications for raising traffic safety of freeway tunnel groups. C1 [Wang, Jie; Pervez, Amjad; Han, Chunyang; Hu, Lanye; Huang, Helai] Cent S Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Wang, Zhengwu] Changsha Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410004, Hunan, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; Changsha University of Science & Technology RP Huang, HL (通讯作者)，Cent S Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. EM huanghelai@csu.edu.cn RI Huang, Helai/HPD-6657-2023; Pervez, Amjad/AAW-4967-2020; Chunyang, Han/HGU-4525-2022 OI Pervez, Amjad/0000-0001-6283-2871; Chunyang, Han/0000-0001-9876-8824 FU Joint Research Scheme of National Natural Science Foundation of China/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong [71561167001, N_HKU707/15]; Natural Science Foundation of China [713711921, 51678075] FX This work was jointly supported by: 1) the Joint Research Scheme of National Natural Science Foundation of China/Research Grants Council of Hong Kong (Project No. 71561167001 & N_HKU707/15), 2) the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 713711921), 3). the Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51678075). 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PD DEC PY 2018 VL 82 BP 358 EP 365 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.037 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA HA0IT UT WOS:000449892400030 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, YZ Ingason, H AF Li, Ying Zhen Ingason, Haukur TI Effect of cross section on critical velocity in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 12th International Symposium on Fire Safety Science CY JUN 12-16, 2017 CL Lund Univ, Lund, SWEDEN SP Int Assoc Fire Safety Sci HO Lund Univ DE Critical velocity; Tunnel fires; Longitudinal ventilation; Smoke control ID SMOKE CONTROL; FLOW; BEHAVIOR; RELEASE; LENGTH; GAS AB Numerical and theoretical work was conducted to investigate the effect of tunnel cross section on critical velocity for smoke control in longitudinally ventilated tunnel fires. The results show that for small fires, the critical velocity decreases with both the increasing tunnel height and tunnel width. For large fires, the critical velocity significantly increases with the increasing tunnel height but is independent of tunnel width. Different calculation models are compared with a focus on effect of tunnel cross section. A new correlation is proposed to account for the effect of tunnel width based on the previous model. C1 [Li, Ying Zhen; Ingason, Haukur] RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. C3 RISE Research Institutes of Sweden RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，RISE Res Inst Sweden, Safety & Transport Fire Res, Box 857, SE-50115 Boras, Sweden. 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J. PD JUL PY 2017 VL 91 SI SI BP 303 EP 311 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.069 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA FE1MN UT WOS:000407982400034 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liang, B Xiao, Y AF Liang, Bo Xiao, Yao TI Calculation model and analysis for lay-by spacing in highway tunnel SO ARCHIVES OF CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE calculation model; highway tunnel; influence analysis; lay-bys spacing AB Tunnel lay-by spacing is directly related to traffic safety and engineering investment. Nevertheless, its mechanism is not clear, and the rationality of the exiting norms with respect to tunnel lay-by spacing needs to demonstrate. A calculation model for tunnel lay-by spacing was derived by considering the headway and the physical kinematics of the two vehicles chasing and encountering. With it, the influence of various parameters on lay-by spacing were analysed and the rationality of the model were discussed through comparing with existing norms. Results shows longitudinal gradient rate, daily average traffic flow, rolling resistance coefficient, posted speed limit are significant to determine the lay-by spacing, and the most important parameter is longitudinal gradient rate. Existing tunnel lay-by spacing norm values are not reasonable enough, either too strict or too loose. These findings provide scientific support for how to select tunnel lay-by spacing value, which can improve tunnel traffic safety and make engineering investment reasonable. C1 [Liang, Bo] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Xuefu Ave 66, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Xiao, Yao] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Chongqing Rail Transit Grp Co Ltd, Xuefu Ave 66, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Liang, B (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Xuefu Ave 66, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM liang_laoshi@126.com; 894531591@qq.com FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51878107] FX We acknowledge the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51878107) for providing funding, and Editage for English language editing. 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Committee, 2019, ROAD TUNN MAN STRAT T.C.R.T, 2016, LAY BYS PROT LAT OBS Tomasch E, 2021, INFRASTRUCTURES-BASE, V6, DOI 10.3390/infrastructures6060081 Wang S.P., 2013, THESIS CHONGQING JIA Wang YG, 2021, ARCH CIV ENG, V67, P591, DOI 10.24425/ace.2021.138520 Weisenpacher P, 2021, INT J VENT, V20, P20, DOI 10.1080/14733315.2019.1698164 Yu Z., 2018, Automobile theory, V6th NR 25 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 0 U2 3 PU POLISH ACAD SCIENCES PI WARSAW PA DEFILAD SQ 1, WARSAW, POLAND SN 1230-2945 EI 2300-3103 J9 ARCH CIV ENG JI Arch. Civ. Eng. PY 2022 VL 68 IS 4 BP 347 EP 357 DI 10.24425/ace.2022.143042 PG 11 WC Engineering, Civil WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA I5VX1 UT WOS:001003468200005 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Peña-García, A Salata, F Golasi, I AF Pena-Garcia, Antonio Salata, Ferdinando Golasi, Iacopo TI Decrease of the Maximum Speed in Highway Tunnels as a Measure to Foster Energy Savings and Sustainability SO ENERGIES LA English DT Article DE lighting; energy savings; tunnels; environmental impact; road safety; CO2 emissions ID ROAD PRE-TUNNELS; TENSION STRUCTURES; LIGHT-PIPES; SUNLIGHT; MODEL; OPTIMIZATION; METHODOLOGY; LUMINANCE; PAVEMENT; PERGOLAS AB The high energy consumption of the lighting installations in highway tunnels has become a hot topic in the last few years due to the high figures in terms of money, consumed energy, use of raw materials, emissions of greenhouse gases due to the remarkable number of manufactured elements, and maintenance, among others. In spite of the different strategies proposed up to date and their savings, the potential benefits of decreasing the maximum speed allowed in tunnels have not been considered in depth as a complementary measure yet. In this work, the impact of such a decrease in terms of energy consumption, number projectors, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and yearly costs in energy is analyzed and discussed. The results strongly suggest the convenience of introducing maximum speed reduction in traffic regulations which, in addition, could create positive synergies with traffic safety. C1 [Pena-Garcia, Antonio] Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Pena-Garcia, Antonio] Univ Granada, Res Grp Lighting Technol Safety & Sustainabil, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Salata, Ferdinando; Golasi, Iacopo] Univ Roma Sapienza, DIAEE Area FisicaTecn, I-00184 Rome, Italy. C3 University of Granada; University of Granada; Sapienza University Rome RP Peña-García, A (通讯作者)，Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, E-18071 Granada, Spain.; Peña-García, A (通讯作者)，Univ Granada, Res Grp Lighting Technol Safety & Sustainabil, E-18071 Granada, Spain. EM pgarcia@ugr.es; ferdinando.salata@uniroma1.it; iacopo.golasi@uniroma1.it RI ; Peña-García, A./H-2562-2015; Salata, Ferdinando/I-4627-2015 OI Peña García, Antonio Manuel/0000-0002-3551-3370; Golasi, Iacopo/0000-0002-9942-0560; Salata, Ferdinando/0000-0001-9740-034X FU Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO/FEDER) [ENE2015-67031-R] FX This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness as part of the Research Project ENE2015-67031-R (MINECO/FEDER). 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Longitudinal ventilation is a common method for exhausting smoke and hot gases in tunnel fires. The minimum ventilation air velocity along the tunnel to prevent smoke back layering is called the critical velocity. This critical velocity is the key element in designing the longitudinal exhaust system. Several researchers have studied the impact of different parameters on critical velocity, including tunnel geometry, tunnel height, and fire magnitude, numerical and experimentally. In this study, an analytical solution was used to solve a third-order non-linear differential equation to determine the critical velocity of the tilted tunnel. Dimensional analysis can significantly reduce the costs associated with the experimental study in the full-scale tunnels. The Froude number representing the power of the buoyancy force against the inertial force is widely used in the critical velocity studies. This study validated our analytical results with critical values obtained from an experimental and numerical simulation in a scaled model with a ratio of 1:8. The results showed that the values calculated for the critical velocity employing an analytical solution were lower than the numerical and experimental studies' values. Data from the latest international standard was used to enhance the precision of the critical velocity calculation. We showed that using a modified Froude number can significantly increase the accuracy of the analytical solution. The critical velocity values obtained using the modified Froude number were then compared with experimental results from full-scale tests. This study emphasized that the analytical solution for the critical velocity saves a significant amount of time compared to the iterative solutions while keeping the accuracy in a reasonable range. C1 [Yousefi, Mostafa; Safikhani, Hamed] Arak Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Arak, Iran. [Yousefi, Morteza; Inthavong, Kiao] RMIT Univ, Sch Engn, Mech & Automot Engn, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. [Bamdad, Keivan] Victoria Univ, Coll Engn & Sci, Melbourne, Vic, Australia. C3 Arak University; Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT); Victoria University RP Inthavong, K (通讯作者)，RMIT Univ, Sch Engn, Mech & Automot Engn, Bundoora, Vic 3083, Australia. EM mortezayousefi.g@gmail.com; kiao.inthavong@rmit.edu.au RI Safikhani, Hamed/GQY-5923-2022; inthavong, kiao/B-3526-2012; Yousefi, Mostafa/AAH-7085-2021 OI Safikhani, Hamed/0000-0002-9732-6861; inthavong, kiao/0000-0003-0476-0237; Baad, Keivan/0000-0002-6091-2736; CR Alva WUR, 2017, FIRE SAFETY J, V87, P25, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.11.001 [Anonymous], 2012, J FLUID THERM SCI Bendelius, 1996, ON DAY SEM SMOK CRIT Bettis R, 1994, INTERIM VALIDATION T Chaiken R.F., 1979, 2 INT MIN VENT C REN Chow, 2010, INT SEM FIRE EXPL HA Chow, 2012, J APPL FIRE SCI Chow WK, 2016, FIRE SAFETY J, V81, P44, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.01.014 Chow WK, 2015, FIRE SAFETY J, V75, P14, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.04.001 Chow WK, 2010, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V25, P122, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2009.10.001 Danziger N.H., 1982, Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium Aerodynamics and Ventilation of Vehicle Tunnels, P169 Guo YH, 2021, UNDERGR SPACE, V6, P163, DOI 10.1016/j.undsp.2019.11.001 Haack A, 1998, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V13, P377, DOI 10.1016/S0886-7798(98)00080-7 Haddad RK, 2019, J COMBUST, V2019, DOI 10.1155/2019/3510245 Heselden A, 1976, P 2 INT S AER VENT V Hinkley P. 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PD JUL PY 2021 VL 123 AR 103372 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2021.103372 EA MAY 2021 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA SV1LW UT WOS:000663587700002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Guo, YL Dong, C Chen, Z Zhao, SL Sun, WH Wang, YY Hu, N Guo, C He, W Zhang, L AF Guo, Yalin Dong, Chen Chen, Zheng Zhao, Shulei Sun, Wenhao Wang, Yiyuan Hu, Nan Guo, Chun He, Wei Zhang, Lei TI Evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions in subway tunnel construction SO UNDERGROUND SPACE LA English DT Article DE Life cycle assessment; GHG emissions; Subway tunnel; Key sources; Environmental impact ID LIFE-CYCLE ASSESSMENT; CARBON-DIOXIDE EMISSIONS; HIGHWAY TUNNEL AB This study evaluates the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the construction of subway tunnels, aiming to identify the primary sources of emissions and provide insights into emission reduction strategies. Using the civil engineering construction of specific tunnels of a subway line in Guangdong Province, China, as a case study, this research quantitatively analyzes the composition of GHG emissions across three stages: upstream building materials production, building materials transportation, and on-site construction. The results indicate that upstream building materials production and on-site construction collectively account for over 95% of the total GHG emissions during tunnel construction. The analysis further reveals that a small proportion of building materials and construction machinery accounts for the majority of total GHG emissions during tunnel construction, aligning with the Pareto principle. The findings emphasize the importance of accurate evaluation of high-impact building materials and construction machinery, particularly in contexts where basic energy consumption data are limited. Strategies such as utilizing recycled materials and enhancing machinery efficiency can lead to significant emission reductions. For instance, achieving a recycling rate of 10% to 30% for steel and concrete can reduce total GHG emissions from tunnel construction by 5.51% to 9.94%, while improving machinery efficiency by 10% to 30% can reduce emissions by up to 2.29%. These findings provide a scientific basis for low-carbon subway tunnel construction. C1 [Guo, Yalin; Chen, Zheng; Zhao, Shulei; Guo, Chun] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Minist Educ, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. [Dong, Chen] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Transportat & Logist, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. [Sun, Wenhao; He, Wei] China Railway Fourth Survey & Design Inst Grp Co L, Wuhan 430063, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Lei] China Railway Design Grp Co Ltd, Tianjin 300308, Peoples R China. [Wang, Yiyuan; Hu, Nan] China Commun Construct Chengdu Municipal Construct, Chengdu 610096, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University; Southwest Jiaotong University RP Guo, C (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Minist Educ, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. EM guochun@swjtu.edu.cn RI guo, chun/M-5722-2015; Hu, Nan/GQH-6987-2022; He, Wei/D-4937-2018; Sun, Wenhao/HTM-8375-2023 FU Nagqu City Regional Collaborative Innovation Project "Research on Low-Carbon Construction and Safety Control Technologies for Utility Tunnels under Complex Climate and Permafrost Conditions in Ultra-High Altitude Areas of Nagqu" [JT2022YB163, JT2022YB405] FX Acknowledgement This work was funded by the Sichuan Transportation Science and Technology Project (Project No. 2021-ZL04) , the Educational Science Research Project of China Transportation Education Research Association (Projectr Nos. JT2022YB163, and JT2022YB405) , and Nagqu City Regional Collaborative Innovation Project "Research on Low-Carbon Construction and Safety Control Technologies for Utility Tunnels under Complex Climate and Permafrost Conditions in Ultra-High Altitude Areas of Nagqu". 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Space PD JUN PY 2025 VL 22 BP 263 EP 279 DI 10.1016/j.undsp.2024.12.001 PG 17 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA 1QF5B UT WOS:001471061500001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lee, YP Tsai, KC AF Lee, Yee-Ping Tsai, Kuang-Chung TI Effect of vehicular blockage on critical ventilation velocity and tunnel fire behavior in longitudinally ventilated tunnels SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Critical ventilation velocity; Vehicular obstruction ID SMOKE FLOW; SYSTEMS AB Most studies have investigated tunnel fires in tunnels without vehicles, even though vehicles can obstruct ventilation flows and alter tunnel fire behavior. This study conducted small-scale experiments and numerical simulations to investigate the effects of vehicular blockage on tunnel fire behavior and critical ventilation velocity, u(cr) in longitudinally ventilated tunnels. The 7 m-long tunnels had cross sections of 0.6 m(H) x 0.6 m(W) or 0.4 m(H) x 0.6 m(W). Three vehicles types in two or three arrays, occupying 5-31% of the tunnel cross section, were positioned upstream of fires. Fires were located on the tunnel center line or downstream of vehicles on the vehicle center line. Fuel was gasoline in square pans with dimensions of 6.3 x 6.3 cm(2) or 9.0 x 9.0 cm(2). Experimental data indicate that u(cr) decreased due to vehicular obstruction when ventilation flow reached the fires: the reduction ratio approximately equals the vehicle blockage ratio by the continuity equation. Non-uniform distribution of flow velocity caused by the relative positions of fires and vehicles when ventilation flow passed fires and vehicles played a secondary role. However, u(cr) increased when the vehicle obstructions existed and ventilation flow did not reach the fires since the heat release rate increased due to heat feedback from vehicle obstructions. The mechanism of vehicle blockage is discussed. (c) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Tsai, Kuang-Chung] Natl Kaohsiung First Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Safety Hlth & Environm Engn, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan. [Lee, Yee-Ping] Taoyuan Innovat Inst Technol, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Jhongli 32091, Taoyuan County, Taiwan. C3 National Kaohsiung University of Science & Technology RP Tsai, KC (通讯作者)，Natl Kaohsiung First Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Safety Hlth & Environm Engn, 2 Juoyue Rd, Kaohsiung 811, Taiwan. EM tsaikc@ccms.nkfust.edu.tw FU National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan [NSC 96-2221-E-327-015-MY3] FX The authors would like to thank the National Science Council of the Republic of China, Taiwan for financially supporting this research under Contract no. NSC 96-2221-E-327-015-MY3. Zing-Yang Jhuo and Chung-Chiau Chiou are appreciated for their carrying out data and Ted Knoy for his editorial assistance. 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PD OCT PY 2012 VL 53 BP 35 EP 42 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.06.013 PG 8 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 009MI UT WOS:000309029500005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lin, M Zhou, P Jiang, YF Zhou, FC Lin, JY Wang, ZJ AF Lin, Ming Zhou, Ping Jiang, Yifan Zhou, Feicong Lin, Jiayong Wang, Zhijie TI Numerical investigation on comprehensive control system of cooling and heat insulation for high geothermal tunnel: A case study on the highway tunnel with the highest temperature in China SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF THERMAL SCIENCES LA English DT Article DE High geothermal tunnel; High temperature treatment; Heat source protection; Temperature partition; Thermal insulation layer ID HOT-DRY ENVIRONMENT; SURROUNDING ROCK; MECHANICAL PROPERTY; PORE STRUCTURE; SHOTCRETE USE; LAYER; CONCRETE AB Solving the high temperature problem during the construction of high geothermal tunnel is of great significance to ensure the safety of workers, improve production efficiency and improve structural safety. Therefore, this paper innovatively establishes a high temperature comprehensive control system of high geothermal tunnel combining high-temperature treatment in tunnel and high-temperature heat source insulation. Based on the highway tunnel with the highest temperature in China-the Nige Tunnel, the temperature field in tunnel with various cooling measures under different surrounding rock temperatures and the temperature variation of lining structure with different thermal insulation methods and thicknesses are studied by numerical simulation. Furthermore, the selection standard of cooling measures, the laying method and the thickness of thermal insulation layer (TIL) are proposed. In the Nige Tunnel, the high temperature comprehensive control system and cooling measures are adopted based on on-site temperature monitoring, so that the temperature in the tunnel can meet the construction requirements and ensure the safety and efficiency of high geothermal tunnel construction. C1 [Lin, Ming; Zhou, Ping; Jiang, Yifan; Zhou, Feicong; Lin, Jiayong; Wang, Zhijie] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Minist Educ, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. [Lin, Ming; Zhou, Ping; Jiang, Yifan; Zhou, Feicong; Lin, Jiayong; Wang, Zhijie] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Chengdu, Sichuan, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University; Southwest Jiaotong University RP Zhou, P (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Key Lab Transportat Tunnel Engn, Minist Educ, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. EM ZhouPing1896@my.swjtu.edu.cn RI ; Jiang, Yifan/HCH-2365-2022 OI Ping, Zhou/0000-0003-0122-034X; FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51678498]; High Speed Railway and Natural Science United Foundation of China [U1934213] FX The work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grant number 51678498] ; and the High Speed Railway and Natural Science United Foundation of China [Grant number U1934213] . 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J. Therm. Sci. PD MAR PY 2022 VL 173 AR 107385 DI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2021.107385 EA NOV 2021 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA XF6HY UT WOS:000724171500001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zheng, P Qi, LF Sun, MD Luo, DB Zhang, ZT AF Zheng, Peng Qi, Lingfei Sun, Mengdie Luo, Dabing Zhang, Zutao TI A novel wind energy harvesting system with hybrid mechanism for self-powered applications in subway tunnels SO ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Subway tunnel; Safety monitoring system; Wind energy harvesting; Self powered ID WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK AB With the rapid development of urban rail transit, the safety maintenance of subway tunnels has attracted attention in various countries. Tunnel safety monitoring systems are used to ensure the safety of subway operation. This paper presents a new type of self-powered system for WSN nodes in tunnels to solve the power supply problem in subway tunnel safety monitoring systems. This new self-powered system collects wind energy in subway tunnels and converts it into electrical energy for storage and utilization. The system is composed of three parts: electromagnetic wind energy acquisition module, piezoelectric wind energy acquisition module, and power generation energy storage module. The electromagnetic wind energy acquisition module uses the principle of electromagnetic induction to convert wind energy into electrical energy. The piezoelectric wind energy acquisition module uses piezoelectric patches to convert wind energy into electrical energy. The power generation energy storage module converts the collected AC power into DC power, stores it in the supercapacitor, and supplies power to the WSN nodes. Experimental data shows that the energy output power of the system at a wind speed of 7 m/s is 59.31 mW. The Chengdu subway line 2 was selected for case study; the energy consumed by WSN nodes accounts for 49.4%-59.8% of the energy collected by the system. The proposed system can provide continuous and stable power for WSN node systems in subway tunnels. (c) 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Zheng, Peng; Qi, Lingfei; Sun, Mengdie; Luo, Dabing; Zhang, Zutao] Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. C3 Southwest Jiaotong University RP Zhang, ZT (通讯作者)，Southwest Jiaotong Univ, Sch Mech Engn, Chengdu 610031, Peoples R China. EM zzt@swjtu.edu.cn RI ; Qi, Lingfei/KVY-8218-2024 OI ZHANG, ZUTAO/0000-0003-2641-2049; Qi, Lingfei/0000-0002-0507-0775; Sun, Mengdie/0000-0002-7936-5779 FU National Natural Foundation of China [51975490, 51774241]; Science and Technology Projects of Sichuan [2021JDRC0118, 2021JDRC0096] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Foundation of China under Grants Nos. 51975490 and 51774241, and by the Science and Technology Projects of Sichuan, under Grants Nos.2021JDRC0118 and 2021JDRC0096. 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Eng. Mech. PD NOV 10 PY 2017 VL 64 IS 3 BP 293 EP 299 DI 10.12989/sem.2017.64.3.293 PG 7 WC Engineering, Civil; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA FN7SM UT WOS:000416218900003 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Cho, JH Lee, IB Jeong, WS Lee, BJ AF Cho, Jeong-Hwa Lee, In-Bok Jeong, Woo-Sug Lee, Byung-Jin TI A Study on the Fire Detection and Smoke Removal in Underground Utility Tunnel Using CFD SO IEEE ACCESS LA English DT Article DE CFD; fire detection; fire safety; underground utility tunnel (UUT) ID SIMULATIONS; SYSTEM AB The underground utility tunnel is a facility for installing and managing public infrastructure such as electricity, water supply, and telecommunication, which are required for managing urban life. Due to the underground structure, airflow is different compared to general buildings, so heat and smoke are not smoothly removed in the event of a fire, making it difficult to evacuate safely of occupants and enter firefighters. Therefore, it is essential to accurately detect the fire location based on the current state of fire occurrence and to remove smoke efficiently. This study derived the optimum sensor location for detecting fire and exhaust fan operation for smoke removal by considering the ventilation system in the target underground utility tunnel. In the future, these results can be used as a response manual for underground facilities in case of fire. Analysis and understanding of how fire propagates inside critical infrastructures can prevent future accidents. C1 [Cho, Jeong-Hwa; Lee, In-Bok] Seoul Natl Univ, Res Inst Agr & Life Sci, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Seoul 08826, South Korea. [Lee, In-Bok] Seoul Natl Univ, Res Inst Green Eco Engn, Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol, Pyeongchang 25354, South Korea. [Lee, In-Bok] Seoul Natl Univ, Res Inst Agr & Life Sci, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Rural Syst Engn, Seoul 08826, South Korea. [Jeong, Woo-Sug; Lee, Byung-Jin] Elect & Telecommun Res Inst, Disaster & Safety AI Convergence Ctr, Def & Safety ICT Res Dept, Daejeon 34129, South Korea. C3 Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU); Seoul National University (SNU); Electronics & Telecommunications Research Institute - Korea (ETRI) RP Lee, IB (通讯作者)，Seoul Natl Univ, Res Inst Agr & Life Sci, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Seoul 08826, South Korea.; Lee, IB (通讯作者)，Seoul Natl Univ, Res Inst Green Eco Engn, Inst Green Bio Sci & Technol, Pyeongchang 25354, South Korea.; Lee, IB (通讯作者)，Seoul Natl Univ, Res Inst Agr & Life Sci, Coll Agr & Life Sci, Dept Rural Syst Engn, Seoul 08826, South Korea. EM iblee@snu.ac.kr RI Cho, Jeong hwa/LNQ-1690-2024 OI Cho, Jeong hwa/0000-0001-7602-1025 FU Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) Grant by the Korean Government(Development of Integrated Platform Technology for Fire and Disaster Management in Underground Utility Tunnel Based on Digital Twin) [2020-0-00061] FX This work was supported by the Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI) Grant by the Korean Government(Development of Integrated Platform Technology for Fire and Disaster Management in Underground Utility Tunnel Based on Digital Twin)under Grant 2020-0-00061. 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Soc., P285 Zardasti L, 2017, J LOSS PREVENT PROC, V48, P71, DOI 10.1016/j.jlp.2017.03.024 Zhang HT, 2020, ADV CIV ENG, V2020, DOI 10.1155/2020/9128704 Zhang SK, 2019, ATMOSPHERE-BASEL, V10, DOI 10.3390/atmos10060315 Zhu HH, 2016, J LOSS PREVENT PROC, V44, P158, DOI 10.1016/j.jlp.2016.09.005 NR 53 TC 4 Z9 4 U1 5 U2 53 PU IEEE-INST ELECTRICAL ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS INC PI PISCATAWAY PA 445 HOES LANE, PISCATAWAY, NJ 08855-4141 USA SN 2169-3536 J9 IEEE ACCESS JI IEEE Access PY 2023 VL 11 BP 104485 EP 104504 DI 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3316881 PG 20 WC Computer Science, Information Systems; Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Telecommunications WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science; Engineering; Telecommunications GA T9CA1 UT WOS:001080878000001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Du, WL Xu, LW Tie, XN Zhou, YJ Li, AS AF Du, Wenliao Xu, Liwen Tie, Xinna Zhou, Yajun Li, Ansheng TI Tunnel-YOLO: A New Traffic Vehicle Detection Method Using Feature Enhancement for Complex Tunnel Environments SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH RECORD LA English DT Article; Early Access DE tunnel traffic; vehicle detection; feature extraction; feature enhancement; lightweight AB Tunnel traffic vehicle detection plays a crucial role in enhancing traffic safety, optimizing flow, and improving rescue efficiency. However, given the complexity of the tunnel environment, image data may be obscured in front of the vehicle or the target may be too far away, leading to missed detections and false positives. Additionally, target detection networks have stringent requirements for real-time performance. To address the issues outlined above, this paper proposes Tunnel-YOLO (you only look once), a tunnel vehicle detection method. The enhanced feature extraction module demonstrates clear advantages in capturing fine-grained target features and retains detailed information about the obscured vehicle from both global and local perspectives. To reduce the interference from irrelevant regions, the SimAM (simple attention mechanism) attention mechanism is introduced to dynamically adjust regional weights, enabling the model to automatically focus on key areas. Additionally, the BiFPN-Concat (bidirectional feature pyramid network) splicing method is used to integrate features at different scales, improving the efficiency of information transfer between feature maps. The experimental results show that the mean average precision (mAP) for traffic vehicle detection using the proposed Tunnel-YOLO model on the Zhengzhou Urban Tunnel Comprehensive Management and Maintenance Center data set is 91.1%, which is 13 percentage points higher than that of the baseline YOLOv5s model. Tunnel-YOLO effectively enhances the accuracy and efficiency of traffic vehicle detection in tunnel environments while maintaining a small model size and efficient computational performance to meet real-time requirements. The source code of this study is available at: https://github.com/xlw222/Tunnel.git. C1 [Du, Wenliao; Xu, Liwen; Li, Ansheng] Zhengzhou Univ Light Ind, Coll Mech & Elect Engn, Henan Prov Key Lab Intelligent Mfg High End Equipm, Henan Int Joint Lab Complex Mech Equipment Intelli, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China. [Xu, Liwen; Zhou, Yajun; Li, Ansheng] Huanghe Univ Sci & Technol, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China. [Tie, Xinna] Zhengzhou Municipal Urban Tunnel Comprehens Manage, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China. C3 Zhengzhou University of Light Industry; Huanghe University of Science & Technology RP Li, AS (通讯作者)，Zhengzhou Univ Light Ind, Coll Mech & Elect Engn, Henan Prov Key Lab Intelligent Mfg High End Equipm, Henan Int Joint Lab Complex Mech Equipment Intelli, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China.; Li, AS (通讯作者)，Huanghe Univ Sci & Technol, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China. EM liansheng@zzuli.edu.cn RI ; Zhou, Yajun/HNO-8692-2023 OI Xu, Liwen/0009-0004-7518-4235; Zhou, Yajun/0000-0001-6762-3737 FU National Nature Science Foundation of China [52275138, 52505581]; Key R&D Projects in Henan Province [231111221100]; Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in University of Henan Province [25IRTSTHN024]; Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration [MSV202502] FX The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52275138, 52505581), the Key R&D Projects in Henan Province (Grant No. 231111221100), the Program for Innovative Research Team (in Science and Technology) in University of Henan Province (Grant No. 25IRTSTHN024), the Research Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration (Grant No. MSV202502). CR Cetin AE, 2025, P I MECH ENG D-J AUT, V239, P4078, DOI 10.1177/09544070241265398 Dong Z, 2015, IEEE T INTELL TRANSP, V16, P2247, DOI 10.1109/TITS.2015.2402438 Elfwing S, 2018, NEURAL NETWORKS, V107, P3, DOI 10.1016/j.neunet.2017.12.012 Gu Chenyu, 2024, 2024 IEEE 6th International Conference on Civil Aviation Safety and Information Technology (ICCASIT), P349, DOI 10.1109/ICCASIT62299.2024.10828068 Guo BC, 2024, SCI REP-UK, V14, DOI 10.1038/s41598-024-78959-2 Jiang PY, 2022, PROCEDIA COMPUT SCI, V199, P1066, DOI 10.1016/j.procs.2022.01.135 Lawal OM, 2023, FRONT PLANT SCI, V14, DOI 10.3389/fpls.2023.1153505 Li YJ, 2024, SENSORS-BASEL, V24, DOI 10.3390/s24020395 Lin CJ, 2021, P I MECH ENG D-J AUT, V235, P2964, DOI 10.1177/09544070211004466 Lin TY, 2017, PROC CVPR IEEE, P936, DOI 10.1109/CVPR.2017.106 Liu F, 2025, P I MECH ENG D-J AUT, V239, P39, DOI 10.1177/09544070231203059 Liu S, 2018, Arxiv, DOI [arXiv:1803.01534, DOI 10.48550/ARXIV.1803.01534, 10.48550/arXiv.1803.01534] Liu ZH, 2023, SCI REP-UK, V13, DOI 10.1038/s41598-023-50306-x Ma Zhiqiang, 2023, 2023 7th Asian Conference on Artificial Intelligence Technology (ACAIT), P53, DOI 10.1109/ACAIT60137.2023.10528453 Oprea S, 2022, IEEE T PATTERN ANAL, V44, P2806, DOI 10.1109/TPAMI.2020.3045007 Ren SQ, 2015, ADV NEUR IN, V28, DOI 10.1109/TPAMI.2016.2577031 Tan M., 2021, EfficientNetV2: Smaller Models and Faster Training, DOI DOI 10.48550/ARXIV.2104.00298 Tan MX, 2020, PROC CVPR IEEE, P10778, DOI 10.1109/CVPR42600.2020.01079 Wang CY, 2024, Arxiv, DOI [arXiv:2402.13616, 10.48550/arXiv.2402.13616, 10.48550/arXiv.2402.13616 2402.13616] Wang CY, 2022, Arxiv, DOI [arXiv:2207.02696, 10.48550/ARXIV.220702696, DOI 10.48550/ARXIV.220702696] Wang ZG, 2022, P I MECH ENG D-J AUT, V236, P1607, DOI 10.1177/09544070211036311 Yang LX, 2021, PR MACH LEARN RES, V139 Yang YF, 2023, P I MECH ENG D-J AUT, V237, P1021, DOI 10.1177/09544070221085963 Zhang Y., 2023, Sustainability, VVol. 14 Zhang Y, 2024, IEEE T GEOSCI REMOTE, V62, DOI 10.1109/TGRS.2024.3363057 Zhao ZQ, 2019, IEEE T NEUR NET LEAR, V30, P3212, DOI 10.1109/TNNLS.2018.2876865 Zhu YM, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V124, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104460 NR 27 TC 0 Z9 0 U1 4 U2 4 PU SAGE PUBLICATIONS INC PI THOUSAND OAKS PA 2455 TELLER RD, THOUSAND OAKS, CA 91320 USA SN 0361-1981 EI 2169-4052 J9 TRANSPORT RES REC JI Transp. Res. Record PD 2025 DEC 27 PY 2025 DI 10.1177/03611981251398755 EA DEC 2025 PG 21 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA AI7WI UT WOS:001649117600001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Tian, K Jiang, SP Gong, WJ Dai, LQ Liu, HL AF Tian, Kun Jiang, Shuping Gong, Weijun Dai, Linquan Liu, Hailong TI A Monte Carlo simulation study on probability distribution of urban tunnel fire SO SYSTEMS SCIENCE & CONTROL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Urban tunnel; Monte Carlo method; tunnel fire; probability distribution AB Urban tunnel traffic has its inherent charateristics, such as frequently periodical traffic congestion/blocking, tidal phenomenon, large traffic flow and population, complicated traffic confluences and cross-flowing intertwined sections. Unlike ordinary roads, the potential fire scenarios are quite different and the consequences of fire are extremely severe in urban tunnel. The study adopts theoretical calculation, formula derivation, traffic survey, random sampling simulation to explore the probability distribution of urban tunnel fire. MATLAB is used to realize the numerical simulation of a million fire scenarios under different working conditions. The results identify the major factors affecting two-lane tunnel vehicle ignition model and three-lane model respectively. The probability of six combustion scales (5 MW, 20 MW, 25 MW, 30 MW, 40MW and 60 MW) is higher than that of others, and with the increase of combustion scale, the probability decreasing exponentially. The ratio of truck to bus has a significant impact on the probability of large-scale fire. And truck fire and bus fire have a risk of igniting vehicles in adjacent lanes. The research results provide a basis for the design parameters of evacuation safety in practical engineering. C1 [Tian, Kun; Jiang, Shuping; Dai, Linquan; Liu, Hailong] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Jiang, Shuping] China Merchants Chongqing Commun Technol Res & De, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Gong, Weijun] CMCU Engn Co Ltd, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Tian, K (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing, Peoples R China. 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Sci. Control Eng. PD JAN 1 PY 2021 VL 9 IS 1 BP 23 EP 31 DI 10.1080/21642583.2020.1863281 PG 9 WC Automation & Control Systems WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Automation & Control Systems GA PI7LU UT WOS:000601268800001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yu, YJ Zhang, YW Wang, SF Guo, ZY Ni, ZK Xue, P AF Yu, Yangjian Zhang, Yuwei Wang, Shaofeng Guo, Ziyi Ni, Zhikai Xue, Peng TI Spatiotemporal Variation of Correlated Color Temperature in the Tunnel Access Zone SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Article DE tunnel CCT; tunnel access zone; sustainable tunnel lighting; CCT model ID INFORMATION AB A scientific and logical tunnel entrance lighting environment is an important guarantee for the safety of drivers entering tunnels as well as an essential element for the sustainable development of the tunnel. At present, most of the highway tunnel entrance lighting environment focuses on the road surface luminance and does not consider the variation of correlated color temperatures (CCT) on the driver's vision in the tunnel access zone. This study analyzes the temporal and spatial variation of the ambient CCT in the driver's 20 degrees field of view during the approach to the tunnel through field dynamic tests of existing tunnels in the Beijing area. As a result, the CCT received by the driver's eyes when approaching the tunnel peaks at the midpoint of the tunnel access zone, after which it decreases slowly up to the tunnel portal. Moreover, a calculation model of the CCT outside the tunnel with the solar irradiance, the distance from the tunnel portal, and the CCT of tunnel interior lighting as the input parameters is established. 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C3 Beijing University of Technology; Beijing University of Technology RP Xue, P (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Green Bldg Environm & Energy Savin, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China.; Xue, P (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Fac Architecture Civil & Transportat Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM xp@bjut.edu.cn RI Guo, Ziyi/LEL-9142-2024; XUE, Peng/K-4159-2015 OI XUE, Peng/0000-0002-5164-0433 FU China Railway Siyuan Survey and Design Group Co., Ltd. FX No Statement Available CR Bassan S, 2016, IATSS RES, V40, P35, DOI 10.1016/j.iatssr.2016.02.002 Boyce P. 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Pract, V2, P40 Xue P, 2022, BUILD ENVIRON, V226, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2022.109715 Zhang Q., 2008, China Illum Eng J, V19, P24 Zhang XQ, 2017, ADV MECH ENG, V9, DOI 10.1177/1687814017696449 Zube, 1987, Landscape Assessment and Perception Research Methods in Environmental and Behavioral Research, P361 NR 31 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 6 U2 32 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA ST ALBAN-ANLAGE 66, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2071-1050 J9 SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL JI Sustainability PD JUN PY 2024 VL 16 IS 11 AR 4838 DI 10.3390/su16114838 PG 18 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA UB8B1 UT WOS:001245681900001 OA gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Fridolf, K Ronchi, E Nilsson, D Frantzich, H AF Fridolf, Karl Ronchi, Enrico Nilsson, Daniel Frantzich, Hakan TI Movement speed and exit choice in smoke-filled rail tunnels SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Evacuation experiment; Smoke filled tunnel; Movement speed; Exit choice; Human behaviour; Walking path ID ROAD-TUNNEL AB An evacuation experiment including 100 individuals was performed inside a tunnel in order to study the effectiveness of different way-finding installations and to collect data on movement speeds and human behaviour. The participants took part in the experiment individually, and no group interactions were studied. The experiment tunnel was 200 m long and an emergency exit was located 180 m into the tunnel. In addition, emergency signs including distances to nearest exits were located every eight meters on both sides of the tunnel. The tunnel was filled with artificial smoke and acetic acid, which produced a mean light extinction coefficient of 2.2 m(-1). Participants had been told that they would participate in an evacuation experiment, but they had not been informed about the layout of the tunnel or the technical installations. The average movement speed was found to be approximately 0.9 m/s, independent of tunnel floor material examined. The experiment also demonstrated the importance of the emergency exit design. A loudspeaker, which provided people with an alarm signal and a pre-recorded voice message, was found to perform particular well in terms of attracting people to the exit, independent of which side of the tunnel the participants were following. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Fridolf, Karl; Nilsson, Daniel; Frantzich, Hakan] Lund Univ, Dept Fire Safety Engn & Syst Safety, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. [Ronchi, Enrico] Polytech Univ Bari, Dept Rd & Transportat, I-70100 Bari, Italy. C3 Lund University; Politecnico di Bari RP Fridolf, K (通讯作者)，Lund Univ, Dept Fire Safety Engn & Syst Safety, Box 118, S-22100 Lund, Sweden. EM karl.fridolf@brand.lth.se RI ; Ronchi, Enrico/H-7130-2019 OI Fridolf, Karl/0009-0002-7193-6976; Ronchi, Enrico/0000-0002-2789-6359; Nilsson, Daniel/0000-0003-3127-7152 FU METRO project FX The authors wish to acknowledge the funding from the METRO project. METRO is a multidisciplinary project where researchers from different disciplines cooperate with practitioners with the common goal to make underground rail mass transportation systems safer in the future. The following nine partners participate in METRO: Malardalen University, SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden, Lund University, Swedish National Defence College, Swedish Fortifications Agency, Greater Stockholm Fire Brigade and Stockholm Public Transport (SL). METRO is funded by five organizations, namely Stockholm Public Transport (SL), Swedish Civil Contingencies Agency (MSB), the Swedish Transport Administration (Trafikverket), the Swedish Fortifications Agency (Fortifikationsverket), and the Swedish Fire Research Board (Brandforsk). More information about METRO can be found at the following web page: http://www.metroproject.se. The authors also wish to thank Dr. Stefan Svensson, Dr. Rita Fahy and Mr. Sam Grindrod for their help during the experiment. Furthermore, the authors wish to thank MSA Nordic AB, and especially Stefan Berglund, who made the documentation of the experiment possible by lending their thermal imaging cameras. Finally, Enrico Ronchi wishes to acknowledge the Swedish Institute (SI) as his grant giving authority during this research work at Lund University. CR Banverket, 2007, PERS JARNV HDB AN VA Boer L., 2005, INT C PED EV DYN PED Carvel R., 2011, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE, P3 DEUTSCH MORTON, 1955, JOUR ABNORMAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOL, V51-31, P629, DOI 10.1037/h0046408 Drager, 2011, DRAG TUB CMS HDB Duffe P., 1999, Task force for technical investigation of the 24 March 1999 fire in the Mont Blanc vehicular tunnel European Commission, 2008, C20076450 EUR COMM Filippidis L., 2008, 9 INT S FIR SAF SCI Fisher R.A., 1934, Statistical Methods for Research Workers, V4/e Foddy William., 1993, Constructing Questions for Interviews and Questionnaires: Theory and practice in social research Frantzich H., 2004, HUMAN BEHAV FIRE Frantzich H., UTRYMNING GENOM TAT, P3126 Fridolf K, 2013, FIRE TECHNOL, V49, P451, DOI 10.1007/s10694-011-0217-x Fridolf K., FLOW RATE PEOPLE TRA Galea ER, 2000, FIRE MATER, V24, P291, DOI 10.1002/1099-1018(200011/12)24:6<291::AID-FAM750>3.0.CO;2-6 Gandit M, 2009, SAFETY SCI, V47, P105, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2008.01.001 Hartson HR, 2003, BEHAV INFORM TECHNOL, V22, P315, DOI 10.1080/01449290310001592587 Heskestad AW, 1999, FIRE MATER, V23, P375, DOI 10.1002/(SICI)1099-1018(199911/12)23:6<375::AID-FAM714>3.3.CO;2-S ISO, 1987, ISO 8201:1987 JIN T, 1978, J FIRE FLAMMABILITY, V9, P135 Jin T, 1994, 4 INT S FIR SAF SCI Jin T., 1976, Visibility through Fire Smoke - Part 5, Allowable Smoke Density for Escape from Fire Jin T., 2008, SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering, V4th Kellner A.-M., 2011, EXC REC P 2011 5 IT, P2011 Kellner A.-M., 2011, EXC REC P 2011 4 IT Kuligowski E.D., 2011, Terror Defeated: Occupant Sensemaking, Decision-Making And Protective Action In The 2001 World Trade Center Disaster LARSSON S, 2004, TUNNELOLYCKAN KAPRUN Latane B., 1968, The unresponsive bystander: Why doesnt he help McClintock T., 2001, 2 INT S HUM BEH FIR Nilsson D., 2009, FIRE SAFETY J, V44, P458 Nilsson D., 2009, Exit Choice in Fire Emergencies Influencing Choice of Exit with Flashing Lights Nilsson D., 2005, 8 INT S FIR SAF SCI Nilsson D, 2009, FIRE SAFETY J, V44, P71, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.03.008 Oswald M, 2011, ADV RES WORKSH EV HU Oswald M, 2005, 3 INT C PED EV DYN P Oswald M, 2008, 4 INT C PED EV DYN P Paulsen T., 1994, 4 INT S FIR SAF SCI Proulx G., 1991, 3 INT S FIR SAF SCI Purser D., 2009, TRANSPORTATION Purser D., 2009, ADV RES WORKSH FIR P Rasbash D., 1951, IFE J, V11, P46 Rohlen P., 1995, Tunnelbaneolyckan i baku' Ronchi E., METHOD ANAL BE UNPUB Ronchi E., 2010, 12 INT INT C INT 201 Schupfer H., 2001, 4 INT C SAF ROAD RAI Sime J.D., 1984, ESCAPE BEHAV FIRES P Swedish Work Environment Authority, 2005, OCC EXP LIM VAL MEAS, V2005, P17 Trafikverket, 2011, IRVR TUNN 11, V2011 Trafikverket, 2011, TRVK TUNN 11, V2011 Xie H., 2009, 4 INT S HUM BEH FIR Xie H, 2011, IEEE INT CONF ROBOT ZIGMOND AS, 1983, ACTA PSYCHIAT SCAND, V67, P361, DOI 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x NR 52 TC 146 Z9 153 U1 5 U2 108 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0379-7112 EI 1873-7226 J9 FIRE SAFETY J JI Fire Saf. J. PD JUL PY 2013 VL 59 BP 8 EP 21 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.03.007 PG 14 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 174TS UT WOS:000321178900002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Schmidt-Polonczyk, N Was, J Porzycki, J AF Schmidt-Polonczyk, Natalia Was, Jaroslaw Porzycki, Jakub TI What Is the Knowledge of Evacuation Procedures in Road Tunnels? Survey Results of Users in Poland SO BUILDINGS LA English DT Article DE road tunnel fire; safety; evacuation; survey; education; evacuee’ s behavior during fire ID HUMAN-BEHAVIOR; INFORMATION; ACCIDENTS; MOVEMENT; SMOKE; FIRE AB This paper presents a preliminary assessment of road tunnel safety issues among respondents-specifically, real and potential users of road tunnels. We recruited a group of respondents to study their knowledge of evacuation procedures and awareness of safety issues in road tunnels. We conducted surveys with 504 participants, 12.7% of whom had previously participated in real-scale evacuation experiments in a road tunnel. Analysis of respondents' answers reveals that their knowledge of safety procedures is unfortunately not sufficient. On average, the respondents selected the most recommended answer for approximately 5.35 out of 15 questions. Only 16% of respondents correctly answered more than 50% of the survey questions; moreover, no respondent provided the correct answers for 12 or more questions. Interestingly, most respondents were convinced that they had a better knowledge of road tunnel safety issues than was actually the case. The results of the survey demonstrate a significant educational role of evacuation exercises. Individuals who have participated in an evacuation have better knowledge, allowing them to apply the correct rules of road tunnel safety procedures. Various aspects addressed in this paper can be taken into consideration in an information campaign regarding safety in road tunnels during a fire. C1 [Schmidt-Polonczyk, Natalia] AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Min & Geoengn, Al Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. [Was, Jaroslaw; Porzycki, Jakub] AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Elect Engn Automat Comp Sci & Biomed Engn, Al Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. C3 AGH University of Krakow; AGH University of Krakow RP Schmidt-Polonczyk, N (通讯作者)，AGH Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Min & Geoengn, Al Mickiewicza 30, PL-30059 Krakow, Poland. EM nschmidt@agh.edu.pl; jarek@agh.edu.pl; porzycki@agh.edu.pl RI Wąs, Jarosław/B-5835-2012; Schmidt-Polończyk, Natalia/JPL-8451-2023; Porzycki, Jakub/A-2424-2017 OI Wąs, Jarosław/0000-0003-2964-745X; Schmidt-Polończyk, Natalia/0000-0003-0674-9680; Porzycki, Jakub/0000-0001-9077-9836 CR AMUNDSEN FH, 1994, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V9, P9, DOI 10.1016/0886-7798(94)90004-3 Bae S, 2020, ENERGIES, V13, DOI 10.3390/en13164177 Blanco C.B.T, 2008, REV ED, V32, P15, DOI [10.15517/revedu.v32i1.521, DOI 10.15517/REVEDU.V32I1.521] Boer L.C., 2005, PEDESTRIAN EVACUATIO, P91 Borghetti F., 2016, SAFETY ROAD TUNNELS, P1, DOI [10.1007/978-3-319-49517-0_1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-49517-0_1] Borghetti F., 2019, ROAD TUNNELS, P27, DOI 10.1007/978-3-030-00569-6_4 Burns P, 2013, AUST J EMERG MANAG, V28, P22 Caliendo C, 2012, PROCD SOC BEHV, V53, P166, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.870 Casse C, 2019, SAFETY SCI, V116, P222, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2019.03.015 Chammem T, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V41, P53, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.11.011 Diamantidis D, 2008, BETON- STAHLBETONBAU, V103, P10, DOI [10.1002/best.200810115, DOI 10.1002/BEST.200810115] Fera M., 2010, INT J RISK ASSESS MA, V14, P504, DOI 10.1504/IJRAM.2010.037087 Fridolf K, 2019, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V90, P28, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.04.016 Gandit M, 2009, SAFETY SCI, V47, P105, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2008.01.001 Kinateder M, 2014, APPL ERGON, V45, P1649, DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2014.05.014 Kinateder M, 2013, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V17, P20, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2012.09.001 Kirytopoulos K, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V63, P244, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.002 Kouabenan DR, 2020, Psihologia Resurselor Umane, V9, P69, DOI [10.24837/pru.v9i1.394, 10.24837/pru.v9i1.394, DOI 10.24837/PRU.V9I1.394] Lubas R, 2016, J SUPERCOMPUT, V72, P2170, DOI 10.1007/s11227-016-1718-7 Ma ZL, 2009, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V24, P350, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2008.08.004 Mancini M, 2006, P 34 EUR TRANSP C ST Martens M., 2012, 5 INT S TUNN SAF SEC, P69 Nilsson D., 2009, FIRE SAFETY J, V44, P458 Obregón-Biosca SA, 2018, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V56, P33, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2018.03.033 Park Y, 2019, ENERGIES, V12, DOI 10.3390/en12010133 Porzycki J, 2018, PLOS ONE, V13, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0201732 Porzycki J, 2017, PHYS REV E, V96, DOI 10.1103/PhysRevE.96.022307 Ronchi E., 2013, FIRE SCI REV, V2, DOI [10.1186/2193-0414-2-7, DOI 10.1186/2193-0414-2-7, 10.1186/2193- 0414-2-7] Ronchi E, 2018, FIRE SAFETY J, V97, P126, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.06.002 Ronchi E, 2012, FIRE TECHNOL, V48, P961, DOI 10.1007/s10694-012-0256-y Rudin-Brown CM, 2014, SAFETY SCI, V62, P121, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2013.08.012 Schlosser F, 2014, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V91, P469, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.12.028 Tomar M, 2018, IOP CONF SER-MAT SCI, V346, DOI 10.1088/1757-899X/346/1/012077 Voeltzel A., 2004, Routes/Roads, P18 Xie BC, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V97, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103250 Yeung JS, 2013, J ENVIRON PSYCHOL, V36, P248, DOI 10.1016/j.jenvp.2013.09.002 Zhang YX, 2018, PROCEEDINGS OF GEOSHANGHAI 2018 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE: TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND CONSTRUCTION, P625, DOI 10.1007/978-981-13-0017-2_63 NR 37 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 1 U2 22 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA MDPI AG, Grosspeteranlage 5, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2075-5309 J9 BUILDINGS-BASEL JI BUILDINGS-BASEL PD APR PY 2021 VL 11 IS 4 AR 146 DI 10.3390/buildings11040146 PG 29 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA RR0JH UT WOS:000642795000001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jin, JL Li, Y Huang, HL Dong, YX Liu, P AF Jin, Jieling Li, Ye Huang, Helai Dong, Yuxuan Liu, Pan TI A variable speed limit control approach for freeway tunnels based on the model-based reinforcement learning framework with safety perception SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Variable speed limits; Model-based reinforcement learning; Multilane cell transmission model; Crash risk prediction; Freeway tunnels ID TRAFFIC FLOW; IMPACTS; CRASHES AB To improve the traffic safety and efficiency of freeway tunnels, this study proposes a novel variable speed limit (VSL) control strategy based on the model-based reinforcement learning framework (MBRL) with safety perception. The MBRL framework is designed by developing a multi-lane cell transmission model for freeway tunnels as an environment model, which is built so that agents can interact with the environment model while interacting with the real environment to improve the sampling efficiency of reinforcement learning. Based on a real-time crash risk prediction model for freeway tunnels that uses random deep and cross networks, the safety perception function inside the MBRL framework is developed. The reinforcement learning components fully account for most current tunnels' ' application conditions, and the VSL control agent is trained using a deep dynaQ method. The control process uses a safety trigger mechanism to reduce the likelihood of crashes caused by frequent changes in speed. The efficacy of the proposed VSL strategies is validated through simulation experiments. The results show that the proposed VSL strategies significantly increase traffic safety performance by between 16.00% and 20.00% and traffic efficiency by between 3.00% and 6.50% compared to a fixed speed limit approach. Notably, the proposed strategies outperform traditional VSL strategy based on the traffic flow prediction model in terms of traffic safety and efficiency improvement, and they also outperform the VSL strategy based on model-free reinforcement learning framework when sampling efficiency is considered together. In addition, the proposed strategies with safety triggers are safer than those without safety triggers. These findings demonstrate the potential for MBRL-based VSL strategies to improve traffic safety and efficiency within freeway tunnels. C1 [Jin, Jieling; Li, Ye; Huang, Helai; Dong, Yuxuan] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. [Liu, Pan] Natl Univ Singapore, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Engn Dr 2, Singapore 117576, Singapore. C3 Central South University; National University of Singapore RP Jin, JL (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. EM jielingkim@csu.edu.cn RI LI, YE/AAQ-9602-2020; JIN, Jieling/GPS-9546-2022; Huang, Helai/HPD-6657-2023 OI JIN, Jieling/0000-0002-2063-5156; FU National Natural Science Founda-tion of China [7197010983, 71901223]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University [2024ZZTS0497] FX This study was sponsored by the National Natural Science Founda-tion of China (No. 7197010983, 71901223) , and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (No. 2024ZZTS0497) .. 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Anal. Prev. PD JUN PY 2024 VL 201 AR 107570 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2024.107570 EA APR 2024 PG 16 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA C1Y0C UT WOS:001287371300001 PM 38614052 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Welburn, B de Nettancourt, X AF Welburn, B de Nettancourt, X TI El Azhar road tunnel - Cairo's new frontier SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE design methods & aids; traffic engineering; tunnels & tunnelling AB The historic Islamic Centre of Cairo is now a more pleasant place to be thanks to a new, state-of-the-art road tunnel through the middle of one of the world's largest cities. The new 2-4 km long, twin-bore El Azhar road tunnel was designed and built in Just 40 months to Europe's highest fire-safety standard. It has pioneered the use of a reinforced fire lining, which protects the tunnel structure from temperatures in excess of 200degreesC and thus prevents spalling. It also has an unusual escape system-rather than escaping through cross-passages between bores, users slide down into a safe passage beneath each road deck. This paper describes the design and construction of this Innovative, fast-track project. CR ABINADER A, 2000, TRAVAUX SPECIAUX CHA RAMOND P, 1998, P CAIR TUNN C NR 2 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 0 U2 2 PU THOMAS TELFORD SERVICES LTD PI LONDON PA THOMAS TELFORD HOUSE, 1 HERON QUAY, LONDON E14 4JD, ENGLAND SN 0965-089X J9 P I CIVIL ENG-CIV EN JI Proc. Inst. Civil Eng.-Civil Eng. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 150 IS 3 BP 114 EP 123 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA 590PM UT WOS:000177831300010 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yang, YZ Du, ZG Alonso, F Faus, M AF Yang, Yongzheng Du, Zhigang Alonso, Francisco Faus, Mireia TI Why does driver attention abnormally decrease?- An experimental analysis on the slack effect at highway tunnel entrances and exits SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnels; Slack effect; White-hole effect; Abnormal decrease in attention; Driving safety ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS AB This study explores the slack effect of highway tunnel entrances and exits and analyses its impact on traffic safety. Forty-five drivers were recruited to conduct vehicle experiments and to collect eye movement data while driving in highway tunnels. Analyze the variation patterns of various indicators in different areas of the tunnel, and explore the relationships among the light environment, visual adaptation, visual search and attention distribution. The study shows that at the tunnel exit during the day and at the tunnel entrance at night, the illuminance changes dramatically and the white-hole effect occurs. In the area affected by the white-hole effect, the risk of accidents is high, but the fixation frequency in the safety gaze areas (PSGA) is low, and the driver's attention is abnormally reduced. When the traffic environment transitions from poor to good, there is a slack effect due to optimistic psychological expectations, where drivers are psychologically relaxed and tend to ignore driving risks. Compared to open roads (during the day), tunnels are dim and enclosed, with a higher driving load and a negative driving attitude. When the driver sees the tunnel exit, they feel relaxed due to the slack effect, which triggers abnormal phenomena such as abnormal decrease in attention and abnormal acceleration. Similarly, the traffic environment at the tunnel entrance at night transitions from poor to good, and there is also a certain degree of slack effect. There is a concomitant phenomenon of slack effect and white hole effect, and the combination of abnormal decrease in attention (slack effect) and visual interference (white-hole effect) can seriously threaten tunnel traffic safety. C1 [Yang, Yongzheng; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yongzheng; Du, Zhigang] Minist Educ, Engn Res Ctr Transportat Informat & Safety, Wuhan, Peoples R China. [Yang, Yongzheng; Alonso, Francisco; Faus, Mireia] Univ Valencia, INTRAS Res Inst Traff & Rd Safety, Valencia, Spain. [Alonso, Francisco; Faus, Mireia] Univ Valencia, Fac Psychol, Valencia, Spain. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; University of Valencia; University of Valencia RP Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China.; Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Minist Educ, Engn Res Ctr Transportat Informat & Safety, Wuhan, Peoples R China. EM zhig_du7@163.com RI yang, yongzheng/LJL-0203-2024; Alonso, Francisco/D-5659-2012; Faus, Mireia/ABA-6139-2021 OI yang, yongzheng/0000-0001-6681-2237; FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291]; China Scholarship Council [202306950072] FX This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52072291) , and China Scholarship Council (No. 202306950072) . 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Res. Pt. F-Traffic Psychol. Behav. PD MAY PY 2025 VL 111 BP 145 EP 161 DI 10.1016/j.trf.2025.03.002 EA MAR 2025 PG 17 WC Psychology, Applied; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Psychology; Transportation GA 0BV7S UT WOS:001443659400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wu, JS Bai, YP Fang, WP Zhou, R Reniers, G Khakzad, N AF Wu, Jiansong Bai, Yiping Fang, Weipeng Zhou, Rui Reniers, Genserik Khakzad, Nima TI An Integrated Quantitative Risk Assessment Method for Urban Underground Utility Tunnels SO RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY LA English DT Article DE Urban underground utility tunnels; Risk assessment; Dynamic hazard scenario identification; Bayesian network; Delphi method ID BAYESIAN NETWORK; IDENTIFICATION; SYSTEMS; LEAKAGE; SPACE; OIL AB With the rapid urbanization, urban underground utility tunnels have seen fast growth in China in the past few years. Urban utility tunnels can house various kinds of city 'lifelines' such as natural gas pipeline, heat pipeline, water supply system, sewer pipeline, electricity and telecommunication cables, which are of great significance to guarantee essential flows of energy, information and logistics for urban life. If a utility tunnel accident occurs, the consequences could be catastrophic. Risk assessment has been an important tool to examine the safety performance of industrial facilities and the effectiveness of safety measures. In this study, an integrated model based on dynamic hazard scenario identification (DHSI), Bayesian network (BN) modeling and risk analysis is proposed for risk assessment of urban utility tunnels. The worst-case scenario of urban utility tunnel accidents is identified by DHSI and modelled by BN. Meanwhile, risk analysis is conducted based on the results of BN considering casualties and economic losses. Finally, the integrated method is applied to evaluate the risk level of a real-world utility tunnel. The results indicate that the integrated quantitative risk assessment framework is an alternative and effective tool for safety assessment and land-use planning of urban utility tunnels. C1 [Wu, Jiansong; Bai, Yiping; Fang, Weipeng] China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Rui] Tsinghua Univ, Inst Publ Safety Res, Beijing, Peoples R China. [Reniers, Genserik] Delft Univ Technol, Safety & Secur Sci Grp, Delft, Netherlands. [Khakzad, Nima] Ryerson Univ, Sch Occupat & Publ Hlth, Toronto, ON, Canada. C3 China University of Mining & Technology; Tsinghua University; Delft University of Technology; Toronto Metropolitan University RP Wu, JS (通讯作者)，China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing, Peoples R China. EM jiansongwu@hotmail.com RI ; Bai, Yiping/GQZ-1053-2022 OI Fang, Weipeng/0009-0002-8056-1993; Bai, Yiping/0000-0001-6699-4827 FU National Key Research and Development Program of China [2017YFC0805001]; Beijing Nova Program [Z201100006820072]; State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology [KFJJ19-09 M]; Yue Qi Young Scholar Program of China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing FX This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC0805001), Beijing Nova Program (Grant No. Z201100006820072), the opening project of State Key Laboratory of Explosion Science and Technology (Grant No. KFJJ19-09 M) and the Yue Qi Young Scholar Program of China University of Mining & Technology, Beijing. 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Eng. Syst. Saf. PD SEP PY 2021 VL 213 AR 107792 DI 10.1016/j.ress.2021.107792 EA MAY 2021 PG 11 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA SV6DO UT WOS:000663910500060 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Hidayat, E Seligmann, B Karlovsek, J Lange, D AF Hidayat, Edwin Seligmann, Benjamin Karlovsek, Jurij Lange, David TI Improving tunnel fire safety: a Bayesian network model for risk analysis and a novel risk acceptability range for risk evaluation SO AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Fire incidents; risk analysis; risk evaluation; causal network; tunnel safety ID ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA; OPTIMIZATION; VENTILATION; SPRAY AB Event Tree Analysis (ETA) and FN curves are widely used for fire risk analysis and evaluation. However, both have been criticised for their drawbacks. This study addresses these gaps by proposing a Bayesian Network (BN) risk analysis model using fire incident data in Australia, which has never been explored before. The BN model is developed using a score-based approach and validated using four indicators. The innovation of this paper is the introduction of a novel risk acceptability range as a risk evaluation method by integrating BN and Causal Network Topology Analysis (CaNeTA). CaNeTA identifies critical variables through network robustness analysis, which are then used to test sensitivity against current average performance. The results highlight the importance of a rapid and efficient response to fire incidents in road tunnels in Australia. The risk acceptability range represents the current average performance of road tunnels based on actual incidents in road tunnels in Australia. This range is an alternative risk evaluation tool in the absence of specific acceptance criteria. It provides an alternative perspective on risk acceptability in the absence of fatality data. In addition, the process of converting a BN model into CaNeTA provides valuable insights into causal network analysis. C1 [Hidayat, Edwin; Karlovsek, Jurij; Lange, David] Univ Queensland, Sch Civil Engn, Bldg 49 AEB,Staff House Rd, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. [Seligmann, Benjamin] Univ Queensland, Sustainable Minerals Inst, St Lucia, Australia. C3 University of Queensland; University of Queensland RP Hidayat, E (通讯作者)，Univ Queensland, Sch Civil Engn, Bldg 49 AEB,Staff House Rd, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia. EM e.hidayat@uqconnect.edu.au RI Seligmann, Benjamin/J-7746-2017; Karlovsek, Jurij/NCV-0237-2025 OI Lange, David/0000-0002-4551-1045; Karlovsek, Jurij/0000-0001-9377-1645 FU Australia Awards; Australia Awards Scholarship FX The authors would like to thank Nigel Casey from Austroads for his invaluable assistance in facilitating the acquisition of the dataset used in this research. This paper is part of the PhD thesis of the first author, with support from the Australia Awards Scholarship. Thanks to anonymous reviewers for their comments on improving paper quality. 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J. Civ. Eng. PD JAN 2 PY 2026 VL 24 IS 1 BP 12 EP 26 DI 10.1080/14488353.2025.2465102 EA MAR 2025 PG 15 WC Engineering, Civil WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA FI0VG UT WOS:001433531200001 OA Bronze DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, WA Somerville, I Paneiro, G Nong, XZ Chwala, M Yang, WY AF Zhang, Wengang Somerville, Ian Paneiro, Gustavo Nong, Xingzhong Chwala, Marcin Yang, Wenyu TI Design and construction of tunnels and tunnelling: Understanding the importance of geological conditions, landslide susceptibility and risk assessment SO GEOLOGICAL JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Geological conditions; Landslide; Machine learning; Tunnel engineering AB Tunnel engineering is a complex and multidisciplinary field that requires the integration of geological expertise, advanced modeling techniques, and practical engineering solutions. The research compiled in the Special Issue "Tunnels and Tunneling" makes significant contributions to the field by addressing the diverse geological conditions and intricate challenges inherent in tunnel construction. These insights are crucial for enhancing the safety, efficiency, and sustainability of tunnel projects worldwide. The studies in this Special Issue provide a comprehensive understanding of the various challenges and innovative solutions in tunnel engineering. They offer valuable insights and practical guidelines for designing, constructing, and maintaining safe and stable tunnel structures across different geological settings. In addition, geological challenges in specific regions, such as the Three Gorges Reservoir area, the Hengduan Mountains, and the Tibetan Plateau, require tailored approaches. A key theme in many of the comparative studies is the importance of accurate risk assessment to ensure tunnel safety. In regions prone to geological hazards, landslide susceptibility mapping and risk assessment are critical. Innovative approaches, such as machine learning models, are highlighted for their potential to predict and manage landslide risks effectively. C1 [Zhang, Wengang; Yang, Wenyu] Chongqing Univ, Sch Civil Engn, 83 Shabei St, Chongqing, Peoples R China. [Somerville, Ian] Univ Coll Dublin, UCD Sch Earth Sci, Dublin, Ireland. [Paneiro, Gustavo] Univ Lisbon, DECivil CERENA, Tecn Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal. [Nong, Xingzhong] Guangzhou Metro Design & Res Inst Co Ltd, Guangzhou, Peoples R China. [Chwala, Marcin] Wroclaw Univ Sci & Technol, Fac Civil Engn, Dept Geotech & Hydrotech, Wroclaw, Poland. C3 Chongqing University; University College Dublin; Universidade de Lisboa; Wroclaw University of Science & Technology RP Zhang, WA (通讯作者)，Chongqing Univ, Sch Civil Engn, 83 Shabei St, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM zhangwg@ntu.edu.sg RI Chwała, Marcin/AEU-3305-2022; Paneiro, Gustavo/I-1352-2012; Zhang, Wengang/A-5427-2019 OI Paneiro, Gustavo/0000-0002-9492-7207; Zhang, Wengang/0000-0001-6051-1388 FU Chongqing Urban Investment Infrastructure Construction Co [CQCT-JS-SC-GC-2022-0081]; Chongqing Railway Investment Group Co., Ltd. [CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0101]; China Railway Group Co., Ltd. [N2023G045]; Guangzhou Metro Group Co., Ltd. [JT204-100111-23001] FX The first author is grateful to the financial supports from Chongqing Urban Investment Infrastructure Construction Co (CQCT-JS-SC-GC-2022-0081), Chongqing Railway Investment Group Co., Ltd., (CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0101), China Railway Group Co., Ltd., (N2023G045), and Guangzhou Metro Group Co., Ltd., (JT204-100111-23001). 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J. PD SEP PY 2024 VL 59 IS 9 SI SI BP 2365 EP 2370 DI 10.1002/gj.5041 EA AUG 2024 PG 6 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Geology GA J8E5Y UT WOS:001290274100001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Liu, B Wu, WW Lu, HP Chen, S Zhang, DW AF Liu, Bo Wu, Wenwen Lu, Haipei Chen, Shuo Zhang, Dingwen TI Effect and control of foundation pit excavation on existing tunnels: A state-of-the-art review SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Review DE Foundation pit; Existing tunnel; Influence zone; Prediction methods; Control methods ID NUMERICAL-ANALYSIS; DEEP EXCAVATION; SHIELD TUNNEL; TRANSVERSE VIBRATIONS; BASEMENT EXCAVATION; ADJACENT EXCAVATION; METRO TUNNELS; DEFORMATION; CONSTRUCTION; RESPONSES AB Foundation pit excavation near existing tunnels has become increasingly common in cities. Excavation -induced unloading can inevitably affect existing tunnels and threaten their operational safety. This paper reviews the state-of-the-art developments and future trends in this issue. First, we discussed the technical requirements for tunnel protection and the necessity for predicting and controlling tunnel displacement. Thereafter, the classification and mechanical mechanisms of the effects of foundation pit excavations on existing tunnels are introduced. Further, the determination methods used for the influence zone of foundation pit excavation on existing tunnels are discussed, aiming at solving the question of 'how far is the influence?'. In addition, the prediction methods used for the excavation -induced tunnel displacement are discussed, aiming at solving the question of 'how big is the influence?'. Finally, the control methods used for the excavation -induced tunnel displacement are discussed, aiming at solving the question of 'how to deal with the influence?'. Consequently, we clarified the research gaps and outlined future directions. Thus, this study is expected to function as a reference for engineers to guarantee the safety of existing tunnels affected by foundation pit excavations. C1 [Liu, Bo] Southeast Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Nanjing 211189, Peoples R China. [Liu, Bo] Minist Water Resources, Key Lab Water Management & Water Secur Yellow Rive, Zhengzhou 450003, Peoples R China. [Liu, Bo] Jiangsu Urban Underground Space Dev & Utilizat & S, Nanjing 210041, Peoples R China. [Wu, Wenwen; Lu, Haipei] China Construct Third Engn Bur Grp Co Ltd, Wuhan 330008, Peoples R China. [Chen, Shuo] CCCC Third Highway Engn Co Ltd, Beijing 101300, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Dingwen] Southeast Univ, Sch Transportat, Nanjing 211189, Peoples R China. C3 Southeast University - China; Southeast University - China RP Liu, B (通讯作者)，Southeast Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Nanjing 211189, Peoples R China. EM boliu@seu.edu.cn RI Liu, Bo/AAU-2596-2021 OI Liu, Bo/0000-0001-8108-6384 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52208334]; Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [BK20220856]; Key Laboratory of Water Management and Water Security for Yellow River Basin, Ministry of Water Resources [2022-SYSJJ-07]; Jiangsu Urban Underground Space Development; Utilization and Safety Protection Engineering Research Center [2023-CSDXJJ-02] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52208334) , the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (Grant No. BK20220856) , the research fund of Key Laboratory of Water Management and Water Security for Yellow River Basin, Ministry of Water Resources (Grant No. 2022-SYSJJ-07) , and the research fund of Jiangsu Urban Underground Space Development, Utilization and Safety Protection Engineering Research Center (Grant No. 2023-CSDXJJ-02) . These financial supports are gratefully acknowledged. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD MAY PY 2024 VL 147 AR 105704 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105704 EA MAR 2024 PG 16 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA ON3O0 UT WOS:001207916300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Peña-García, A AF Pena-Garcia, A. TI Optical coupling of grouped tunnels to decrease the energy and materials consumption of their lighting installations SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel lighting; Energy savings; Sustainable tunnelling ID ROAD PRE-TUNNELS; SAFETY EVALUATION; PAVEMENT; SUNLIGHT; OPTIMIZATION; METHODOLOGY; LUMINANCE; PERGOLAS; PIPES AB The increasing improvement of tunnelling technology allows more and more complex tunnels every day. Thus, together with the classical road tunnels through mountains, with lengths generally under two or three of kilo-meters, longer and longer underground roads under rivers and seas, as well as tunnels in geomorphically complex terrains, are being opened continuously. Besides the geotechnical difficulty of these infrastructures, the consumption of their lighting installations in terms of energy and raw materials due to the high number of projectors, total cost and maintenance, are a major concern between public administrations in many countries. In this scenario, there is an especially critical kind of tunnels due to their high energy consumption: the groups of tunnels under very near mountains, that is grouped tunnels separated by opencast roads with lengths about few hundred meters. Due to the special characteristics of the human visual adaptation, whenever one driver leaves one tunnel during daytime (when most displacements take place), his visual system loses adaptation to darker environments, and needs a new threshold zone with high luminance levels when entering a new tunnel even if it begins in just a few meters. This converts grouped tunnels in paradoxical infrastructures: the cost of their lighting installations is much higher than if there were only one tunnel going under the whole mountains chain. In this work, it is proposed an optical coupling of grouped tunnels with translucent red structures to avoid the loss of visual adaptation to weakly illuminated environments and the consequent high demands of lighting levels. The savings with of proposal are presented and compared with the current situation in the groups of tunnels around the world. C1 [Pena-Garcia, A.] Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, E-18071 Granada, Spain. [Pena-Garcia, A.] Univ Granada, Res Grp Lighting Technol Safety & Sustainabil, E-18071 Granada, Spain. C3 University of Granada; University of Granada RP Peña-García, A (通讯作者)，Univ Granada, Dept Civil Engn, E-18071 Granada, Spain.; Peña-García, A (通讯作者)，Univ Granada, Res Grp Lighting Technol Safety & Sustainabil, E-18071 Granada, Spain. EM pgarcia@ugr.es RI Peña-García, A./H-2562-2015 FU Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness [ENE2015-67031-R] FX This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness as part of the Research Project ENE2015-67031-R (MINECO/FEDER). 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PD SEP PY 2019 VL 91 AR 103007 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103007 PG 6 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA IW0IX UT WOS:000484646700013 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhou, D Hu, TN Wang, Z Chen, T Li, XF AF Zhou, Dan Hu, Tianen Wang, Zhe Chen, Tao Li, Xiaofang TI Influence of tunnel slope on movement characteristics of thermal smoke in a moving subway train fire SO CASE STUDIES IN THERMAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Inclined tunnel; Moving train fire; Smoke movement; Temperature distribution ID INDUCED AIR-FLOW; CRITICAL VELOCITY; LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; NATURAL VENTILATION; METRO TUNNEL; TEMPERATURE; BLOCKAGE; SYSTEM; LENGTH AB In this study, the three-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes equation and fully buoyant corrected Renormalization-group (RNG) k-epsilon turbulence model were employed to investigate the influence of tunnel slopes on the temperature distribution characteristics of a subway train moving with a fire source. The sliding grid technology was used to simulate the relative movement between the subway train and tunnel, and its reliability was verified by moving train fire experiments. It was found that the slipstream primarily determines the movement of the smoke when the subway train carries fire in transit. After the train stops, the residual slipstream drives the smoke downstream of the fire source. As the slipstream is attenuated, the smoke eventually flows backward. The influence of the tunnel slope on the temperature distribution law is mainly exhibited after the train stops. With the increase of the tunnel slope, the time elapses before the smoke counterflow increases, while the upstream temperature decreases. It was found that when the tunnel slope increased from 3% to 1%, the counterflow of smoke was delayed by 86 s. C1 [Zhou, Dan; Hu, Tianen; Wang, Zhe; Chen, Tao; Li, Xiaofang] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Minist Educ, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Dan; Hu, Tianen; Wang, Zhe; Chen, Tao; Li, Xiaofang] Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Joint Int Res Lab Key Technol Rail Traff Safety, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Dan; Hu, Tianen; Wang, Zhe; Chen, Tao; Li, Xiaofang] Cent South Univ, Natl & Local Joint Engn Res Ctr Safety Technol Ra, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University; Central South University; Central South University RP Chen, T (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat Engn, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Minist Educ, Changsha 410075, Hunan, Peoples R China. EM tao.chen@csu.edu.cn OI Chen, Tao/0000-0002-4209-0898 FU National Numerical Wind Tunnel Project [NNW2018-ZT1A02]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University [2019zzts266] FX This work was supported by the National Numerical Wind Tunnel Project (Grant No. NNW2018-ZT1A02) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of Central South University (Grant No. 2019zzts266). 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Therm. Eng. PD DEC PY 2021 VL 28 AR 101472 DI 10.1016/j.csite.2021.101472 EA SEP 2021 PG 14 WC Thermodynamics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics GA UX0HC UT WOS:000700529100107 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Guo, R Chen, YY Li, WH Qian, HQ Zhu, M AF Guo, Rui Chen, Yanyan Li, Wenhao Qian, Hanqiang Zhu, Mei TI Freeway Tunnel Driving Risk Assessment: Combining Feature Dimensionality Reduction and Driving Style Classification SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING PART A-SYSTEMS LA English DT Article DE Traffic safety; Freeway tunnel; Driving style; Traffic risk assessment ID BEHAVIOR AB Driving risk assessment in tunnels is not only fundamental for evaluating traffic safety but also a critical prerequisite for analyzing and understanding the formation mechanisms of vehicle operational risks. Based on naturalistic driving trajectory data of the Xiaxiyao tunnel of Wuyu freeway from the Tongji Road Trajectory Sharing Platform (TJRD TS), this study extracts 19 driving behavior parameters and classifies drivers into four categories using the PCA-K-medoids method: conservative, moderate, aggressive-a, and aggressive-b. Considering six dimensions (safety speed difference, driving instability, time headway, acceleration, speed difference, and acceleration difference), the driving risk assessment model of the freeway tunnel is constructed by determining the weight by the entropy weight-CRITIC method. The model analyzes the risk evolution of different driver types during travel. The results indicate that conservative and moderate drivers typically maintain larger time headways and following distances. The proportions of these drivers whose peak risk values remain at no risk or low risk level are 85.95% and 76.79%, respectively. Regarding driving risks in different zones, aggressive-a drivers exhibit higher risk levels from 400 m before the tunnel exit to 300 m after the exit, whereas aggressive-b drivers demonstrate an increased risk propensity from 200 m before the entrance and 300 m after the entrance. Further behavioral analysis highlights that aggressive-a drivers exhibit higher acceleration, maximum speed, and speed differences with leading vehicles, and aggressive-b drivers demonstrate higher deceleration. During speeding, aggressive-b drivers show the highest average driving risk index (0.28), with 65.34% of cases classified as medium- or high-risk. Under low-speed conditions, aggressive-a and aggressive-b drivers exhibit medium- or high-risk proportions of 62.16% and 57.67%, respectively. Compared with moderate drivers, aggressive-a drivers experience a 22.7% increase in average driving risk index during rapid acceleration, whereas aggressive-b drivers show a 15.4% increase. The probability of aggressive-a and aggressive-drivers being at moderate and high risk levels in the car-following conditions was 58.41% and 63.74%, respectively. This study reveals the risk characteristics of different driving styles in tunnels, providing valuable insights for precise vehicle management, hazard mitigation, and proactive safety governance in tunnel environments. C1 [Guo, Rui; Chen, Yanyan; Li, Wenhao] Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Qian, Hanqiang] Beijing Univ Technol, Coll Comp Sci, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. [Zhu, Mei] Yantai Inst Technol, Sch Informat Engn, Yantai 264005, Shandong, Peoples R China. C3 Beijing University of Technology; Beijing University of Technology RP Chen, YY (通讯作者)，Beijing Univ Technol, Beijing Key Lab Traff Engn, Beijing 100124, Peoples R China. EM guo_rui96@163.com; cdyan@bjut.edu.cn; wenhao@126.com; qianhq@bjut.edu.cn; 43581640@qq.com FU Key Science and Technology Projects in Transportation Industry of the Ministry of Transportation [2021-ZD2-047] FX This work was supported by the Key Science and Technology Projects in Transportation Industry of the Ministry of Transportation (No. 2021-ZD2-047). 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Transp. Eng. Pt A-Syst. PD MAR PY 2026 VL 152 IS 3 AR 04026001 DI 10.1061/JTEPBS.TEENG-9284 PG 12 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Transportation GA CD2LE UT WOS:001663010600011 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zheng, HR Du, ZG Wang, SS AF Zheng, Haoran Du, Zhigang Wang, Shoushuo TI Dynamic driving risk in highway tunnel groups based on pupillary oscillations SO ACCIDENT ANALYSIS AND PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Highway Tunnel Group; PPAV; Pupillary Oscillations; Driving Risks; Whipping Effect ID ROAD TUNNEL; PERCEPTION; FREEWAY; DESIGN; SYSTEM; IMPACT; SIZE AB This study aims to understand the dynamic changes in driving risks in highway tunnel groups. Real-world driving experiments were conducted, collecting pupil area data to measure pupil size oscillations using the Percentage of Pupil Area Variable (PPAV) metric. The analysis focused on investigating relative pupil size fluctuations to explore trends in driving risk fluctuations within tunnel groups. The objective was to identify accident-prone areas and key factors influencing driving risks, providing insights for safety improvements. The findings revealed an overall "whipping effect" phenomenon in driving risk changes within tunnel groups. Differences were observed between interior tunnel areas and open sections, including adjacent, approach, and departure zones. Higher driving risks were associated with locations closer to the tail end of the tunnel group and shorter exit departure sections. Targeted safety improvement designs should consider fluctuation patterns in different directions, with attention to tunnels at the tail end. In open sections, increased travel distance and lengths of upstream and downstream tunnels raised driving risks, while longer open zones improved driving risks. Driving direction and sequence had minimal impact on risks. By integrating driver vision, tunnel characteristics, and the environment, this study identified high-risk areas and critical factors, providing guidance for monitoring and improving driving risks in tunnel groups. The findings have practical implications for the operation and safety management of tunnel groups. C1 [Zheng, Haoran; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. [Zheng, Haoran] Eindhoven Univ Technol, Dept Built Environm, Groene Loper 3, NL-5612 AE Eindhoven, Noord Brabant, Netherlands. [Wang, Shoushuo] Guangzhou Maritime Univ, Sch Port & Shipping Management, 101 Hongshan 3rd Rd, Guangzhou 510725, Guangdong, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology; Eindhoven University of Technology; Guangzhou Maritime University RP Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China.; Wang, SS (通讯作者)，Guangzhou Maritime Univ, Sch Port & Shipping Management, 101 Hongshan 3rd Rd, Guangzhou 510725, Guangdong, Peoples R China. EM haoranzheng@foxmail.com; zhig_du7@163.com; wongss0319@163.com RI Wang, Shoushuo/AAF-2645-2021 OI Wang, Shoushuo/0000-0003-2463-3569; Haoran, Zheng/0000-0002-3612-7500 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52072291) . 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PD FEB PY 2024 VL 195 AR 107414 DI 10.1016/j.aap.2023.107414 EA DEC 2023 PG 12 WC Ergonomics; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences, Interdisciplinary; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Social Sciences - Other Topics; Transportation GA DU9H4 UT WOS:001134707500001 PM 38043212 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Domenichinia, L La Torre, F Vangi, D Virga, A Branzi, V AF Domenichinia, Lorenzo La Torre, Francesca Vangi, Dario Virga, Antonio Branzi, Valentina TI Influence of the lighting system on the driver's behavior in road tunnels: A driving simulator study SO JOURNAL OF TRANSPORTATION SAFETY & SECURITY LA English DT Article DE driver performance; LED lighting system; road tunnel; road safety engineering; virtual reality ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; PERFORMANCE; VALIDATION; DESIGN; IMPACT AB The tunnel lighting system is an important factor affecting driving safety, but it also represents the most expensive operative cost of a tunnel. Conventional tunnel lighting systems have been progressively replaced by LED lighting systems. This technology is spreading fast because of its low energy consumption and the high durability combined with low maintenance requirement. Aim of this research was to assess, by means of driving simulator experimentation, the impact of the LED lighting system on traffic safety. The driver performance approaching inside and exiting LED lighted tunnels was analyzed and compared to the behavior maintained in tunnels illuminated with a traditional system, in normal and in critical conditions. Thirty- one young participants drove through two different virtual scenarios while data on their speed, lateral position, and reaction in front of a sudden obstacle in the carriageway were collected. A statistically significant difference was revealed as a function of the type of lighting; simulated LED lights often induced a better driving behavior under some aspects. The motorists were able to perceive in advance the critical situation and the consequent maneuvers were carried out in a more effective way. Moreover, drivers kept better their lateral trajectory control in transition areas. C1 [Domenichinia, Lorenzo; La Torre, Francesca; Branzi, Valentina] Univ Florence, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Via Santa Marta 3, I-50139 Florence, Italy. [Vangi, Dario; Virga, Antonio] Univ Florence, Dept Ind Engn, Florence, Italy. C3 University of Florence; University of Florence RP Branzi, V (通讯作者)，Univ Florence, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Via Santa Marta 3, I-50139 Florence, Italy. EM valentina.branzi@dicea.unifi.it RI La Torre, Francesca/B-5617-2015 OI La Torre, Francesca/0000-0001-7755-8342; vangi, dario/0000-0002-7881-0586 FU Tuscany Region; European Union FX The dynamic driving simulator of the LaSIS Laboratory of University of Firenze (Italy) was acquired within the activities of the TESEO research project, funded by Tuscany Region and European Union, inside the research call for enterprises and research centres on environment, transport, logistics, info mobility and energy (POR FESR 2007-2013, activity 1.1, action line A and B). The TESEO Partners were: University of Florence (Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Department of Industrial Engineering), Autostrade per l'Italia SpA and Project Srl. CR Amundesen F. 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Transp. Saf. Secur. PY 2017 VL 9 IS 2 BP 216 EP 238 DI 10.1080/19439962.2016.1173155 PG 23 WC Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Transportation GA ES5YN UT WOS:000399622200005 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Shao, XY Cao, TH Shi, WY Xu, YY Wang, J Gao, JL AF Shao, Xiangyu Cao, Tianhao Shi, Wenyi Xu, Yuanyuan Wang, Jian Gao, Jianliang TI Real-time prediction of flammable volume ratio in the coming hydrogen tunnels: A hybrid CFD-machine learning framework for leakage safety management SO ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrogen; Utility tunnel; Dispersion; Machine learning; Risk assessment ID NEURAL-NETWORKS; GAS; STORAGE; DIFFUSION AB Hydrogen introduction into utility tunnels is a reasonable trend, yet safety risks from potential leaks cannot be ignored. The flammable cloud volume from pipeline leaks is crucial for evaluating the explosion degree, which is vital for structural protection and emergency response. Therefore, a dynamic risk assessment system is necessary to predict the flammable volume ratio, which factors in key parameters like leakage diameter, pipeline pressure, hydrogen temperature, and leakage angle. The impact of these parameters on the flammable volume ratio was investigated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Based on the simulation results, machine learning predictive models were constructed. Finally, a graphical user interface (GUI) was developed to predict the flammable volume ratio directly by inputting these parameters. The results indicate that the flammable and detonatable gas ratios increase with pipeline pressure and leakage diameter, decrease with leakage angle, and are mildly affected by hydrogen temperature variations. Dispersion velocity correlates positively with pipeline pressure, leakage diameter, and hydrogen temperature, however negatively with leakage angle. Four machine learning models were employed, and the Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) demonstrated the best predictive performance. The system improves accuracy and speed of prediction, which provides powerful decision support for tunnel safety management. C1 [Shao, Xiangyu; Xu, Yuanyuan] State Key Lab Technol Space Cryogen Propellants, Beijing 100028, Peoples R China. [Shao, Xiangyu; Cao, Tianhao; Wang, Jian; Gao, Jianliang] Henan Polytech Univ, Coll Safety Sci & Engn, State Collaborat Innovat Ctr Coal Work Safety & Cl, Jiaozuo 454003, Peoples R China. [Shi, Wenyi] Dalian Univ Technol, Sch Chem Engn, Dalian 116024, Liaoning, Peoples R China. C3 Henan Polytechnic University; Dalian University of Technology RP Shao, XY (通讯作者)，State Key Lab Technol Space Cryogen Propellants, Beijing 100028, Peoples R China.; Shao, XY; Gao, JL (通讯作者)，Henan Polytech Univ, Coll Safety Sci & Engn, State Collaborat Innovat Ctr Coal Work Safety & Cl, Jiaozuo 454003, Peoples R China. EM shaoxy@hpu.edu.cn; gao@hpu.edu.cn RI Wang, Jian/AAG-9348-2019; Shao, Xiangyu/KZU-3838-2024 OI Wang, Jian/0000-0002-6011-6131; Shao, Xiangyu/0000-0002-1926-0377 FU Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province [242300420026]; State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants of China [SKLTSCP202210]; China Postdoctoral Science Foundation [2023M730985]; Key Scientific Research Project of the Universities in Henan Province [24A620002]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province [NSFRF240805] FX This work was financially supported by the "Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province" (242300420026) , "State Key Laboratory of Technologies in Space Cryogenic Propellants of China" (SKLTSCP202210) , "China Postdoctoral Science Foundation" (2023M730985) , "Key Scientific Research Project of the Universities in Henan Province" (24A620002) , and "Fundamental Research Funds for the Universities of Henan Province" (NSFRF240805) . 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DOI 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122656 NR 66 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 24 U2 33 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0360-5442 EI 1873-6785 J9 ENERGY JI Energy PD OCT 15 PY 2025 VL 334 AR 137341 DI 10.1016/j.energy.2025.137341 EA JUL 2025 PG 18 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels GA 5PE2I UT WOS:001541018600006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Martin, SF Llorente, ID de Lerma, AF AF Fernandez Martin, Sonia del Rey Llorente, Ignacio Fraile de Lerma, Alberto TI Tunnel Ventilation Analysis Using a Probabilistic Approach: Case Study, Fire in Road Tunnels with Longitudinal Ventilation SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Failure probability; Fire; Road tunnels; Longitudinal ventilation ID SMOKE FLOW AB Tunnels are nowadays key elements in transport networks worldwide. To achieve a safe and efficient operation, a proper integration and design of Mechanical, Electrical and Intelligent Transportation Systems is required. Among these systems, tunnel ventilation is one of the most critical ones from the Fire Life Safety perspective, being smoke control to maintain safe conditions during self-evacuation and rescue operations one of its main objectives. Traditionally tunnel ventilation systems are sized following a deterministic approach. Designers, based on requirements and design criteria from Standards and Recommendations, focus on a limited number of fire scenarios and design parameters to reach a solution considered acceptable from a fire safety perspective. This paper proposes the use of a probabilistic approach to assess, in terms of probability of failure, the capacity of a tunnel ventilation system for fire scenarios. The model applied in the proposed process uses a 1D steady state model based on pressure losses, where critical design variables are considered random (unlike with the deterministic approach) to calculate a failure probability associated to an installed ventilation thrust. A case study example is used to analyse results using both, the traditional deterministic approach and the proposed probabilistic one. Results obtained with the deterministic approach show how, under the same design requirements, tunnels with similar characteristics allow different safety margins for the capacity of the ventilation system. These results are confirmed numerically using the probabilistic approach by evaluating failure probabilities. To avoid this, the paper proposes the use of the probabilistic approach to allow a definition of an equivalent uniform safety margin (to achieve a certain probability of failure) which would be of significant help for designers, administrations and tunnel operators. It is not the aim of the study to define the limit for the probability of failure or to characterise the design variables, but to present a useful tool with which important conclusions about the design criteria can be obtained. C1 [Fernandez Martin, Sonia; del Rey Llorente, Ignacio; Fraile de Lerma, Alberto] ETSII Polytech Univ Madrid, Escuela Tecn Super Ingenieros Ind Madrid, Calle Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain. RP Martin, SF (通讯作者)，ETSII Polytech Univ Madrid, Escuela Tecn Super Ingenieros Ind Madrid, Calle Jose Gutierrez Abascal 2, Madrid 28006, Spain. 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Sci., V351, P1 Wu Y, 2000, FIRE SAFETY J, V35, P363, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00031-X NR 24 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 2 U2 28 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 EI 1572-8099 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD MAY PY 2021 VL 57 IS 3 BP 1115 EP 1134 DI 10.1007/s10694-020-01029-2 EA SEP 2020 PG 20 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA RX7XG UT WOS:000565513000001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ilkhani, I Yazdanpanah, M Dehghanbanadaki, A AF Ilkhani, Iman Yazdanpanah, Mahdi Dehghanbanadaki, Ali TI Analysis of drivers' preferences toward content and message format of variable message signs during tunnel emergency evacuation: A case study of Niayesh tunnel in Tehran SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DISASTER RISK REDUCTION LA English DT Article DE Variable message sign; Pictogram; Safety; Tunnel emergency evacuation; Binary logit model ID ROAD TUNNEL; SIMULATION; INFORMATION; PEOPLE; EVENT; FIRE AB In the event of an emergency evacuation of a tunnel, variable message signs are one of the tools available to tunnel operators to communicate with tunnel users and play an important role in guiding them. In this study, the primary focus is to determine the most appropriate message for variable message signs in terms of content and format for tunnel emergency evacuations. This study evaluates the responses of drivers to the visual comparison between variable message signs by using stated choice methods. Using a binary logit model, the results indicate that drivers prefer the text message "Turn off the car, exit the tunnel" in two lines on the right side of the sign along with the green image of the emergency exit on the left side. Therefore, it is anticipated that the findings obtained and their application at the time of the tunnel disaster will reduce the likelihood of catastrophic accidents and mitigate their consequences. C1 [Ilkhani, Iman; Dehghanbanadaki, Ali] Islamic Azad Univ, Fac Civil Engn, Damavand Branch, Damavand, Iran. [Yazdanpanah, Mahdi] Univ Garmsar, Fac Civil Engn, Dept Engn, Garmsar, Iran. [Dehghanbanadaki, Ali] Islamic Azad Univ, Res Ctr Concrete & Asphalt, Damavand Branch, Damavand, Iran. C3 Islamic Azad University; Islamic Azad University RP Yazdanpanah, M (通讯作者)，Univ Garmsar, Fac Civil Engn, Dept Engn, Garmsar, Iran. EM mahdyazdanpanah@gmail.com RI ; Dehghanbanadaki, Ali/X-4927-2019 OI Ilkhani, Iman/0000-0001-7399-5342; CR AIPCR, 1999, FIR SMOK CONTR ROAD Alkim T.P., 2000, IEE C PUBLICATION, DOI [10.1049/cp, DOI 10.1049/CP] [Anonymous], 2022, TUNN PROJ [Anonymous], 2017, SMART CONTR 5 TUNN C Arjmand M.A., 2017, 2 INT C CIV ENG ARCH aval A. Esmaeilzade, 2018, THESIS SEMNAN U Bagheri O., 2012, NUMERICAL MODELING C Ben Song X, 2021, ANAL METHODS ACCID R, V29, DOI 10.1016/j.amar.2020.100140 Ben-Akiva M., 1985, DISCRETE CHOICE ANAL Brown E.T, 1981, Tunnels Tunneling, P13, DOI [10.1016/0148-9062(82)91790-9, DOI 10.1016/0148-9062(82)91790-9] Calandra D, 2021, GRAPP: PROCEEDINGS OF THE 16TH INTERNATIONAL JOINT CONFERENCE ON COMPUTER VISION, IMAGING AND COMPUTER GRAPHICS THEORY AND APPLICATIONS - VOL. 1: GRAPP, P96, DOI 10.5220/0010319400960105 Caliendo C, 2012, PROCD SOC BEHV, V53, P178, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.871 Cha M, 2012, FIRE SAFETY J, V50, P12, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.01.004 Chen JF, 2021, SAFETY SCI, V142, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105392 Edrisi A, 2021, CASE STUD TRANSP POL, V9, P1261, DOI 10.1016/j.cstp.2021.06.011 Elefteriadou L, 2011, PROCD SOC BEHV, V16, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.424 Esfahani M.A., 2017, SCI Q RAHVAR, V6, P83 Feng Y, 2021, SAFETY SCI, V137, DOI 10.1016/j.ssci.2021.105158 Google Earth, 2022, MAP SHOW LOC NIAYESH He Y, 2021, LIGHTING RES TECHNOL, V53, P263, DOI 10.1177/1477153520958466 Ilkhani I., 2022, Q J TRANSPORTATION E, V14, P2249, DOI [10.22119/jte.2021.286450.2536, DOI 10.22119/JTE.2021.286450.2536] Ilkhani I, 2023, TRANSP LETT, V15, P1202, DOI 10.1080/19427867.2022.2146299 Jahantabi A., 2021, Q J TRANSPORTATION E, V12, P1041, DOI [10.22119/jte.2021.93097, DOI 10.22119/JTE.2021.93097] Kahforoshan D., 2017, 6 NAT C AIR NOIS POL Kattan L, 2011, CAN J CIVIL ENG, V38, P1335, DOI 10.1139/L11-093 Kenneth E, 2009, TRAIN DISCRETE CHOIC, Vsecond, DOI [10.1017/CBO9780511805271, DOI 10.1017/CBO9780511805271] Kinateder M, 2013, TRANSPORT RES F-TRAF, V17, P20, DOI 10.1016/j.trf.2012.09.001 Król A, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V109, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103751 Liao TY, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V27, P123, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2011.08.004 Lin CL, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V113, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103944 Lu LJ, 2014, DISCRETE DYN NAT SOC, V2014, DOI 10.1155/2014/824360 Mahmoudi Kurdistani P., 2014, THESIS PAYAM NOOR U Mammar S, 1996, TRANSPORT RES C-EMER, V4, P131, DOI 10.1016/S0968-090X(96)00005-8 Mohammadi H, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V110, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103828 Motavakel Khosroshahi A., 2013, THESIS U YAZD Nilsson D., 2008, Fire Safety Science, V9, P341, DOI [DOI 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.9-341, 10.3801/IAFSS.FSS.9-341] Ortuzar J.de D., 2011, MODELLING TRANSPORT, DOI [10.1002/9781119993308, DOI 10.1002/9781119993308] Pan FQ, 2021, J TRANSP SAF SECUR, V13, P460, DOI 10.1080/19439962.2019.1645774 Peeta S., 2006, IEE Proceedings Intelligent Transport Systems, V153, P2, DOI 10.1049/ip-its:20055012 Peng C, 2022, J TRANSP SAF SECUR, V14, P2166, DOI 10.1080/19439962.2021.2011810 Philpot R, 2022, ENVIRON BEHAV, V54, P383, DOI 10.1177/00139165211031193 Pour Rajb H., 2017, 1 INT C NEW DEV CIV Richards A., 2005, EUR J TRANSP INFRAST, V4 Ronchi E., 2015, ASCENDING EVACUATION, P3192 Ronchi E, 2016, APPL ERGON, V52, P253, DOI 10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.025 Saeed Manesh M.R., 2012, 3 INT C TRAFFIC ROAD Schmidt-Polonczyk N, 2021, BUILDINGS-BASEL, V11, DOI 10.3390/buildings11040146 Schmidt-Polonczyk N, 2021, ARCH MIN SCI, V66, P13, DOI 10.24425/ams.2021.136689 Seike M, 2021, INFRASTRUCTURES-BASE, V6, DOI 10.3390/infrastructures6050075 Seike M, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V112, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103934 TAY Richard, 2009, [交通运输系统工程与信息, Journal of Transporation Systems Engineering and Information Technology], V9, P56 Wang J.-H., 2002, FHWARIDOTRTD027 Wang YC, 2021, PLOS ONE, V16, DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0256523 Yang C.-M., 2005, ENHANCING MESSAGES D, DOI [10.17077/drivingassessment.1150, DOI 10.17077/DRIVINGASSESSMENT.1150] Zhang B, 2019, ADV MECH ENG, V11, DOI 10.1177/1687814019840477 Zhang YX, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V108, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103634 Zhang ZQ, 2018, BUILD ENVIRON, V145, P140, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2018.08.062 Zhao WJ, 2019, TRANSPORT RES C-EMER, V100, P1, DOI 10.1016/j.trc.2019.01.013 NR 58 TC 7 Z9 8 U1 7 U2 43 PU ELSEVIER PI AMSTERDAM PA RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 2212-4209 J9 INT J DISAST RISK RE JI Int. J. Disaster Risk Reduct. PD JUL PY 2023 VL 93 AR 103744 DI 10.1016/j.ijdrr.2023.103744 EA MAY 2023 PG 20 WC Geosciences, Multidisciplinary; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Geology; Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences; Water Resources GA H9RL2 UT WOS:000999248800001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Lu, JX Luo, Y Yu, WJ AF Lu, Jiaxin Luo, Ying Yu, Weijie TI Analyzing the mixed traffic flow characteristics with connected automated vehicles in freeway tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Freeway tunnels; Mixed traffic flow; Tunnel-specific behaviors; Car-following model; Driving control strategy ID AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES; MODEL; ENVIRONMENT; PERCEPTION; IMPACT; SAFETY; SPEED AB Freeway tunnels are essential infrastructure in mountainous regions but pose unique traffic challenges. With the growing deployment of Connected Automated Vehicles (CAVs), understanding mixed traffic flow dynamics in tunnel environments has become increasingly important. This study developed a tunnel-tailored car-following model for Human-driven Vehicles (HDVs) and advanced control strategies for CAVs, aiming to bridge the gap between microscopic driving behavior and macroscopic tunnel traffic analysis. Through in-depth analysis of high-resolution trajectory data from freeway tunnels under both free-flow and car-following conditions, a refined TU-FVD car-following model was developed to better capture section-dependent HDV driving behavior, which varies across entrance, inner, and exit sections of freeway tunnels. Moreover, three CAV-specific control strategies-Self-Control, Together-Control, and TU-Control-were designed to optimize speed trajectory with specific objectives of enhancing traffic stability, safety, and efficiency. Finally, mixed traffic flow characteristics were analyzed through numerical simulations with varying CAV penetration rates. Results demonstrate that the TUFVD car-following model significantly outperforms traditional models in capturing microscopic behavior under the influence of leading vehicles and tunnel environments. The proposed CAV control strategies, particularly Together-Control, effectively enhance traffic stability, reduce energy consumption, and improve overall efficiency compared to conventional Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (CACC). Analysis of mixed traffic reveals that even at low CAV penetration rates (20%), traffic stability, safety, and fuel efficiency improve significantly, while mid-range rates (40-60%) introduce temporary inefficiencies before ultimately stabilizing at higher levels. Our study provides novel perspectives and methodological foundations for modeling and analyzing the complex tunnel traffic systems as automated driving moves closer to wider deployment. C1 [Lu, Jiaxin] Monash Univ, Accid Res Ctr, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. [Luo, Ying] Queensland Univ Technol, Ctr Accid Res & Rd Safety Queensland, Kelvin Grove, Qld 4059, Australia. [Yu, Weijie] Southeast Univ, Sch Transportat, Nanjing 211189, Peoples R China. C3 Monash University; Queensland University of Technology (QUT); Southeast University - China RP Lu, JX (通讯作者)，Monash Univ, Accid Res Ctr, Clayton, Vic 3800, Australia. EM jiaxin.lu@monash.edu OI LUO, Ying/0009-0006-1665-5679; Yu, Weijie/0000-0002-7774-0109 FU Chongqing Graduate Student Research Innovation Project [CYS23503]; Monash University; Monash University Accident Research Centre FX This work was supported by the Chongqing Graduate Student Research Innovation Project (No. CYS23503) . The first author would like to thank Monash University and Monash University Accident Research Centre for sponsoring her PhD studies in Australia. The authors are very grateful for the helpful comments provided by the anonymous reviewers. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JUN PY 2026 VL 172 AR 107496 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2026.107496 EA FEB 2026 PG 21 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA DP0YT UT WOS:001688702800001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Johansson, N Ronchi, E Scozzari, R Fronterrè, M AF Johansson, Nils Ronchi, Enrico Scozzari, Rugiada Fronterre, Michele TI The use of multi-zone modelling for tunnel fires SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel safety; Fire; Multi-zone modelling; Risk analysis; Fire dynamics simulator ID DESIGN AB This paper introduces the use of a multi-zone modelling approach for analysing smoke spread in tunnels. The approach suggested in this paper is based on an existing model, i.e., the Multi-Zone Fire model developed for large spaces. The Multi-Zone Fire model has been adapted and modified for tunnel fire scenarios by including features that consider longitudinal ventilation flow, tunnel gradient and tunnel section representations. An evaluation of the model has been conducted through benchmarking against experimental data from the BeNeLux tunnel experiments and the Runehamar tunnel fire experiments. The results from the Multi-Zone Fire model results were also compared against results from the Fire Dynamics Simulator. The results of the benchmarking exercise indicate that the multi-zone approach can be a time-efficient and useful tool for studying tunnel fire dynamics. The Multi-Zone Fire model performs well 50-200 m from the fire for heat release rates of 5-20 MW and moderate longitudinal ventilation flows. The model results are more conservative for the studied scenario with a higher heat release rate. C1 [Johansson, Nils; Ronchi, Enrico] Lund Univ, Dept Fire Safety Engn, Lund, Sweden. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD APR PY 2023 VL 134 AR 104996 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.104996 EA JAN 2023 PG 11 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA I0NK2 UT WOS:000999826300001 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Muksimova, S Umirzakova, S Baltayev, J Cho, YI AF Muksimova, Shakhnoza Umirzakova, Sabina Baltayev, Jushkin Cho, Young-Im TI Lightweight Deep Learning Model for Fire Classification in Tunnels SO FIRE-SWITZERLAND LA English DT Article DE fire detection systems; tunnel safety; real-time classification; attention mechanisms; edge computing; lightweight AB Tunnel fires pose a severe threat to human safety and infrastructure, necessitating the development of advanced and efficient fire detection systems. This paper presents a novel lightweight deep learning (DL) model specifically designed for real-time fire classification in tunnel environments. This model integrates MobileNetV3 for spatial feature extraction, Temporal Convolutional Networks (TCNs) for temporal sequence analysis, and advanced attention mechanisms, including Convolutional Block Attention Modules (CBAMs) and Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) blocks, to prioritize critical features such as flames and smoke patterns while suppressing irrelevant noise. The model is trained on a custom dataset containing real tunnel fire incidents generated using a newly prepared dataset. This approach enhances the model generalization capabilities, enabling it to handle diverse fire scenarios, including those with low visibility, high smoke density, and variable ventilation conditions. Deployment optimizations, such as quantization and layer fusion, ensure computational efficiency, achieving an average inference time of 12ms/frame, making it suitable for resource-constrained environments like IoT and edge devices. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed model achieves an accuracy of 96.5%, a precision of 95.7%, and a recall of 97.2%, significantly outperforming state-of-the-art (SOTA) models such as ResNet50 and YOLOv5 in both accuracy and real-time performance. Robustness tests under challenging conditions validate model reliability and adaptability, marking it as a critical advancement in tunnel fire detection systems. This study provides valuable insights into the design and deployment of efficient fire classification systems for safety-critical applications. The proposed model offers a scalable, high-performance solution for tunnel fire monitoring and establishes a benchmark for future research in real-time video-based classification under complex environmental conditions. C1 [Muksimova, Shakhnoza; Umirzakova, Sabina; Cho, Young-Im] Gachon Univ, Dept Comp Engn, Gyeonggi Do 461701, Seongnam, South Korea. [Baltayev, Jushkin] Tashkent State Univ Econ, Dept Informat Syst & Technol, Tashkent 100066, Uzbekistan. C3 Gachon University; Tashkent State University of Economics RP Umirzakova, S; Cho, YI (通讯作者)，Gachon Univ, Dept Comp Engn, Gyeonggi Do 461701, Seongnam, South Korea. EM shakhnoza02@gachon.ac.kr; sabinatuit@gachon.ac.kr; j_baltayev@tsue.uz; yicho@gachon.ac.kr RI ; Umirzakova, Sabina/KHW-4635-2024; Muksimova, Shakhnoza/JXN-2570-2024 OI Cho, Young Im/0000-0003-0184-7599; Dadonova, Aziza/0009-0009-8531-2727; Muksimova, Shakhnoza/0000-0002-6223-4502; Baltayev, Jo'shqin/0000-0001-6512-9161 FU Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy [1415181629]; Korean Agency for Technology and Standard under Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy in 2023 FX This paper is supported by Korean Agency for Technology and Standard under Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy in 2023, project numbers is 1415181629 (Development of International Standard Technologies based on AI Model Lightweighting Technologies). 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An evacuation experiment in a full-scale tunnel filled with smoke has been done in order to clarify the relation between extinction coefficient up to Cs = 1.0 m(-1), which includes Cs = 0.4 m(-1) as a Japanese road tunnel fire prevention standard, and evacuation speed. The maximum, minimum and mean values of normal walking speeds are almost constant regardless of the extinction coefficient. As for the emergency evacuation speeds, the maximum speed is largely influenced by extinction coefficient, decreasing rapidly from 3.55 m/s at Cs = 0.30 m(-1) to 2.53 m/s at Cs = 0.75 m(-1) while the minimum and mean speeds are almost constant with a slight decrease as Cs increases. The maximum evacuation speed trends in the present experiments and those in Frantzich and Nillson (2003, 2004) and Fridolf et al. (2013), lie on the same decreasing logarithmic curve as a function of extinction coefficient. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Seike, Miho; Kawabata, Nobuyoshi; Hasegawa, Masato] Kanazawa Univ, Fac Mech Engn, Inst Sci & Engn, Kakuma Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan. C3 Kanazawa University RP Seike, M (通讯作者)，Kanazawa Univ, Fac Mech Engn, Inst Sci & Engn, Kakuma Machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan. EM m-seike5@se.kanazawa-u.ac.jp RI HASEGAWA, Masato/L-3542-2015; Seike, Miho/AAL-9542-2020 OI Seike, Miho/0000-0002-2461-6884 CR Boer L. C., 2002, TM02C034 TNO, P23 Dobashi M, 2000, BHR GR CONF SER PUBL, P581 Frantzich H., 2004, 3 INT S HUMAN BEHAVI, P229 Frantzich H., 2003, Report 3126, P75 Fridolf K, 2014, FIRE MATER, V38, P744, DOI 10.1002/fam.2217 Jin T., 2002, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC Jin T., 1985, FIRE SCI TECHNOLOGY, V5, P79, DOI DOI 10.3210/FST.5.79 Kawabata N., 1998, P 4 KSME JSME FLUID, P53 Seike M., 2012, 6 INT C TUNN SAF VEN, P74 Seike M., 2011, P ADV RES WORKSHOP E, P111 NR 10 TC 89 Z9 105 U1 4 U2 101 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD MAR PY 2016 VL 53 BP 61 EP 67 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.01.003 PG 7 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA DE8LB UT WOS:000370886400006 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Madanda, VC Sengani, F Mulenga, F AF Madanda, Vhutali Carol Sengani, Fhatuwani Mulenga, Francois TI Modelling Fracture Propagation in Shallow-Buried Road Tunnels Using an Empirical Approach SO GEOTECHNICAL AND GEOLOGICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Fracture propagation; Road tunnels; Aeromagnetic survey; Thin section; Microfractures; Tunnel engineering ID MAGNETIC INTERPRETATION; ROCK MASSES AB Fracture propagation in road tunnels significantly impacts tunnel stability and safety, requiring accurate prediction models for effective risk management. This study developed an empirical model to forecast fracture propagation in shallow-buried tunnels, based on microfracture characterisation. Field observations, thin section analysis, aeromagnetic surveys, microfracture analysis, and data analytics were used to examine fracture patterns and their impact on tunnel design. Three primary types of fractures (i.e., trans-angular, inter-angular, and grain boundary fractures) were identified. These fractures showed an uneven distribution along the tunnel profile. The empirical model highlights variations in fracture density, decreasing from the tunnel entrance toward the middle section. An empirical chart illustrating fracture distribution was created to assess fracture-related hazards and guide engineering decisions in tunnelling projects. The findings offer valuable information on fracture propagation mechanisms in road tunnels and contribute to improving the safety and stability of tunnel infrastructure. C1 [Madanda, Vhutali Carol; Mulenga, Francois] Univ South Africa, Dept Min Minerals & Geomat Engn, Florida Campus,Private Bag X6, ZA-1710 Johannesburg, South Africa. [Sengani, Fhatuwani] Univ Limpopo, Dept Geol & Min, Private Bag X1106, ZA-0727 Sovenga, South Africa. C3 University of South Africa; University of Limpopo RP Madanda, VC (通讯作者)，Univ South Africa, Dept Min Minerals & Geomat Engn, Florida Campus,Private Bag X6, ZA-1710 Johannesburg, South Africa. EM netshilaphalavc@gmail.com RI Sengani, fhatuwani/O-4662-2018; Mulenga, Francois/B-5502-2015; Madanda, Vhutali Carol/PLS-3934-2026 OI Sengani, fhatuwani/0000-0003-4886-1072; Mulenga, Francois/0000-0002-9631-2986; Madanda, Vhutali Carol/0000-0001-9849-8406 FU University of South Africa FX The University of South Africa and the University of Limpopo have been supportive of the authors'collaborative work, which they appreciate. 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Geol. Eng. PD SEP 2 PY 2025 VL 43 IS 8 AR 400 DI 10.1007/s10706-025-03349-y PG 21 WC Engineering, Geological WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA 6ZI4C UT WOS:001565612300005 OA hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wei, LY Xu, JL Jia, XL Zhang, XD Li, HR AF Wei, Leyu Xu, Jinliang Jia, Xingli Zhang, Xiaodong Li, Haoru TI Effects of Safety Facilities on Driver Distance Perception in Expressway Tunnels SO JOURNAL OF ADVANCED TRANSPORTATION LA English DT Article ID TRAFFIC ACCIDENTS; ROAD; BEHAVIOR; MODEL AB We investigated the effects of four safety facilities in expressway tunnels-information boards, flashing lights, human-voice broadcasts, and siren broadcasts-on driver distance perception by questionnaire surveys and field experiments. Results from a survey questionnaire given to 436 drivers indicated that each of the facilities, except the human-voice broadcast, was perceived to increase the driving safety. Consistently, results from field experiments involving 150 participants in China's Xingshuliang Tunnel indicated that information boards, flashing lights, and siren broadcasts increased the distance perception accuracy of drivers, while human-voice broadcasts decreased this accuracy. The results of human-voice broadcasts may be due to the fact that drivers could not catch and understand the information they heard from human-voice broadcasts while driving in tunnels. This research can assist engineers in identifying the effective safety facilities in tunnels and provide a basis for prioritizing the implementation of these facilities, ultimately increasing driver distance perception accuracy and decreasing rear-end collisions. C1 [Wei, Leyu; Xu, Jinliang; Jia, Xingli; Zhang, Xiaodong; Li, Haoru] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Middle Sect South 2 Ring Rd, Xian 710064, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University RP Xu, JL (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Middle Sect South 2 Ring Rd, Xian 710064, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. EM xujinliang@chd.edu.cn OI Xingli, Jia/0000-0003-3987-4584; Xu, Jinliang/0000-0002-5229-9468 FU National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFC0802208]; Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province [2017JQ5122] FX This research was supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (no. 2016YFC0802208) and the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (no. 2017JQ5122). 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Adv. Transp. PY 2018 AR 2370976 DI 10.1155/2018/2370976 PG 10 WC Engineering, Civil; Transportation Science & Technology WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Engineering; Transportation GA GT9PN UT WOS:000444875600001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, B Xu, WS Liu, GT Muhammad, A AF Zhang, Bing Xu, Weishuo Liu, Guangtao Muhammad, Ammar TI The early warning efficiency analysis of secondary accidents in expressway tunnels SO ADVANCES IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Highway tunnels; secondary accidents; light sensitivity parameters; efficiency early warning model; VISSIM software ID SAFETY AB Secondary accidents usually occur after an accident in a freeway tunnel. To this end, this article proposes an integrated safety early warning system for preventing secondary accidents in tunnels. First, we analyzed key parameters such as the average speed in the tunnel, the interior light sensitivity, and the driver's physiology, and proposed a safety warning model for tunnels. According to the driving rules of tunnels, an efficiency grooming model is proposed to analyze the delay of the traffic in tunnels and determine the best warning. Finally, the Jiulingshan Tunnel was simulated and verified by VISSIM software to analyze the feasibility and effectiveness of the model. C1 [Zhang, Bing; Xu, Weishuo; Liu, Guangtao] East China Jiaotong Univ, Sch Transportat & Logist, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Bing] Jiangxi Transportat Res Inst, Nanchang, Jiangxi, Peoples R China. [Muhammad, Ammar] Nanjing Univ Sci & Technol, Sch Automat, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. C3 East China Jiaotong University; Nanjing University of Science & Technology RP Zhang, B (通讯作者)，East China Jiaotong Univ, Sch Transportat & Logist, Nanchang 330013, Jiangxi, Peoples R China. EM zhangbing@ecjtu.edu.cn OI Zhang, Bing/0000-0002-9507-7072 FU National Nature Science Funding of China [51468020]; Jiangxi Provincial Focus on Research and Development Projects [20161BBG70080] FX The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was supported by the National Nature Science Funding of China (No. 51468020) and Jiangxi Provincial Focus on Research and Development Projects (No. 20161BBG70080). 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Mech. Eng. PD APR 1 PY 2019 VL 11 IS 4 AR 1687814019840477 DI 10.1177/1687814019840477 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Engineering GA HR3SL UT WOS:000463059700001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Gan, Y Ou, XD Jiang, J Gong, J Qin, YH AF Gan, Yu Ou, Xiaoduo Jiang, Jie Gong, Jian Qin, Yinghong TI Thermo-hydro-mechanical responses of geological conditions surrounding tunnel subjected to fire and implication for tunnel structure SO COMPUTERS & STRUCTURES LA English DT Article DE Fire; Tunnel; Thermo-hydro-mechanical behavior; Geotechnical condition; Numerical analysis ID HIGH-STRENGTH CONCRETE; SAFETY ASSESSMENT; HIGH-TEMPERATURE; PORE PRESSURE; DAMAGE; MODEL; RISK; EVOLUTION; LININGS AB The coupled thermo-hydro-mechanical response caused by fire temperature transfer to surrounding rock/soil has a significant impact on tunnel safety. This study developed a numerical simulation model to evaluate the effects of fire on tunnel structures across different geological conditions. The heat transfer behavior varied with the mechanical properties and permeability of the geotechnics, concentrating within 1.0 m outside the tunnel lining and lasted for 10 days. Significant differences in pore water pressure changes were observed, with less permeable geologies experiencing greater pressure increases. Tunnel deformation was more pronounced in weaker geotechnics, though some tunnels in stronger geologies showed partial recovery post-fire. During the fire, thermal expansion created a bending moment, while a negative bending moment occurred after the fire due to tunnel damage and geotechnical coupling. The entire process led to irreversible changes in the bending moment. The depth of tunnel burial showed varying sensitivity to fire across different geological settings. This study provides important references for fire protection design and post-fire rehabilitation of tunnels under diverse geological conditions. C1 [Gan, Yu; Ou, Xiaoduo; Jiang, Jie; Gong, Jian; Qin, Yinghong] Guangxi Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Architecture, Nanning 530004, Peoples R China. [Gan, Yu; Ou, Xiaoduo; Jiang, Jie; Gong, Jian; Qin, Yinghong] Guangxi Univ, State Key Lab Conservat & Utilizat Subtrop Agrobio, Nanning 530004, Guangxi, Peoples R China. [Ou, Xiaoduo] Guangxi Ruiyu Construction Technol Co Ltd, Nanning 530000, Peoples R China. C3 Guangxi University; Guangxi University RP Ou, XD (通讯作者)，Guangxi Univ, Sch Civil Engn & Architecture, Nanning 530004, Peoples R China. EM ouxiaoduo@163.com RI Qin, Yinghong/AAD-9354-2019 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52068004]; Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education [YCBZ2022018] FX The authors appreciate the constructive comments and suggestions offered by the anonymous reviewer on the manuscript. This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52068004) and the Innovation Project of Guangxi Graduate Education (YCBZ2022018) . 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Struct. PD AUG PY 2025 VL 315 AR 107789 DI 10.1016/j.compstruc.2025.107789 EA APR 2025 PG 15 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science; Engineering GA 2KP2N UT WOS:001484882400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Molkov, V Dery, W AF Molkov, V Dery, W. TI The blast wave decay correlation for hydrogen tank rupture in a tunnel fire SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article DE Hydrogen safety; Numerical experiments; Blast wave decay; Tank rupture; Tunnel; Correlation AB This study presents a universal correlation for blast wave decay after hydrogen tank rupture in a tunnel fire. The validated CFD model is applied to perform numerical experiments in tunnels of cross-section area 24-139 m(2), aspect ratio width-height 1.2-2.7, tunnel length 150-1500 m with tanks of volume 15-176 L, and pressure 35-95 MPa (mass 0.6-6.9 kg). A dimensionless correlation for transition distance from Zone 1, dominated by blast wave reflections, to Zone 2 of planar wave propagation is developed. The traditional models derived using high explosives are found to be non-appropriate to describe blast wave decay after hydrogen tank rupture in a tunnel fire. Therefore, an original correlation is developed using methods of similitude analysis and numerical experiments. The mechanical and fraction of chemical energy contributing to the blast wave strength are accounted for along with effects of tunnel aspect ratio and friction/minor losses. (C) 2020 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Molkov, V; Dery, W.] Ulster Univ, Hydrogen Safety Engn & Res Ctr HySAFER, Newtownabbey BT37 0NL, North Ireland. C3 Ulster University RP Molkov, V (通讯作者)，Ulster Univ, Hydrogen Safety Engn & Res Ctr HySAFER, Newtownabbey BT37 0NL, North Ireland. EM v.molkov@ulster.ac.uk OI Molkov, Vladimir/0000-0002-9545-021X FU Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) [EP/P024807/1]; Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 (FCH2 JU) through NET-Tools project "Novel education and training tools based on digital applications related to hydrogen and fuel cell technology "; FCH2 JU [736648]; HyTunnel-CS project [826193]; European Union; Hydrogen Europe; Hydrogen Europe Research; Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 (FCH2 JU) through HyTunnel-CS project "Pre-normative research for safety of hydrogen driven vehicles and transport through tunnels and similar confined spaces"; Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council [EP/P024807/1] Funding Source: researchfish; EPSRC [EP/P024807/1] Funding Source: UKRI FX The authors are grateful to Engineering and Physical Science Research Council (EPSRC) of the UK for funding this work through SUPERGEN Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Hub project (EP/P024807/1), and to Fuel Cells and Hydrogen 2 Joint Undertaking (FCH2 JU) for funding this research through the NET-Tools project "Novel education and training tools based on digital applications related to hydrogen and fuel cell technology " and the HyTunnel-CS project "Pre-normative research for safety of hydrogen driven vehicles and transport through tunnels and similar confined spaces". The NET-Tools project has received funding from the FCH2 JU under grant agreement No.736648, and the HyTunnel-CS project under grant agreement No.826193. This Joint Undertaking receives support from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme, Hydrogen Europe and Hydrogen Europe Research. 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J. Hydrog. Energy PD NOV 6 PY 2020 VL 45 IS 55 BP 31289 EP 31302 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2020.08.062 PG 14 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA OH1HG UT WOS:000582322100109 OA Green Submitted DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU VanWeyenberge, B Deckers, X Merci, B Caspeele, R AF VanWeyenberge, Bart Deckers, Xavier Merci, Bart Caspeele, Robby TI Development of a Risk Assessment Method for Life Safety in Case of Fire in Rail Tunnels SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Quantitative risk assessment; Fire risk analysis; Rail tunnel; FID; Sensitivity analysis; Toxicity ID HEAT RELEASE RATE; VENTILATION; ROAD AB The present paper describes the development of a risk assessment methodology to quantify the life safety risk for people present in a rail tunnel in the context of the creation of a fire safety design. A bow-tie structure represents the risk assessment model, starting from major contributing factors leading to disastrous events. Using past accidents for the construction of the event tree part of the bow-tie, the most important factors are determined to be: human behaviour; fire growth; ventilation conditions; safety system (e.g. Smoke & Heat Exhaust, detection, voice communication, etc.); population density. These factors are incorporated into the event tree using pathway factors. Frequencies are calculated for each branch outcome based on data from research projects, fault tree analysis and engineering judgement. For the determination of the consequences, the method makes use of three integrated models: the smoke spread, the evacuation and the consequence model. The models can take into account all types of geometry and materials, human behaviour and different susceptibilities of people for smoke. Together, they determine the possible number of fatalities, by means of an FID (Fractional Incapacitation Dose) value, in case of a fire in a rail tunnel. The final risk is presented by the expected number of fatalities, the individual risk and the societal risk. The societal risk is demonstrated by means of an FN-curve (Frequency/Number of Casualty-curve). C1 [VanWeyenberge, Bart; Deckers, Xavier; Merci, Bart] Ghent Univ UGent, Dept Flow Heat & Combust Mech, Ghent, Belgium. [VanWeyenberge, Bart; Deckers, Xavier] Fire Engn Solut Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. [Caspeele, Robby] Ghent Univ UGent, Dept Struct Engn, Ghent, Belgium. C3 Ghent University; Ghent University RP VanWeyenberge, B (通讯作者)，Ghent Univ UGent, Dept Flow Heat & Combust Mech, Ghent, Belgium.; VanWeyenberge, B (通讯作者)，Fire Engn Solut Ghent, Ghent, Belgium. EM bart.vanweyenberge@ugent.be RI Caspeele, Robby/AAF-5687-2019; Merci, Bart/AGL-3849-2022 OI Caspeele, Robby/0000-0003-4074-7478; CR [Anonymous], 2015, Tunnel Fire Dynamics Barry T., 2002, Risk-Informed, Performance-Based Industrial Fire Protection Beard A., 2011, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE Carvel RO, 2005, FIRE TECHNOL, V41, P271, DOI 10.1007/s10694-005-4050-y Carvel RO, 2004, FIRE TECHNOL, V40, P5, DOI 10.1023/B:FIRE.0000003313.97677.c5 Cheong MK, 2014, FIRE TECHNOL, V50, P249, DOI 10.1007/s10694-013-0367-0 Fridolf K, 2013, FIRE TECHNOL, V49, P451, DOI 10.1007/s10694-011-0217-x Hoj NP, 2002, SAFETY SCI, V40, P337, DOI 10.1016/S0925-7535(01)00053-4 Ingason H, 2009, FIRE SAFETY J, V44, P259, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.06.009 Kuligowski E., 2010, A Review of Building Evacuation Models, V2sd Lemaire T, 2006, FIRE TECHNOL, V42, P329, DOI 10.1007/s10694-006-8434-4 Nilsson D., 2004, Evacuation Experiments in a Smoke Filled tunnel Oswald M, 2011, ADV RES WORKSH EV HU Ronchi E, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V30, P74, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.02.008 SFPE, 2002, HDB FIR PROT ENG Stec A, 2010, WOODHEAD PUBL MATER, pXIX [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] [No title captured] NR 34 TC 19 Z9 22 U1 0 U2 108 PU SPRINGER PI DORDRECHT PA VAN GODEWIJCKSTRAAT 30, 3311 GZ DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS SN 0015-2684 EI 1572-8099 J9 FIRE TECHNOL JI Fire Technol. PD SEP PY 2016 VL 52 IS 5 BP 1465 EP 1479 DI 10.1007/s10694-015-0469-y PG 15 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA DQ4GI UT WOS:000379161700014 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Cheng, CH Chow, CL Chow, WK AF Cheng, C. H. Chow, C. L. Chow, W. K. TI A simulation study of tenability for passengers in a railway tunnel with arson fire SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Arson fire; Unventilated tunnel; Temperature; Smoke; Tenability ID MAXIMUM SMOKE TEMPERATURE; CRITICAL VELOCITY; LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION; GAS TEMPERATURE; BLOCKAGE RATIO; SUBWAY TUNNEL; METRO TRAIN; MOVEMENT; DYNAMICS; DISTANCE AB Many arson fires occurred recently in railway systems in different countries. Arson fire occurring inside railway tunnel with a crowded train could give rise to serious consequences. The severity of tunnel fire increases with the length of tunnel, the fire size and the presence of obstructions inside the tunnel. Thus investigation of different aspects of tunnel fire is important in tunnel design, fire safety, and rescue. While real-scale experimental study of tunnel fire is in general too demanding in terms of resources and feasibility, simulation has an important role to play in such studies. The present study employs the Fire Dynamic Simulator (FDS version 6.4.0) to perform simulation of arson fire in front of a train in an underground tunnel. The arson fire occurs in an underground tunnel of length 500 m, which resembles some subway tunnels in Hong Kong. The scenario consists of a metro train stopping inside the tunnel when an arson fire is set in front of the train. In addition, the worst scenario in which the mechanical ventilation system inside the tunnel is not functioning, either due to malicious damage or power failure, is assumed. Fire sizes of 6 MW to 16 MW for durations of 600 s, which are based on the amount of fuel that is likely to be brought to the spot by arsonists, are adopted for simulation. In the simulation, temperature inside the train car and smoke layer height, temperature, visibility and concentration of carbon monoxide at important locations outside the train are investigated. Most importantly, analysis of tenability in such a tunnel fire scenario is performed. The simulation results show that inside the train and near to the train front temperature could be a threatening factor while outside the train visibility and carbon monoxide concentration are threatening factors. Thus no general rule can be formulated in regards to whether passengers should stay inside the train or escape into the tunnel under the scenario studied. Provided that the train compartment is not too crowded and that the passengers are not in great panic, it would be safer to move inside the train to locations further away from the train front than to escape from the train and move in the tunnel where the geometrical environment is not favorable. In addition, the effect of longitudinal ventilation is investigated by comparing the results of simulation for an unventilated tunnel and a tunnel under a ventilation velocity of 2 m/s. The results of the present study could be of importance in drafting plans of rescue and evacuation in tunnel fires. C1 [Cheng, C. H.; Chow, C. L.] City Univ Hong Kong, Dept Architecture & Civil Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Chow, W. K.] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. C3 City University of Hong Kong; Hong Kong Polytechnic University RP Chow, WK (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Serv Engn, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM wan-ki.chow@polyu.edu.hk RI Chow, Wan Ki/HHS-5060-2022 OI Chow, Wan Ki/0000-0001-8398-3126 FU Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region [T32 -101/15-R, 3-RBAC] FX The work described in this paper was supported by a grant from the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region for the Theme-Based Research Scheme Project "Safety, Reliability, and Disruption Management of High Speed Rail and Metro Systems" (T32 -101/15-R) with account number 3-RBAC. 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Architectural Sci., V5, P35 Chow W.K., 2004, GREEN CROSS MAR Chow W.K., 2004, INT J ENG PERFORMANC, V6, P1 Chow W.K., 2011, International Journal On Engineering Performance-Based Fire Codes, Accepted To Publish, V10, P41 Chow WK, 2004, BUILD ENVIRON, V39, P611, DOI 10.1016/j.buildenv.2003.12.012 CHOW WK, 1995, J FIRE SCI, V13, P300, DOI 10.1177/073490419501300405 Gannouni S, 2015, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V48, P147, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.03.003 Gao DL, 2020, FIRE TECHNOL, V56, P2283, DOI 10.1007/s10694-020-00977-z Hong W.H., 2004, P 6 AS OC S FIR SCI Hu LH, 2006, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V21, P650, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2005.10.003 Hu LH, 2013, APPL THERM ENG, V56, P77, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2013.03.021 Huang YB, 2019, EXP THERM FLUID SCI, V103, P149, DOI 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2019.01.006 Jeon G, 2009, J ASIAN ARCHIT BUILD, V8, P415, DOI 10.3130/jaabe.8.415 Kang K., 2007, P 7 AS OC S FIR SCI Kim E, 2008, FIRE TECHNOL, V44, P137, DOI 10.1007/s10694-007-0028-2 Kim JT, 2019, ENERGIES, V12, DOI 10.3390/en12010059 Ku C.Y., 2018, P 11 AS OC S FIR SCI Lee YP, 2012, FIRE SAFETY J, V53, P35, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2012.06.013 Li LM, 2012, J FIRE SCI, V30, P413, DOI 10.1177/0734904112443508 Li S.M., 2004, INT J ENG PERFORMANC, V6, P215 Li SY, 2014, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V71, P502, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.072 Li YF, 2014, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V71, P390, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.056 Li YZ, 2018, FIRE SAFETY J, V99, P22, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2018.06.002 Li YZ, 2012, FIRE SAFETY J, V48, P38, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2011.12.011 Li YZ, 2010, FIRE SAFETY J, V45, P361, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2010.07.003 Liu Y., 2014, 6 INT S TUNN SAF SEC, P335 McGrattan K., 2014, NIST SPECIAL PUBLICA, V1019 Miloua H, 2011, J FIRE SCI, V29, P403, DOI 10.1177/0734904111400976 Mo SJ, 2013, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V52, P284, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2013.02.141 National Fire Protection Association, 2017, 130 NFPA Shields J., 2012, HDB TUNNEL FIRE SAFE, P399 Tanaka F, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V75, P36, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.12.020 Vermesi I, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V64, P146, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2016.12.016 Voeltzel A., 2004, COMP ANAL MONT BLANC Wang F, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V51, P405, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.09.008 Weiner Tim., 2020, The Folly and the Glory: America, Russia, and Political Warfare 1945-2020 Weng MC, 2014, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V42, P96, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2014.02.007 Yao YZ, 2017, APPL THERM ENG, V111, P30, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.08.161 Zhang N., 2016, IEEE INT C INT RAIL Zhang N, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V74, P33, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.01.010 Zhang SG, 2016, APPL THERM ENG, V99, P214, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2015.12.085 Zhang SG, 2016, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V53, P13, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2015.12.013 Zhou D., 2014, P 14 COTA INT C TRAN Zhou D, 2015, J CENT SOUTH UNIV, V22, P208, DOI 10.1007/s11771-015-2511-0 Zhu K, 2017, FIRE TECHNOL, V53, P1985, DOI 10.1007/s10694-017-0667-x NR 63 TC 19 Z9 23 U1 5 U2 77 PU PERGAMON-ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, ENGLAND SN 0886-7798 EI 1878-4364 J9 TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH JI Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. PD FEB PY 2021 VL 108 AR 103679 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103679 PG 17 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA PQ3PY UT WOS:000606460400002 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Caliendo, C Genovese, G Russo, I AF Caliendo, Ciro Genovese, Gianluca Russo, Isidoro TI A 3D CFD modeling for assessing the effects of both longitudinal slope and traffic volume on user safety within a naturally ventilated road tunnel in the event of a fire accident SO IATSS RESEARCH LA English DT Article DE Computational fluid dynamics; Road tunnels; Natural ventilation; Longitudinal slope; Traffic volume; User safety ID INDUCED SMOKE; TEMPERATURE; DESIGN AB A 3D Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was set up to investigate the effects of the longitudinal slope on the risk level of users in naturally ventilated unidirectional road tunnels in the event of a fire accident. These tunnels, which in general do not require any mechanical ventilation system, have a length <1 km and their natural ventilation is due to the difference of pressure at the portals and/or the piston effect of the unidirectional traffic flow. Fire accidents related to vehicles characterized by different maximum Heat Release Rates (HRRs(max)), situated at different locations from the entrance portal of the tunnel, were simulated by varying the longitudinal slope (i), as well as by applying both a positive and negative pressure difference (Delta P) between the entrance and exit portals to also consider any adverse wind conditions, or neglecting that (i.e.,Delta P = 0). The combined effects of Peak Hourly Volumes (PHVs) were also investigated in the Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA), which based on a probabilistic approach, considered as a risk indicator the annual cumulative frequency (F) of having a certain number of potential fatalities (N). The longitudinal profiles of temperature, radiant heat flux, toxic gases concentrations, and visibility distance upstream of the burning vehicle along the escape route (i.e., sidewalks) are reported and compared with the acceptability limits to verify if the environmental conditions are tolerable for user safety while escaping from the tunnel towards the entrance portal or the emergency exit located in the middle of the tunnel length. The results showed that the number of dangerous scenarios for user safety increased in the event of adverse wind (i.e., Delta P < 0) and/or negative gradients (i.e., i < 0). The QRA indicated the combinations of i, Delta P, and PHV forwhich the annual cumulative frequency (F) of having a given number of potential fatalities (N) was not acceptable. By providing additional points of knowledge in the field of fire safety engineering, this paper might serve in the design of the vertical alignment of naturally ventilated tunnels with a length <1 km, as well as in the strategies of management and traffic control. (c) 2022 International Association of Traffic and Safety Sciences. Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). C1 [Caliendo, Ciro; Genovese, Gianluca; Russo, Isidoro] Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, Via Giovanni Paolo 2, I-13284084 Fisciano, SA, Italy. C3 University of Salerno RP Caliendo, C (通讯作者)，Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, Via Giovanni Paolo 2, I-13284084 Fisciano, SA, Italy. EM ccaliendo@unisa.it; ggenovese@unisa.it; isrusso@unisa.it RI Russo, Isidoro/ABA-2633-2022 OI Russo, Isidoro/0000-0002-7054-5896; Genovese, Gianluca/0000-0003-2550-2544 CR Amundsen F.H., 2009, TS42009 STAT VEGV VE ANAS, 2009, LIN GUID PROG REAL S [Anonymous], 2007, WORK PACKAGE 2 RES P Bassan S, 2016, IATSS RES, V40, P35, DOI 10.1016/j.iatssr.2016.02.002 Caliendo C., 2017, INT J CIVIL ENG TECH, V8 Caliendo C, 2022, APPL SCI-BASEL, V12, DOI 10.3390/app12073357 Caliendo C, 2022, APPL SCI-BASEL, V12, DOI 10.3390/app12010513 Caliendo C, 2021, APPL SCI-BASEL, V11, DOI 10.3390/app11115248 Caliendo C, 2021, APPL SCI-BASEL, V11, DOI 10.3390/app11073198 Caliendo C, 2021, APPL SCI-BASEL, V11, DOI 10.3390/app11010032 Caliendo C, 2021, RISK ANAL, V41, P1522, DOI 10.1111/risa.13653 Caliendo C, 2020, J CULT HERIT, V41, P188, DOI 10.1016/j.culher.2019.06.010 Caliendo C, 2018, COGENT ENG, V5, DOI 10.1080/23311916.2018.1530834 Caliendo C, 2017, RISK ANAL, V37, P116, DOI 10.1111/risa.12594 Caliendo C, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V37, P22, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.03.004 Caliendo C, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V31, P33, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.04.004 CFPA Europe, CFPA E GUID NO 19 20 Chen LF, 2013, FIRE SAFETY J, V59, P94, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.04.003 Chow WK, 2015, FIRE SAFETY J, V75, P14, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.04.001 Ciambelli P., 2006, PROCEEDING 29 M ITAL De Guglielmo M. 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European Road Network Italian Ministry of Infrastructures and Transports, 2001, OP GEOM REG CONSTR R Kadlic M, 2017, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V192, P387, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.067 Korhonen T., 2018, Fire Dynamics Simulator with Evacuation: FDS+Evac Technical Reference and User's Guide (FDS 6.6.0, Evac 2.5.2 Lei P, 2022, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V126, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104508 Liu C, 2019, INT J THERM SCI, V138, P84, DOI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2018.12.037 Lu JJ, 2016, TRAFFIC INJ PREV, V17, P176, DOI 10.1080/15389588.2015.1051222 McGrattan K., 2019, FIRE DYNAMICS SIMULA National Research Council Transportation Research Board, 2010, HCM 2010 HIGHW CAP M Nmira F, 2009, FIRE SAFETY J, V44, P198, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2008.06.002 PIARC, 2022, ROAD DICT Qu XB, 2013, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V50, P616, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2012.06.010 Schrefler BA, 2002, COMPUT MECH, V29, P43, DOI 10.1007/s00466-002-0318-y Shafee S, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V79, P274, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.05.019 Tao HW, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V98, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103324 United Nations, 2017, EC COMM EUR INL TRAN, V1 Valasek L., 2013, P 2013 INT C APPL MA, P288, DOI DOI 10.1177/1753193412450651 Wang F, 2017, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V67, P1, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.04.015 Wang Jun, 2019, IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, V609, DOI [10.1088/1757-899x/609/3/032063, 10.1088/1757-899X/609/3/032063] Xie BC, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V97, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103250 Xue H, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P37, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00043-6 Zhang XL, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V107, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103661 NR 47 TC 11 Z9 11 U1 2 U2 12 PU ELSEVIER SCI LTD PI OXFORD PA THE BOULEVARD, LANGFORD LANE, KIDLINGTON, OXFORD OX5 1GB, OXON, ENGLAND SN 0386-1112 EI 2210-4240 J9 IATSS RES JI IATSS Res. PD DEC PY 2022 VL 46 IS 4 BP 547 EP 558 DI 10.1016/j.iatssr.2022.09.003 EA DEC 2022 PG 12 WC Transportation WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Transportation GA 7N8GF UT WOS:000907572800011 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Bai, Z Yu, YY Zhang, JY Hu, H Xing, MY Yao, H AF Bai, Z. P. Yu, Y. Y. Zhang, J. Y. Hu, H. M. Xing, M. Y. Yao, H. W. TI Study on fire characteristics of lithium battery of new energy vehicles in a tunnel SO PROCESS SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION LA English DT Article DE Lithium battery; Tunnel; Numerical simulation; Smoke distribution ID ION BATTERY; SMOKE TEMPERATURE; THERMAL-BEHAVIOR; RUNAWAY; POWER; PACK AB In order to explore fire safety of lithium battery of new energy vehicles in a tunnel, a numerical calculation model for lithium battery of new energy vehicle was established. This paper used eight heat release rate (HRR) for lithium battery of new energy vehicle calculation models, and conducted a series of simulation calculations to analyze and compare the fire development characteristics of fuel vehicles and new energy vehicles with different HRR in a tunnel. This paper investigated temperature distribution below the ceiling and smoke diffusion in a tunnel, as well as the distribution of CO2 and CO concentrations, to explore the spread of lithium battery of new energy vehicle fires in a tunnel. Then, the accuracy of the numerical simulation was verified through comparison with existing examples. The results showed that there is a correlation between the temperature distribution below the ceiling in a tunnel and the HRR of lithium battery of new energy vehicle fires, with higher HRR and higher temperature below the ceiling in a tunnel. In addition, the heat release of fuel vehicles in a tunnel is lower than that of lithium battery of new energy vehicles. The analysis of the ceiling temperature of new energy vehicles in tunnels after a fire showed that for different HRR, the temperature below the ceiling increases with the increase of HRR. In tunnel fires, lithium battery of new energy vehicles generate higher temperature, smoke, and CO emission concentrations than fuel vehicles. Therefore, the risk of fire for lithium battery of new energy vehicles in tunnels is higher than that of fuel vehicles, and their fire safety needs to be paid more attention. C1 [Bai, Z. P.; Yu, Y. Y.; Zhang, J. Y.; Hu, H. M.; Xing, M. Y.; Yao, H. W.] Zhengzhou Univ Light Ind, Coll Bldg Environm Engn, Zhengzhou Key Lab Elect Power Fire Safety, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China. C3 Zhengzhou University of Light Industry RP Yao, H (通讯作者)，Zhengzhou Univ Light Ind, Coll Bldg Environm Engn, Zhengzhou Key Lab Elect Power Fire Safety, Zhengzhou, Peoples R China. EM yaohaowei@zzuli.edu.cn FU Plan of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province [23B560003]; Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light In-dustry [2021BSJJ048]; Key R & D and Promotion Special Project (Science and Technology Research) in Henan Province [242102240096, 232102321094]; Zhengzhou City Collaborative Innovation Special Project (Cultivation of Major Projects) [2021ZDPY0108]; Henan Prov-ince Key R & D Special Project [231111322200]; Science and Tech-nology Plan Project of Henan Fire Rescue Corps [2021XFYY11]; Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Science and Technology Inno-vation Team Support Program Project [23XNKJTD0305] FX This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Henan Province (232300420314), the Key Scientific Research ProjectPlan of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province (23B560003), Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light Industry (2021BSJJ048), Key R & D and Promotion Special Project (Science and Technology Research) in Henan Province (242102240096, 232102321094), Zhengzhou City Collaborative Innovation Special Project (Cultivation of Major Projects) (2021ZDPY0108), Henan Province Key R & D Special Project (231111322200), and Science and Technology Plan Project of Henan Fire Rescue Corps (2021XFYY11), Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Science and Technology Innovation Team Support Program Project (Grant No. 23XNKJTD0305) .r Plan of Colleges and Universities in Henan Province (23B560003) , Doctor Scientific Research Fund of Zhengzhou University of Light In-dustry (2021BSJJ048) , Key R & D and Promotion Special Project (Science and Technology Research) in Henan Province (242102240096, 232102321094) , Zhengzhou City Collaborative Innovation Special Project (Cultivation of Major Projects) (2021ZDPY0108) , Henan Prov-ince Key R & D Special Project (231111322200) , and Science and Tech-nology Plan Project of Henan Fire Rescue Corps (2021XFYY11) , Zhengzhou University of Light Industry Science and Technology Inno-vation Team Support Program Project (Grant No. 23XNKJTD0305) . 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Technol., V33, P1091 Zhang Y, 2021, APPL THERM ENG, V192, DOI 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2021.116928 Zhu N., 2023, FIRE SCI TECHNOL, V42, P38 NR 27 TC 31 Z9 32 U1 62 U2 216 PU ELSEVIER PI AMSTERDAM PA RADARWEG 29, 1043 NX AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS SN 0957-5820 EI 1744-3598 J9 PROCESS SAF ENVIRON JI Process Saf. Environ. Protect. PD JUN PY 2024 VL 186 BP 728 EP 737 DI 10.1016/j.psep.2024.04.028 EA APR 2024 PG 10 WC Engineering, Environmental; Engineering, Chemical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA SG0P0 UT WOS:001233187800001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Li, JT Sun, SS Wang, JH Yang, Y Wu, JL AF Li, Jintao Sun, Sisi Wang, Jinghong Yang, Yi Wu, Jialin TI Optimizing fire evacuation design for highway tunnels with varying lane numbers SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel evacuation; Different number of lanes; Low ventilation speed; Evacuation efficiency AB With the rapid development of tunnel transportation, tunnel fire incidents have become increasingly frequent. This is especially true for highway tunnels with a large number of lanes, where high traffic volumes and severe congestion can lead to a significant number of individuals being trapped in confined spaces during a fire, thereby substantially increasing evacuation pressure. To enhance evacuation safety under fire scenarios in tunnels with varying numbers of lanes, this study focuses on one-way highway tunnels with two, three, and four lanes. The variations in Available Safe Egress Time (ASET) and Required Safe Egress Time (RSET) under low-velocity airflow conditions are investigated, with particular emphasis on the effects of cross-passage spacing and exit width on evacuation efficiency. Furthermore, effective combinations of cross-passage spacing and exit width are determined based on a safety index. The results indicate that, under the most adverse fire scenario without longitudinal ventilation, appropriately reducing cross-passage spacing and increasing exit width can significantly improve evacuation efficiency and safety. Among these factors, cross-passage spacing has a more pronounced impact on evacuation safety compared to exit width. The recommended configurations for cross-passages are as follows: for two-lane tunnels, a spacing of 150-175 m and a width of 2.6-3.0 m; for three-lane tunnels, a spacing of 125-150 m and a width of 2.8-3.2 m; and for four-lane tunnels, a spacing of 125-150 m with a width greater than 3.4 m. This study provides valuable reference for the design and optimization of evacuation routes in tunnel fire scenarios. C1 [Li, Jintao; Sun, Sisi; Wang, Jinghong; Yang, Yi; Wu, Jialin] Nanjing Tech Univ, Coll Safety Sci & Engn, Jiangsu Key Lab Urban & Ind Safety, Nanjing 211816, Peoples R China. C3 Nanjing Tech University RP Wang, JH; Wu, JL (通讯作者)，Nanjing Tech Univ, Coll Safety Sci & Engn, Jiangsu Key Lab Urban & Ind Safety, Nanjing 211816, Peoples R China. EM arain@njtech.edu.cn; wujialin@njtech.edu.cn FU Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province [BK20250135]; National Natural Science Foundations of China [52374208]; Major Natural Science Research Projects in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province [23KJA620002]; Excellent Engineer Training Program of Nanjing Tech University [ZYXM202402] FX Acknowledgments This research was sponsored by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20250135) , National Natural Science Foundations of China (No. 52374208) , Major Natural Science Research Projects in Colleges and Universities of Jiangsu Province (No. 23KJA620002) , Excellent Engineer Training Program of Nanjing Tech University (No. ZYXM202402) . 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PD JUL PY 2026 VL 173 AR 107601 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2026.107601 PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA FE1JN UT WOS:001716582900001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Caliendo, C Genovese, G Russo, I AF Caliendo, Ciro Genovese, Gianluca Russo, Isidoro TI Risk Analysis of Road Tunnels: A Computational Fluid Dynamic Model for Assessing the Effects of Natural Ventilation SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE risk analysis; computational fluid dynamics; road tunnels; natural ventilation; user safety ID TILTED TUNNEL; LAYERING LENGTH; FIRE; TEMPERATURE; SIMULATION AB We have developed an appropriate Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model for assessing the exposure to risk of tunnel users during their evacuation process in the event of fire. The effects on escaping users, which can be caused by fire from different types of vehicles located in various longitudinal positions within a one-way tunnel with natural ventilation only and length less than 1 km are shown. Simulated fires, in terms of maximum Heat Release Rate (HRR) are: 8, 30, 50, and 100 MW for two cars, a bus, and two types of Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs), respectively. With reference to environmental conditions (i.e., temperatures, radiant heat fluxes, visibility distances, and CO and CO2 concentrations) along the evacuation path, the results prove that these are always within the limits acceptable for user safety. The exposure to toxic gases and heat also confirms that the tunnel users can safely evacuate. The evacuation time was found to be higher when fire was related to the bus, which is due to a major pre-movement time required for leaving the vehicle. The findings show that mechanical ventilation is not necessary in the case of the tunnel investigated. It is to be emphasized that our modeling might represent a reference in investigating the effects of natural ventilation in tunnels. C1 [Caliendo, Ciro; Genovese, Gianluca; Russo, Isidoro] Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, I-84084 Salerno, Italy. C3 University of Salerno RP Caliendo, C (通讯作者)，Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, I-84084 Salerno, Italy. EM ccaliendo@unisa.it; ggenovese@unisa.it; isrusso@unisa.it RI Russo, Isidoro/ABA-2633-2022 OI Russo, Isidoro/0000-0002-7054-5896; Genovese, Gianluca/0000-0003-2550-2544; Caliendo, Ciro/0000-0002-3577-1687 CR [Anonymous], 2005, FIT EUR THEM NETW 1 Bosco D., 2018, Chemical Engineering Transactions, VVol. 67, P805 Caliendo C, 2018, COGENT ENG, V5, DOI 10.1080/23311916.2018.1530834 Caliendo C, 2013, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V37, P22, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2013.03.004 Caliendo C, 2012, PROCD SOC BEHV, V53, P166, DOI 10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.870 Caliendo C, 2012, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V31, P33, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2012.04.004 Carvel R., 2005, The Handbook Of Tunnel Fire Safety CFPA-E, 2009, FIR SAF ENG EV BUILD Chen LF, 2013, FIRE SAFETY J, V59, P94, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.04.003 Chow WK, 2016, FIRE SAFETY J, V81, P44, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2016.01.014 Chow WK, 2015, FIRE SAFETY J, V75, P14, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.04.001 Ciambelli P., 2006, P 29 M IT SECT COMB DINENNO Philip, 1995, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC Engebretsen A, 2009, TS42009 ROADS TRAFF European Parliament and Council, 2004, OFFICIAL J EUROPEA L Glasa J, 2014, J PHYS CONF SER, V490, DOI 10.1088/1742-6596/490/1/012067 Jun W., 2019, IOP C SERIES MAT SCI, V609 Kadlic M, 2017, PROCEDIA ENGINEER, V192, P387, DOI 10.1016/j.proeng.2017.06.067 Kashef A, 2008, J FIRE PROT ENG, V18, P165, DOI 10.1177/1042391507080812 Korhonen T., 2018, Fire dynamic simulator with evacuation: FDS + Evac-technical reference and user's guide Król A, 2020, FIRE SAFETY J, V111, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.102942 Kumar S., 2004, P 1 INT S SAF REL TU Lu JJ, 2016, TRAFFIC INJ PREV, V17, P176, DOI 10.1080/15389588.2015.1051222 Mc-Quade-Jones K., 2018, P APPL FDS EVAC FIR McGrattan K., 2019, NIST Special Publication, V1018 NFPA, 2017, NFPA 502: Standard for Road, Tunnels, Bridges, and Other Limited Access Highways PIARC, 1999, Fire and Smoke Control in Road Tunnels Qu XB, 2013, ACCIDENT ANAL PREV, V50, P616, DOI 10.1016/j.aap.2012.06.010 Schrefler BA, 2002, COMPUT MECH, V29, P43, DOI 10.1007/s00466-002-0318-y Steinert C., 1994, INT C FIR TUNN, V123, P137 UPTUN, 2008, WORKPL 2 FIR DEV MIT Valasek L., 2013, P 2013 INT C APPL MA, P288, DOI DOI 10.1177/1753193412450651 Xie BC, 2020, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V97, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2019.103250 Xue H, 2001, FIRE SAFETY J, V36, P37, DOI 10.1016/S0379-7112(00)00043-6 Yu L, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V108, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103715 Zhang XL, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V107, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2020.103661 NR 36 TC 24 Z9 24 U1 0 U2 28 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA MDPI AG, Grosspeteranlage 5, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2076-3417 J9 APPL SCI-BASEL JI Appl. Sci.-Basel PD JAN PY 2021 VL 11 IS 1 AR 32 DI 10.3390/app11010032 PG 16 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA PP3RR UT WOS:000605784100001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jia, XL Xu, JL Xu, L AF Jia, Xingli Xu, Jinliang Xu, Lei TI Effects of Tunnel Environment on Speed Cognitive Skills in Drivers SO NEUROQUANTOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Human Factor; Speed Cognition; Expressway Tunnel; Driving Environment; Driving Behavior ID NORWEGIAN ROAD TUNNELS; DRIVING SIMULATOR; DISTRACTION; BEHAVIOR; SYSTEM; ACCIDENTS; WORKLOAD AB Complex traffic situations and low driver perception are the leading contributing factors to traffic crashes. This paper explores speed cognitive skills of drivers on the effect of two types of expressway traffic environment, including a straight and flat filling section (Tiangiao section of G5 Expressway) and a tunnel section with the similar geometric parameters (Qinling mountain NO.1 tunnel of G5 Expressway). 8 participants were recruited to conduct a speed cognition experiment under the same controlled conditions, 246 groups of data were observed. The experiment results indicated that driver's perception is different at different speeds, speed cognitive ability inside tunnel is better than that of outside tunnels under the condition with a great number of tunnel lamps to provide light sources. When accelerating dramatically after a long-time low-speed driving, the speed cognitive value gradually decreased along common section while increased inside tunnel. The research results can be used to analyze traffic safety in highway tunnel environments and assist engineers with safety facility allocation so as to improve speed cognitive ability of drivers to decrease accidents. C1 [Jia, Xingli; Xu, Jinliang; Xu, Lei] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University RP Jia, XL (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian, Shaanxi, Peoples R China. EM jxl0126@sina.com FU National Key Research and Development Program of China [2016YFC0802208]; Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province [2017JQ5122]; Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China [300102218521, 300102218409] FX This research was supported in part by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2016YFC0802208), the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (No. 2017JQ5122) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (Nos. 300102218521, 300102218409). 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However, as more long tunnels are constructed, tunnel traffic safety is becoming increasingly serious. Thus, it is necessary to acquire their implications and impacts. This study examined 4,539 traffic accidents that have occurred in 14 Shanghai river-crossing tunnels for the period 2011-2012 and analyze the correlation between potential factors and accident injury severity. Methods: An ordered logit model was developed to examine the correlation between potential factors and accident injury severity. Results: Results show that increased injury severity is associated with male drivers, drivers aged 65 years or older, accident time from midnight to dawn, weekends, wet road surface, goods vehicles, 3 or more vehicles, 4 or more lanes, middle speed limits (50-79 km/h), zone 3, extra-long tunnels (over 3,000 m), and maximum longitudinal gradient. Conclusions: This article aims to provide useful information for engineers to develop interventions and countermeasures to improve tunnel safety in China. C1 [Lu, Jian John; Wang, Chen] Tongji Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Rd & Traff Engn, 4800 Caoan Rd, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Lu, Jian John; Wang, Chen] Southeast Univ, Jiangsu Prov Collaborat Innovat Ctr Modern Urban, Nanjing, Jiangsu, Peoples R China. [Xing, Yingying; Cai, Xiaonan] Shanghai Jiao Tong Univ, Sch Naval Architecture Ocean & Civil Engn, Shanghai 200030, Peoples R China. C3 Tongji University; Southeast University - China; Shanghai Jiao Tong University RP Wang, C (通讯作者)，Tongji Univ, Minist Educ, Key Lab Rd & Traff Engn, 4800 Caoan Rd, Shanghai, Peoples R China. 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Prev. PD FEB 17 PY 2016 VL 17 IS 2 BP 176 EP 180 DI 10.1080/15389588.2015.1051222 PG 5 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA DE4TP UT WOS:000370623500012 PM 26075803 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Sun, ZH Xu, JL Gu, CW Xin, T Zhang, W AF Sun, Zhenhua Xu, Jinliang Gu, Chenwei Xin, Tian Zhang, Wei TI Investigation of Car following and Lane Changing Behavior in Diverging Areas of Tunnel-Interchange Connecting Sections Based on Driving Simulation SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE tunnel-interchange sections; signage information volume; car following; lane changing; driving stability; road safety ID GAP ACCEPTANCE; GUIDE SIGNS; SAFETY; THRESHOLD; DESIGN; SPEED AB Tunnel-interchange connecting sections pose significant safety challenges on mountainous expressways due to their high incidence of accidents. Improving road safety necessitates a comprehensive understanding of driver behavior in such areas. This study explores the influences of road characteristics, signage information volume, and traffic conditions on drivers' car-following and lane-changing behavior in tunnel-interchange diverging areas. Utilizing driving data from 25 subjects of 72 simulated road models, driving performance is assessed using the Friedman rank test and multivariate variance analysis. The results highlight the significant influence of both connection distance and signage information load on driving behavior. In tunnel-interchange scenarios, the reduction in velocity increased by 62.61%, and speed variability surged by 61.11%, indicating potential adverse effects on driving stability due to the environmental transitions. Decreased connection distances are associated with reduced lane-changing durations, larger steering angles, and increased failure rates. Furthermore, every two units of increase in signage information leads to a 13.16% rise in maximum deceleration and a 5% increase in time headway. Notably, the signage information volume shows a significant interaction with connection distance (F > 1.60, p < 0.045) for most car-following indicators. Hence, the study recommends a maximum connection distance of 700 m and signage information not exceeding nine units for optimal safety and stability. C1 [Sun, Zhenhua; Xu, Jinliang; Gu, Chenwei; Xin, Tian] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710054, Peoples R China. [Sun, Zhenhua] Shaoxing Commun lnvestment Grp Co Ltd, Shaoxing 312000, Peoples R China. [Zhang, Wei] China Railway Tunnel Grp Co Ltd, Municipal Engn Co, Hangzhou 310000, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University RP Xu, JL; Gu, CW (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710054, Peoples R China. EM 2021021092@chd.edu.cn; xujinliang@chd.edu.cn; 2020021051@chd.edu.cn RI ; Xin, Tian/KFQ-2466-2024; Sun, Zhenhua/H-1747-2012; gu, chenwei/HGU-1525-2022 OI Xu, Jinliang/0000-0002-5229-9468; Xin, Tian/0000-0003-0601-8239; FU Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities, Chang'an University FX The authors would like to thank Yunteng Chen and the transportation simulation laboratory of Chang'an University for their support in our study. 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Sci.-Basel PD MAY PY 2024 VL 14 IS 9 AR 3768 DI 10.3390/app14093768 PG 25 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA QK1U5 UT WOS:001220684600001 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Han, L Du, ZG AF Han, Lei Du, Zhigang TI Evaluation of eye-catching effect in highway tunnel entrance area based on saccade behavior SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article DE Visual attraction; scanning behavior; tunnel entrance; driving safety; visual performance ID VISUAL BEHAVIOR; DRIVERS; ATTENTION; DISTRACTION; MOVEMENTS AB ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate the effects of visual attraction in the entrance areas of highway tunnels on drivers' saccade behavior and driving safety, with the objective of providing insights for tunnel entrance design and driver education.MethodsFifty participants were recruited for the naturalistic driving experiment. Four different visually attractive driving scenarios (baseline, landscape-style architecture, tip slogan, and billboard) were selected. Eye-tracking technology was utilized to record and analyze the scanning behavior of participating drivers. Various metrics, including saccade duration, frequency, amplitude, velocity, and the peak-to-average ratio of saccade velocity (PARSV), were measured and compared across different scenarios.ResultsThe results revealed different patterns of visual scanning dynamics among the four experimental scenarios, reflecting the different levels of visual-cognitive demands and situation awareness of drivers. The visual attraction in the tunnel entrance area resulted in prolonged saccade duration, increased saccade amplitude, reduced saccade frequency, and slower, less stable saccade velocity. Among these, drivers exhibited the most intricate and unstable scanning behavior, accompanied by the lowest level of situational awareness, particularly under the influence of visual attraction of tip slogan.ConclusionsThe findings highlight the importance of considering visual attraction in tunnel entrance design. Minimizing unnecessary visual attraction can help reduce distractions and maintain driver attention, ultimately enhancing driving safety. Driver education programs should emphasize the significance of adapting to visual attraction at tunnel entrances to promote safer driving practices. Overall, this study contributes valuable insights into the effects of visual attraction on driver scanning behavior, facilitating the development of strategies to improve tunnel design and driver education. C1 [Han, Lei; Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. C3 Wuhan University of Technology RP Han, L; Du, ZG (通讯作者)，Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, 1178 Heping Rd, Wuhan 430063, Hubei, Peoples R China. EM hanleibest@whut.edu.cn; zhig_du7@163.com OI Han, Lei/0009-0005-5908-5568 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52072291). 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Prev. PD APR 11 PY 2024 VL 25 IS 5 BP 724 EP 732 DI 10.1080/15389588.2024.2342014 EA APR 2024 PG 9 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA SX7R3 UT WOS:001204998900001 PM 38230899 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Shang, T Qi, HJ Huang, A Liu, TZ AF Shang, Ting Qi, Hongjiao Huang, An Liu, Tangzhi TI A comparative driving safety study of mountainous expressway individual tunnel and tunnel group based on eye gaze behavior SO PLOS ONE LA English DT Article ID VISUAL-ATTENTION; PATTERNS AB The traffic environment of a tunnel group is more complex than that of a single tunnel, which increases the driving risk. The eye gaze behavior of drivers can be used to evaluate driving safety and comfort. To analyze the fixation characteristics of drivers in a single tunnel and tunnel group of mountainous expressways, an actual vehicle test is conducted. The test area has a total length of 160 km and 38 tunnels, including 8 tunnel groups and 16 single tunnels. In the test, the difference in the gaze time of five drivers between single tunnels and tunnel groups is compared. The k-means method is used to cluster driver's gaze points dynamically. Based on the Markov theory, the attributes related to gaze transfer are obtained. The results show that when tunnels are of short or medium length, there is no significant difference in the gaze time and gaze point transfer between the tunnel group and a single tunnel. In contrast, when tunnels have long or extra-long length, the repeated fixation probability and the two-step transition probability of looking back of a driver in a tunnel group are higher than those in a single tunnel. The design and management method of a single tunnel cannot be directly used, especially for extra-long tunnels located at the back of a tunnel group with a long upstream tunnel length and a short interval distance from the upstream tunnel. Therefore, it is necessary to focus on the design and management methods of tunnel groups. C1 [Shang, Ting; Qi, Hongjiao; Huang, An; Liu, Tangzhi] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Chongqing, Peoples R China. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University RP Huang, A (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Chongqing, Peoples R China. EM 622200950083@mails.cqjtu.edu.cn FU Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission [KJQN201900722]; Science and Technology Bureau Foundation and Frontier Project of Chongqing [cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0695]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [52172341] FX This work was supported by the Science and Technology Research Program of Chongqing Municipal Education Commission (Grant No. KJQN201900722). 2.This work was supported by the Science and Technology Bureau Foundation and Frontier Project of Chongqing (Grant No. cstc2019jcyj-msxmX0695). 3.This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.52172341). 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B., 1995, TRANSPORTATION RES B Wang J, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V82, P358, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2018.08.037 Wang SS, 2021, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V113, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2021.103969 Xiong X., 2019, 3 INT C TRAFF ENG TR Yan B., 2011, P 3 INT C TRANSP ENG, P3009 Yang Y., 2019, IOP C SERIES EARTH E Ye F., J TONGI U, V49, P218 Zhan Wei, 2014, Journal of Jilin University (Engineering and Technology Edition), V44, P62 Zhang S., 2018, BRIT HCI C Zhao W, 2011, TRAFFIC SCI ENG, V27, P75 Zhouyi Huang, 2020, IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, V526, DOI [10.1088/1755-1315/526/1/012214, 10.1088/1755-1315/526/1/012214] NR 38 TC 10 Z9 10 U1 7 U2 67 PU PUBLIC LIBRARY SCIENCE PI SAN FRANCISCO PA 1160 BATTERY STREET, STE 100, SAN FRANCISCO, CA 94111 USA SN 1932-6203 J9 PLOS ONE JI PLoS One PD FEB 14 PY 2022 VL 17 IS 2 AR e0263835 DI 10.1371/journal.pone.0263835 PG 18 WC Multidisciplinary Sciences WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Science & Technology - Other Topics GA 0U9YZ UT WOS:000788004500021 PM 35157712 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Xu, L AF Xu, Lei TI An isoparametric element permutation method for railway tunnel-soil interaction modeling in train-track-tunnel-soil dynamic analysis SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Train -track -tunnel interaction; Tunnel structure; Soil vibration; Finite element ID VIBRATIONS AB For evaluating the ground vibration involving metro tunnel operation, it is of necessity to extend the train-tracktunnel near-filed vibration to the train-track-tunnel-soil far-filed vibration in viewpoint of numerical analysis. It therefore becomes a key technology to achieve the tunnel-soil coupling simulation. In this work, a isoparametric element permutation method is proposed, where the 6-node triangular prismatic elements and 8-node spatial isoperimetric elements have been effectively integrated to achieve the finite elemental modelling of the soil system with the tunnel penetrating. The tunnel and soil subsystems are coupled by the spring-dashpot elements. Once the tunnel satisfies symmetrical property in geometry, the proposed method can be applied to build the tunnel-soil interaction by parametric finite element modelling. Through a combination of this proposed tunnelsoil interaction model and the train-track-tunnel dynamic model, a unified model for characterizing the train-track-tunnel-soil dynamic interaction analysis is constructed within the finite element framework. By comparing the simulation results to the measurements in site, the effectiveness of this model is validated, through which track, tunnel, and ground vibrations can be assessed in an entirely coupled way. Through the numerical studies, it is known that both the number of tunnel lines and the number of trains in operation and their running modes hold significant influence and show different vibration attenuation law on ground vibrations, and quantitative analysis can be achieved through this present work. C1 [Xu, Lei] Cent South Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University RP Xu, L (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Changsha 410075, Peoples R China. EM leix_2019@csu.edu.cn RI ; xu, lei/AAZ-2161-2020 OI Xu, Lei/0000-0002-9542-4716; FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52008404, U1934217]; Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST [2020-2022QNRC002]; Science and Technology Research and Development Program Project of China railway group limited [2020Special02]; National Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province [2022JJ20071, 2021JJ30850]; Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures [KF202209] FX The author highly appreciates my postgraduate, Leizhen Wu, and my friend, Jinfeng Zhang Ph.D., for their efforts and dedication to helping design model diagrams. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 52008404; U1934217); Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (2020-2022QNRC002); Science and Technology Research and Development Program Project of China railway group limited (Major Special Project, NO.: 2020-Special-02); the National Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (Grant No. 2022JJ20071; 2021JJ30850); Project of State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and System Safety of Traffic Engineering Structures (KF2022-09). 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD OCT PY 2023 VL 140 AR 105320 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105320 EA JUL 2023 PG 15 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA Q4VR1 UT WOS:001057518400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Rustemli, S Kocaman, B Avcil, S AF Rustemli, Sabir Kocaman, Behcet Avcil, Suat TI COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF HIGH-PRESSURE SODIUM VAPOR LUMINAIRES WITH LED LUMINAIRES IN TUNNEL ILLUMINATION SO LIGHT & ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE tunnels; tunnel illumination; illumination system energy performance ID EFFICIENCY AB Nowadays, some roads pass through underground tunnels due to technical inadequacy and high economic costs in constructing highways, railways, and pedestrians. Tunnels are opened to pass through obstacles on the route (mountain, hill, etc.) to force the driver, disturb him, reduce the ramps that could endanger safety depending on nature's state, and shorten travel distances. In this way, number of tunnels along with the road increases, and illuminating these tunnels with different characteristics varies day and night. Tunnel illumination calculations and applications are essential as good tunnel illumination ensures the same flow of comfort, speed, and safety as on the approaching road. Moreover, with the advancement of tunnel technology, many types of equipment are used inside and outside the tunnel, and electricity needs vary according to these types of equipment. In this research, the importance of tunnel illumination was discussed and comparative illumination analysis in 8 August tunnel in Bitlis was conducted. 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PY 2022 VL 30 IS 4 BP 87 EP 96 DI 10.33383/2022-003 PG 10 WC Engineering, Electrical & Electronic; Optics WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Optics GA 5Z1IG UT WOS:000879730000012 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Cai, JT Wu, JS Yuan, SQ Reniers, G Bai, YP AF Cai, Jitao Wu, Jiansong Yuan, Shuaiqi Reniers, Genserik Bai, Yiping TI Risk-based optimization of emergency response systems for accidental gas leakage in utility tunnels SO RELIABILITY ENGINEERING & SYSTEM SAFETY LA English DT Article DE Utility tunnel; Natural gas leakage; Quantitative risk assessment; Emergency response system; Safety barrier optimization ID CLOUD AB Focusing on the effective configuration of emergency response systems in utility tunnels, this study proposes an innovative approach to optimize existing emergency response systems based on a consequence rapid prediction model and genetic algorithm. In the proposed approach, the interactions between different emergency response components are considered to perform a rapid gas dispersion prediction. Furthermore, the predicted gas concentration distribution is employed to estimate the quantitative explosion risks by combining the equivalent cloud method and the Baker-Strehlow model. Finally, the cumulative and cascading risk index are proposed and combined for systematic optimization by using a genetic algorithm. A case study is performed to demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach. The results indicate that the optimized emergency response systems effectively reduce both the cumulative and cascading risk level. This study provides technical support for emergency response system design and helps to improve the safety -risk -control capabilities of utility tunnels. C1 [Cai, Jitao; Wu, Jiansong; Bai, Yiping] China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. [Yuan, Shuaiqi; Reniers, Genserik] Delft Univ Technol, Fac Technol Policy & Management, Safety & Secur Sci Grp, Delft, Netherlands. C3 China University of Mining & Technology; Delft University of Technology RP Wu, JS (通讯作者)，China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. EM jiansongwu@hotmail.com RI ; Bai, Yiping/GQZ-1053-2022; Yuan, Shuaiqi/HDM-9886-2022; Cai, Jitao/OUI-2966-2025 OI Cai, Jitao/0009-0001-6704-8872; Yuan, Shuaiqi/0000-0003-2758-546X; FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52174223]; National Key Research and Development Program of China [2017YFC0805001] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 52174223) and the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2017YFC0805001) . 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PD APR PY 2024 VL 244 AR 109947 DI 10.1016/j.ress.2024.109947 EA JAN 2024 PG 12 WC Engineering, Industrial; Operations Research & Management Science WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Operations Research & Management Science GA JT3T5 UT WOS:001175382100001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Han, L Du, ZG Kang, XJ AF Han, Lei Du, Zhigang Kang, Xuejian TI The impact of visual attractions on drivers' visual performance and mental workload in highway tunnel access zones SO TRANSPORTATION RESEARCH PART F-TRAFFIC PSYCHOLOGY AND BEHAVIOUR LA English DT Article DE Eye-catching effect; Tunnel access zone; Driving safety; Visual performance; Driving experience ID VEHICLE INFORMATION-SYSTEMS; DRIVING EXPERIENCE; HAZARD PERCEPTION; SAMPLE ENTROPY; NOVICE DRIVERS; COGNITIVE LOAD; YOUNG NOVICE; ROAD TUNNELS; BEHAVIOR; DISTRACTION AB The visual attractions present in the access zones of highway tunnels can exert a detrimental effect on drivers' visual performance and mental workload, thereby posing a significant risk to driving safety. This study aims to evaluate the impact of these eye-catching elements on driving safety performance by comparing and analyzing the influence of various visual attraction conditions in tunnel access zones on both the objective visual performance and subjective mental workload assessments of novice and experienced drivers. Four distinct visual attraction scenarios were selected for implementation in the access zones of highway tunnels: baseline, landscapeinspired architecture, informational tip slogans, and commercial billboards. Naturalistic driving experiments were conducted, supplemented by subjective mental workload measurements, to analyze a range of factors, including drivers' first fixation duration (FFD), mean fixation duration (MFD), distance from tunnel portal when first fixation occurs at visual attraction (DTP), number of fixations (NOF), pupil diameter (PD), and visual sample entropy (SampEn). Subjective mental workload was assessed using the NASA-TLX scale. The results revealed that visual attractions within tunnel access zones significantly affected drivers' objective visual performance and subjective mental workload evaluations. Different visual attractions exerted varied effects on visual attention, stability, cognitive workload, and subjective mental workload. Specifically, billboards were found to rapidly capture drivers' attention, leading to unstable visual performance. Informational tip slogans demanded greater attention and cognitive effort, resulting in increased cognitive workload. Furthermore, novice drivers demonstrated poorer visual performance, stability, and higher workload compared to their experienced counterparts. This research highlights the intricate relationship between visual attractions and their impact on drivers' visual performance and mental workload, emphasizing the need for targeted interventions and enhancements in visual strategies particularly tailored for novice drivers. The findings contribute to the domain of transportation psychology and offer practical implications for improving the safety and efficiency of tunnel access zones through evidence-based design strategies. Ultimately, the insights gained from this study can guide the design of visual attractions in highway tunnel access zones to optimize drivers' visual performance and mitigate mental workload. C1 [Han, Lei; Kang, Xuejian] Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China. [Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan 430063, Peoples R China. C3 Shijiazhuang Tiedao University; Wuhan University of Technology RP Kang, XJ (通讯作者)，Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Shijiazhuang 050043, Peoples R China. EM hanleibest@stdu.edu.cn; zhig_du7@163.com; kangxuejian0401@163.com FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52072291] FX Acknowledgments The research described here was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52072291) . 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Res. Pt. F-Traffic Psychol. Behav. PD NOV PY 2024 VL 107 BP 1232 EP 1256 DI 10.1016/j.trf.2024.11.016 EA NOV 2024 PG 25 WC Psychology, Applied; Transportation WE Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Psychology; Transportation GA M9L9T UT WOS:001360684500001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Vossebeld, N Hartmann, T AF Vossebeld, Niels Hartmann, Timo TI Modeling Information for Maintenance and Safety along the Lifecycle of Road Tunnels SO JOURNAL OF COMPUTING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article ID FRAMEWORK AB Formal safety evaluation along the lifecycle of a road tunnel is a challenging task for road authorities all around the world. The practice is characterized by fragmented configurations of proprietary information systems that, jointly, lack of a shared structure to represent the road tunnel. This makes it difficult to retrieve the required information needed to conduct legally prescribed evaluations. This paper proposes an information model to support safety professionals that is based upon fieldwork in two business subdomains: maintenance governance and road-user safety evaluation. The core of the tunnel information model is based upon the standardized architecture of road tunnels and concepts from Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) literature. The authors explain the design in detail and argue that this representation will allow for better integration over the lifecycle. Findings of a validation meeting show that the explicit representation of road tunnel information is sufficiently broad and deep to meaningfully support safety evaluation. Specifically, it allows reasoning about the functional impact of technical failures and the suitability of maintenance concepts proposed. The paper concludes with a discussion of directions for extension of the information model, as experts indicated both inclusion of categories of law-prescribed inspections and road tunnel closure-related categories to provide added value. (C) 2016 American Society of Civil Engineers. C1 [Vossebeld, Niels] SMEC South Africa Pty Ltd, Management Serv, POB 1502, ZA-3630 Westville, South Africa. [Vossebeld, Niels] SMEC South Africa Pty Ltd, Advisory Serv, POB 1502, ZA-3630 Westville, South Africa. [Hartmann, Timo] Tech Univ Berlin, Syst Engn, Dept Civil Engn, Gustav Meyer Allee 25, D-13355 Berlin, Germany. C3 Technical University of Berlin RP Vossebeld, N (通讯作者)，SMEC South Africa Pty Ltd, Management Serv, POB 1502, ZA-3630 Westville, South Africa.; Vossebeld, N (通讯作者)，SMEC South Africa Pty Ltd, Advisory Serv, POB 1502, ZA-3630 Westville, South Africa. EM niels.vossebeld@smec.com; timo.hartmann@tu-berlin.de FU Netherlands highway agency FX The authors would like to acknowledge the practitioners the Netherlands highway agency for their time and cooperation, specifically, Andreas Heutink and Hans Dijkema for their time and support. The first authors' 2-year post-master's educational program was funded by the Netherlands highway agency. Any opinions expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the position of the Netherlands highway agency. 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P., 1979, COMMUNICATION, P55 Sririam R. D., 1997, INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS Steunpunt Tunnelveiligheid, 2012, QRA TUNN 2 0 ACHT Succar B, 2009, AUTOMAT CONSTR, V18, P357, DOI 10.1016/j.autcon.2008.10.003 Sudarsan R, 2005, COMPUT AIDED DESIGN, V37, P1399, DOI 10.1016/j.cad.2005.02.010 Waeyenbergh G, 2002, INT J PROD ECON, V77, P299, DOI 10.1016/S0925-5273(01)00156-6 Yabuki N, 2006, LECT NOTES COMPUT SC, V4224, P1259 Yin R.K., 2014, Applications of case study research, V2nd Zhang SJ, 2013, AUTOMAT CONSTR, V29, P183, DOI 10.1016/j.autcon.2012.05.006 NR 32 TC 2 Z9 3 U1 1 U2 20 PU ASCE-AMER SOC CIVIL ENGINEERS PI RESTON PA 1801 ALEXANDER BELL DR, RESTON, VA 20191-4400 USA SN 0887-3801 EI 1943-5487 J9 J COMPUT CIVIL ENG JI J. Comput. Civil. Eng. PD SEP PY 2016 VL 30 IS 5 DI 10.1061/(ASCE)CP.1943-5487.0000593 PG 13 WC Computer Science, Interdisciplinary Applications; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Computer Science; Engineering GA DV7WY UT WOS:000383150200013 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Tanaka, F Fukaya, K Moinuddin, KAM AF Tanaka, Futoshi Fukaya, Kazuki Moinuddin, Khalid A. M. TI Development of a technique for establishing a pseudo tunnel length SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE COMBUSTION INSTITUTE LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Smoke falling; Experimental technique; Pseudo tunnel length; Temperature distribution ID TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION; ROAD TUNNEL; SMOKE; FIRE AB In the case of a tunnel fire, it is likely that the evacuation path of some of the tunnel users will be obstructed by the cloud of smoke that falls to the road surface of the tunnel. It is important to be able to predict the falling point of the ceiling jet smoke resulting from the fire for improving evacuation strategy. However, a considerably long tunnel is required for examining the distance traveled by the smoke generated in full and model scales fire experiments. It is often difficult to satisfy this requirement while performing fire experiments at laboratory scale. The objective of this study was to develop a new technique for examining the smoke falling phenomenon by using a model scale tunnel with insufficient length. In the new technique, a cooling apparatus was introduced to simulate heat transfer from smoke to tunnel walls. if the amount of convective heat absorbed by the cooling apparatus with length L-c is equivalent to the amount of convective heat lost by the heat transfer to the tunnel walls while the smoke flowed through the distance L-s under a tunnel ceiling, the cooling apparatus with length L-c can be equivalent of a tunnel length L-s. We denote the tunnel length simulated by the cooling apparatus by a pseudo tunnel length. A series of fire experiments were conducted using a 1:10 scale model tunnel with a length of 12 m. In this study, we assessed the effectiveness of the technique for simulating a pseudo tunnel. Experimental results showed that a tunnel with a length of 18.6 m can be simulated by a 12 in tunnel using the new technique proposed. (C) 2018 The Combustion Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. C1 [Tanaka, Futoshi] Univ Fukui, Mech Engn, Fac Engn, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 9108507, Japan. [Fukaya, Kazuki] Univ Fukui, Grad Sch Engn, Mech Engn, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 9108507, Japan. [Moinuddin, Khalid A. M.] Victoria Univ, Ctr Environm Safety & Risk Engn, POB 14428, Melbourne, Vic 8001, Australia. C3 University of Fukui; University of Fukui; Victoria University RP Tanaka, F (通讯作者)，Univ Fukui, Mech Engn, Fac Engn, 3-9-1 Bunkyo, Fukui 9108507, Japan. EM f-tanaka@u-fukui.ac.jp RI Moinuddin, Khalid/J-1087-2017 OI Moinuddin, Khalid/0000-0002-1831-6754; Tanaka, Futoshi/0000-0003-0990-0104 FU JSPS KAKENHI [JP16KKO125] FX Part of this work was conducted under the support of the JSPS KAKENHI Grant Number JP16KKO125. CR [Anonymous], 2015, Tunnel Fire Dynamics ASME Performance Test Codes, 1986, ASME PERF TEST COD 1 Gong L, 2016, INT J THERM SCI, V102, P319, DOI 10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2015.12.006 Hu LH, 2008, EXP THERM FLUID SCI, V32, P1468, DOI 10.1016/j.expthermflusci.2008.03.005 Hurley M.J., 2016, SFPE HDB FIRE PROTEC, DOI DOI 10.1007/978-1-4939-2565-0 Kawabata N., 2003, Tunnel Manag. Int., V6, P45 Lemaire T, 2006, FIRE TECHNOL, V42, P329, DOI 10.1007/s10694-006-8434-4 Takeuchi S, 2017, FIRE SAFETY J, V91, P312, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.063 Tanaka F, 2018, TUNN UNDERGR SP TECH, V75, P36, DOI 10.1016/j.tust.2017.12.020 Tanaka F, 2017, FIRE SAFETY J, V90, P156, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2017.03.005 Vauquelin O, 2005, FIRE SAFETY J, V40, P320, DOI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2005.02.004 NR 11 TC 3 Z9 3 U1 0 U2 13 PU ELSEVIER SCIENCE INC PI NEW YORK PA STE 800, 230 PARK AVE, NEW YORK, NY 10169 USA SN 1540-7489 EI 1873-2704 J9 P COMBUST INST JI Proc. Combust. Inst. PY 2019 VL 37 IS 3 BP 3985 EP 3992 DI 10.1016/j.proci.2018.09.030 PG 8 WC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering, Chemical; Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Thermodynamics; Energy & Fuels; Engineering GA HI7IH UT WOS:000456628600153 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Caliendo, C Russo, I Genovese, G AF Caliendo, Ciro Russo, Isidoro Genovese, Gianluca TI Resilience analysis of road tunnels subject to refurbishment work SO DIGITAL TRANSPORTATION AND SAFETY LA English DT Article DE Road tunnels; Resilience; Refurbishment works; Traffic simulation; Digital technologies AB After some tragic fire events, Directive 2004/54/EC was issued to ensure a minimum safety level for tunnels belonging to the Trans-European Road Network longer than 500 m. Nowadays, most of the Italian road tunnels are still not in compliance with the minimum safety requirements, thus refurbishment works are often planned. By developing a traffic macro-simulation model, this paper aims at assessing the resilience of an existing twin-tube motorway tunnel when one of its tubes is partially or completely closed due to planned activities. Several scenarios were investigated, also considering the availability or not of an alternative itinerary in the surrounding transportation network. The average vehicles' speed was used as a functionality parameter, while the resilience metrics were the resilience loss, the recovery speed, and the resilience index. The findings showed higher resilience losses for complete closure rather than partial closure of the tube under planned refurbishment works. The implementation of digital technologies, such as variable message signs, might reduce the resilience loss of the tunnel system. This research might represent a reference for tunnel management agencies in the choice of the most appropriate traffic control strategy to improve tunnel resilience in the event of planned activities. C1 [Caliendo, Ciro; Russo, Isidoro; Genovese, Gianluca] Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy. C3 University of Salerno RP Caliendo, C (通讯作者)，Univ Salerno, Dept Civil Engn, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, I-84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy. 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Transp. Saf. PD SEP 28 PY 2023 VL 2 IS 3 BP 190 EP 199 DI 10.48130/DTS-2023-0015 PG 10 WC Transportation Science & Technology WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Transportation GA DW5GC UT WOS:001693746900003 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Zhang, N Tan, ZS Jin, MJ AF Zhang, Nian Tan, Zhongsheng Jin, Minjie TI Research on the technology of disaster prevention and rescue in high-altitude super-long railway tunnel SO KSCE JOURNAL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE high-altitude; super-long railway tunnel; combustion; safety evacuation; disaster prevention and rescue ID LONGITUDINAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS; SMOKE; FIRES; SIMULATION; VEHICLE; MODEL AB By taking the 32.645-kilometer-long Guanjiao tunnel of Qinghai-Tibet railway as the object of research, the technology of disaster prevention and rescue in the high-altitude super-long railway tunnel was studied. Combined methods of fire model test and numerical simulation, combustion characteristics in the high-altitude super-long railway tunnel were discussed, and the Available Safety Evacuation Time (ASET) was obtained. From the viewpoint of people's safety evacuation, software called STEPS was used to establish the personnel evacuation model aimed to simulate the process of the personnel evacuation and analyze the evacuation time under different fire scenes at the emergency station. Setting schemes of the emergency station and the cross-passage of Guanjiao super-long railway tunnel were determined preliminarily, and it also provided a basis for optimizing the design of safety evacuation facilities of the super-long railway tunnel. C1 [Zhang, Nian; Jin, Minjie] Taiyuan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Transportat & Logist, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, Peoples R China. [Tan, Zhongsheng] Beijing Jiaotong Univ, Dept Civil Engn & Architecture, Beijing 100044, Peoples R China. C3 Taiyuan University of Science & Technology; Beijing Jiaotong University RP Zhang, N (通讯作者)，Taiyuan Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Transportat & Logist, Taiyuan 030024, Shanxi, Peoples R China. EM zhangnian1984@126.com; zstan@vip.sina.com; jmjdsz@tyust.edu.cn RI zhang, nian/Q-4150-2019 OI Tan, Zhongsheng/0000-0001-5690-1420 FU ministry of railway of the People's Republic of China [KCD09002531]; Dr. start fund of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology [20122040] FX This work is sponsored by the ministry of railway of the People's Republic of China (KCD09002531) and the Dr. start fund of Taiyuan University of Science and Technology (20122040) which are gratefully acknowledged. 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PD MAR PY 2015 VL 19 IS 3 BP 756 EP 764 DI 10.1007/s12205-013-1248-2 PG 9 WC Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA CC0WL UT WOS:000350059500035 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Nyvlt, O Prívara, S Ferkl, L AF Nyvlt, Ondrej Privara, Samuel Ferkl, Lukas TI Probabilistic risk assessment of highway tunnels SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Risk management; Risk analysis; Road tunnel; Costs effectiveness; Economic optimization AB Many approaches to risk analysis in tunnels have been proposed by both international and national authorities over the last few years. Many safety problems have been discussed and a large number of important risk factors and hazards in tunnels have been identified. The concept of risk analysis in the scope of tunnel risks is, however, still under development; particularly an overall idea about the risk management concept is still missing. The paper introduces the concept of risk analysis in the scope of risk management and employs methods well-known in aeronautics and aircraft industry, yet, still unused in tunnels. The proposed methodology enables building and refurbishing costs minimization subject to preservation of satisfactory safety level. The outcomes of the proposed method have clear technical and economic interpretation and create a strong support tool for the decision making process. The paper also includes a case study of the Strahov tunnel in Prague, Czech Republic. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Nyvlt, Ondrej; Privara, Samuel; Ferkl, Lukas] Czech Tech Univ, Dept Control Engn, Fac Elect Engn, Prague 16627 6, Czech Republic. C3 Czech Technical University Prague RP Ferkl, L (通讯作者)，Czech Tech Univ, Dept Control Engn, Fac Elect Engn, Tech 2, Prague 16627 6, Czech Republic. EM ferkll@control.felk.cvut.cz RI Ferkl, Lukáš/K-2265-2018; Privara, Samuel/OFN-3239-2025 OI Ferkl, Lukáš/0000-0003-2637-3772; FU Czech Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports [2C06010] FX This work was supported by the Czech Ministry of Education, Youth, and Sports under the EuSophos Project No. 2C06010. 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PD JAN PY 2011 VL 26 IS 1 BP 71 EP 82 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2010.06.010 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 693NU UT WOS:000285231600009 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Jiang, X Zhu, HH Yan, ZG Zhang, FS Huang, XY Leng, Z Yan, CQ Hua, N Lu, D Zhang, XH Xiao, R AF Jiang, Xi Zhu, Hehua Yan, Zhiguo Zhang, Fengshou Huang, Xinyan Leng, Zhen Yan, Chuanqi Hua, Nan Lu, Dong Zhang, Xuehui Xiao, Rui TI Fire-Retarding Asphalt Pavement for Urban Road Tunnels: A State-of-the-Art Review and Beyond SO FIRE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Urban road tunnels; Fire-retarding asphalt pavement; Urban resilience; Tunnel fires ID HEAT RELEASE RATE; VERTICAL BURNING TEST; FLAME-RETARDANT; TG-MS; COMBUSTION MECHANISM; ORGANO-MONTMORILLONITE; THERMAL-STABILITY; DYNAMIC EVOLUTION; SMOKE SUPPRESSION; CONE CALORIMETER AB With the rapid urbanization and development of metropolises, urban road tunnels have been constructed at an increasing rate, significantly alleviating urban traffic pressure, and improving urban resilience. Fire hazards have become a major threat to modern road tunnels due to the growing popularity of electric vehicles and high-density transportation of goods, particularly flammable materials. Asphalt pavements, as an essential component of road tunnels, may release harmful effluences and smoke under high temperatures, exacerbating the fire and adding risk to life safety. It is hence critical to investigate fire-retarding asphalt materials and their potential use in urban road tunnels pavements. This paper provides a comprehensive review of fire-retarding asphalt pavements for urban road tunnel pavements. The review covers tunnel fire generation mechanisms, evaluation methods, flame retardants for asphalt pavements, and recent developments in flame retardant technologies. By investigating these aspects, this paper aims to better understand the flammability of asphalt mixtures and asphalt pavements in urban road tunnels, promote the research of flame-retardant technology, and ultimately reduce the damage and loss caused by asphalt road tunnel fire accidents. Additionally, this study identifies the limitations of current research and provides an outlook for future research to contribute to the resilience of urban road tunnel structures and the longer service life of asphalt pavement in semi-closed road tunnels. C1 [Jiang, Xi; Leng, Zhen; Yan, Chuanqi; Lu, Dong] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Geotransportat Res Lab, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Zhu, Hehua; Yan, Zhiguo; Zhang, Fengshou] Tongji Univ, Coll Civil Engn, Dept Geotech Engn, Shanghai, Peoples R China. [Huang, Xinyan] Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Bldg Environm & Energy Engn, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. [Hua, Nan] SUNY Buffalo, Dept Civil Struct & Environm Engn, Buffalo, NY USA. [Zhang, Xuehui] Delft Univ Technol, Dept Geosci & Engn, Geoengn Sect, Delft, Netherlands. [Xiao, Rui] Univ Calif Los Angeles, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Los Angeles, CA USA. C3 Hong Kong Polytechnic University; Tongji University; Hong Kong Polytechnic University; State University of New York (SUNY) System; University at Buffalo, SUNY; Delft University of Technology; University of California System; University of California Los Angeles RP Leng, Z (通讯作者)，Hong Kong Polytech Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Geotransportat Res Lab, Hong Kong, Peoples R China. EM zhen.leng@polyu.edu.hk RI Huang, Xinyan/A-3825-2010; Zhang, Xuehui/GZL-7615-2022; Jiang, Xi/ABD-9633-2021; Zhang, Fengshou/ABC-3601-2020; hua, nan/AAN-2175-2021; leng, zhen/AFO-9989-2022 OI Huang, Xinyan/0000-0002-0584-8452; Xiao, Rui/0000-0003-1025-6651; FU Hong Kong Polytechnic University FX We sincerely appreciate the insightful input provided by experts in the tunnel and pavement industries. 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PD SEP PY 2025 VL 61 IS 5 BP 2737 EP 2777 DI 10.1007/s10694-024-01556-2 EA MAR 2024 PG 41 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA 6YI6B UT WOS:001186683200001 OA Green Submitted, hybrid DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Yuan, PL Tang, GC Ji, C Wu, YC Wang, Q Zhang, T Liu, T Chen, YT AF Yuan, Peilong Tang, Guochen Ji, Cheng Wu, Yuanchun Wang, Qiang Zhang, Tao Liu, Tong Chen, Yunteng TI Intelligent Control Characteristics and Development of Highway Tunnel Lighting Environment in China SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Review DE highway tunnel lighting; energy saving; intelligent control; correlated color temperature ID ROAD TUNNELS; SUNLIGHT; PIPES AB At present, the intelligent control technology of highway tunnel lighting mainly includes two types, graded dimming and stepless dimming, both of which have certain energy-saving effects. Tunnel lighting energy saving and consumption reduction, traffic safety, and the security degree are important indicators used to measure the efficient operation of a tunnel. By adding variable correlated color temperature (CCT) control based on stepless dimming, the adjustment of a lamp's CCT according to changes in the external tunnel environment can be achieved. This not only serves the dual purpose of secondary energy saving and providing comfortable lighting, but also plays a significant role in reducing the reaction time and ensuring tunnel traffic safety. This paper mainly discusses the research achievements and applications of the main intelligent control technologies for highway tunnel lighting. Combining on-site investigations, operating and energy-saving effects achieved are evaluated, and the future development direction of intelligent control technology for highway tunnel lighting is summarized. Furthermore, this paper proposes an optimization model of a stepless dimming control system and intelligent control technology in the tunnel's variable CCT based on stepless dimming. The results of this review can provide useful technical support for the design, operation and management of intelligent lighting control in highway tunnels. C1 [Yuan, Peilong; Tang, Guochen; Ji, Cheng] Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. [Yuan, Peilong; Wang, Qiang; Zhang, Tao] CCCC Second Highway Engn Co Ltd, Xian 710075, Peoples R China. [Wu, Yuanchun] Commun Univ China, Broadcasting & Anchoring Sch, Beijing 100024, Peoples R China. [Liu, Tong] Xian Univ Architecture & Technol, Sch Sci, Xian 710055, Peoples R China. [Chen, Yunteng] Shaoxing Univ, Sch Civil Engn, Shaoxing 312000, Peoples R China. [Chen, Yunteng] Shaoxing Commun Investment Grp Co Ltd, Shaoxing 312000, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University; Communication University of China; Xi'an University of Architecture & Technology; Shaoxing University RP Tang, GC (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Sch Highway, Xian 710064, Peoples R China. EM yuanpeilong@chd.edu.cn; guochen-tang@chd.edu.cn; 2021221180@chd.edu.cn; cucwyc@cuc.edu.cn; 18034290293@163.com; 2023221176@chd.edu.cn; liutong@xauat.edu.cn; ytchen_traffic@163.com RI Wang, Qiang/B-2519-2015 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [52078421]; Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi [2023-CX-TD-35]; Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi [2023KXJ-159] FX This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52078421), the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi (Program No. 2023-CX-TD-35),and the Key Research and Development Program of Shanxi (Program No. 2023KXJ-159). 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Tunneling Technol, V57, P277 Zhu L., 2022, Masters Thesis, DOI [10.27414/d.cnki.gxnju.2021.000111, DOI 10.27414/D.CNKI.GXNJU.2021.000111] NR 92 TC 2 Z9 2 U1 18 U2 96 PU MDPI PI BASEL PA MDPI AG, Grosspeteranlage 5, CH-4052 BASEL, SWITZERLAND EI 2071-1050 J9 SUSTAINABILITY-BASEL JI Sustainability PD JUL PY 2024 VL 16 IS 14 AR 5961 DI 10.3390/su16145961 PG 25 WC Green & Sustainable Science & Technology; Environmental Sciences; Environmental Studies WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Science & Technology - Other Topics; Environmental Sciences & Ecology GA ZS6M9 UT WOS:001277320900001 OA gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Wang, XM AF Wang, Xuemei TI Dynamic simulation and ventilation optimization for natural gas leakage in underground utility tunnels SO RESULTS IN ENGINEERING LA English DT Article DE Utility tunnels; Natural gas leakage; Dynamic simulation; Ventilation optimization; Underground infrastructure safety AB Natural gas pipelines installed in underground utility tunnels pose significant safety risks due to the confined environment and the explosive nature of the gas. In this study, a dynamic three-dimensional simulation model is developed to investigate the leakage and diffusion behavior of natural gas from small holes in utility tunnel pipelines, incorporating time-dependent mass flow rate and pressure decay. The model is implemented in ANSYS Fluent using a user-defined function (UDF) and validated against existing experimental data. Multiple scenarios are simulated to analyze the effects of key parameters, including pipeline pressure, leak size, leak location and direction, and ventilation rates. Results show that pipeline pressure and leak aperture size are the dominant factors affecting gas accumulation. The study also identifies effective air change rates required to ensure safety under different leakage conditions, and proposes a correlation between leakage flow rate and air change rate. This work provides a practical reference for emergency ventilation design and safety management in utility tunnel systems involving natural gas pipelines. C1 [Wang, Xuemei] Northeast Forestry Univ, Inst Artificial Environm Control & Energy Applicat, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Harbin 150040, Peoples R China. C3 Northeast Forestry University - China RP Wang, XM (通讯作者)，Northeast Forestry Univ, Inst Artificial Environm Control & Energy Applicat, Sch Civil Engn & Transportat, Harbin 150040, Peoples R China. EM hitwxm1992@163.com OI Wang, Xuemei/0000-0003-3571-2297 FU Research and Development Project of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China [2022-K-167] FX This research was funded by the Research and Development Project of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development of the People's Republic of China (2022-K-167) . 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PD DEC PY 2025 VL 28 AR 107223 DI 10.1016/j.rineng.2025.107223 EA SEP 2025 PG 13 WC Engineering, Multidisciplinary WE Emerging Sources Citation Index (ESCI) SC Engineering GA 8BT8K UT WOS:001584901100001 OA gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Meng, S Zhou, D Luo, CY Du, H Chen, JQ AF Meng, Shuang Zhou, Dan Luo, Canyan Du, Hao Chen, Jianqiang TI The aerodynamic forces and wake characteristics of pantograph for a high-speed train entering/leaving tunnel SO VEHICLE SYSTEM DYNAMICS LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Unsteady airflow; pantograph; aerodynamic forces; tunnel ID DYNAMIC-ANALYSIS; RAILWAY TUNNEL; FLOW; SLIPSTREAM; FIELD; DES AB The interaction between high-speed trains and tunnel environments induces significant variations in the surrounding flow field and aerodynamic forces acting on the pantograph, which can critically influence the lifespan of the pantograph-catenary system and potentially compromise traffic safety. To comprehensively investigate the mechanisms of unsteady airflow and aerodynamic force evolution during tunnel-pantograph interactions, this study decomposes the pantograph into its constituent components (panhead, support arm, strips, upper frame, lower frame and base frame) and investigates the aerodynamic characteristics of each component under different pantograph orientations (knee-downstream and knee-upstream), as well as different tunnel clearance areas. The investigation focuses on key flow field parameters, including pressure distribution and streamwise velocity distribution, as well as the aerodynamic forces acting on individual pantograph components. The results exhibit a pronounced sudden change in lift forces at tunnel entry and exit, with lift coefficients for the knee-downstream and knee-upstream orientations increasing from approximately 6 x 10-4 to peak values of 1.03 x 10-3 and 0.97 x 10-3, respectively. The findings provide a robust foundation for advancing the understanding of the pantograph-catenary relationship and constructing coupled dynamic models, ultimately contributing to enhanced railway safety and operational efficiency. C1 [Meng, Shuang; Chen, Jianqiang] China Aerodynam Res & Dev Ctr, Mianyang, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Dan; Luo, Canyan; Du, Hao] Cent South Univ, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Minist Educ, Changsha, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Dan; Luo, Canyan; Du, Hao] Joint Int Res Lab Key Technol Rail Traff Safety, Changsha, Peoples R China. [Zhou, Dan; Luo, Canyan; Du, Hao] Natl & Local Joint Engn Res Ctr Safety Technol Rai, Changsha, Peoples R China. C3 Central South University RP Zhou, D (通讯作者)，Cent South Univ, Key Lab Traff Safety Track, Minist Educ, Changsha, Peoples R China.; Zhou, D (通讯作者)，Joint Int Res Lab Key Technol Rail Traff Safety, Changsha, Peoples R China.; Zhou, D (通讯作者)，Natl & Local Joint Engn Res Ctr Safety Technol Rai, Changsha, Peoples R China. EM zd_lzj@126.com OI Luo, canyan/0009-0003-5192-1096; Du, Hao/0009-0006-0503-9707 FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [U2468220, 12402348] FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [grant number U2468220], [grant number 12402348]. 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Syst. Dyn. PD 2025 JUL 29 PY 2025 DI 10.1080/00423114.2025.2539270 EA JUL 2025 PG 24 WC Engineering, Mechanical WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering GA 5MA9J UT WOS:001538894400001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Ingason, H Li, YZ Lönnermark, A AF Ingason, Haukur Li, Ying Zhen Lonnermark, Anders TI Runehamar tunnel fire tests SO FIRE SAFETY JOURNAL LA English DT Article DE Large-scale; Tunnel fire; Heat release rate; Heat flux; Fire spread; Gas production; Wall temperature; Visibility; Gas temperature ID PLATE THERMOMETER; TEMPERATURES; VENTILATION; FLAME; MODEL AB Five large-scale fire tests, including one pool fire test and four HGV mock-up fire tests, were carried out in the Runehamar tunnel in Norway in year 2003. New data and new analyzes are presented in this paper, together with a short summary of previous work on these tests. Heat release rate (HRR), radiation, fire spread, gas production, backside wall temperature, visibility, bacldayering, fire growth rate, gas temperature, flame length, ventilation and pulsation are investigated. Simple theoretical models are developed to estimate and predict these parameters. The correlations developed can be used by engineers working on fire safety in tunnels. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Ingason, Haukur; Li, Ying Zhen; Lonnermark, Anders] SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden. C3 SP Technical Research Institute of Sweden RP Li, YZ (通讯作者)，SP Tech Res Inst Sweden, Stockholm, Sweden. EM yingzhen.li@sp.se RI Li, Ying Zhen/D-2185-2011 OI Li, Ying Zhen/0000-0001-7744-2390 FU Swedish Road Administration; Swedish Rail Administration; Swedish Rescue Services Agency; Swedish Fire Research Board; European Commission through the UPTUN project [G1RD-CT-2002-766] FX The tests were funded by a consortium consisting of the Swedish Road Administration, the Swedish Rail Administration, the Swedish Rescue Services Agency, the Swedish Fire Research Board and the European Commission through the UPTUN project (G1RD-CT-2002-766). 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J. PD JAN PY 2015 VL 71 BP 134 EP 149 DI 10.1016/j.firesaf.2014.11.015 PG 16 WC Engineering, Civil; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Engineering; Materials Science GA CB6HL UT WOS:000349728000013 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kim, S Shim, J Rhee, JY Jung, D Park, C AF Kim, Seungwon Shim, Jaewon Rhee, Ji Young Jung, Daegyun Park, Cheolwoo TI Temperature Distribution Characteristics of Concrete during Fire Occurrence in a Tunnel SO APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL LA English DT Article DE RABT fire curve; fire simulation; tunnel fire; high temperature; fire safety; fire accident AB Fire in a tunnel or an underground structure is characterized by a rise in temperature above 1000 degrees C in 5-10 min, which is due to the characteristics of the closed space. The Permanent International Association of Road Congresses has reported that serious damage can occur in an underground structure as a consequence of high temperatures of up to 1400 degrees C when a fire accident involving a tank lorry occurs in an underground space. In these circumstances, it is difficult to approach the scene and extinguish the fire, and the result is often casualties and damage to facilities. When a concrete structure is exposed to a high temperature, spalling or dehydration occurs. As a result, the cross section of the structure is lost, and the structural stability declines to a great extent. Furthermore, the mechanical and thermal properties of concrete are degraded by the temperature hysteresis that occurs at high temperatures. Consequently, interest in the fire safety of underground structures, including tunnels, has steadily increased. This study conducted a fire simulation to analyze the effects of a fire caused by dangerous-goods vehicles on the tunnel structure. In addition, a fire exposure test of reinforced-concrete members was conducted using the Richtlinien fur die Ausstattung und den Betrieb von Stra ss entunneln (RABT) fire curve, which is used to simulate a tunnel fire. C1 [Kim, Seungwon; Jung, Daegyun; Park, Cheolwoo] Kangwon Natl Univ, Dept Civil Engn, 346 Jungang Ro, Samcheok Si 25913, South Korea. [Shim, Jaewon; Rhee, Ji Young] Korea Expressway Corp, Res Inst, 208-96 Dongbu Daero,922 Beon Gil, Hwaseong Si 18489, South Korea. C3 Kangwon National University RP Kim, S; Park, C (通讯作者)，Kangwon Natl Univ, Dept Civil Engn, 346 Jungang Ro, Samcheok Si 25913, South Korea. EM inncoms@kangwon.ac.kr; this2pass@ex.co.kr; need@ex.co.kr; sso2247@gmail.com; tigerpark@kangwon.ac.kr OI Kim, Seungwon/0000-0002-1692-0878; Shim, Jaewon/0000-0002-5466-3964; Rhee, Ji Young/0000-0001-6067-6078; Park, Cheolwoo/0000-0002-9135-9152 FU Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) - Ministry of Education [2017R1A2B4012678]; Korea Expressway Corporation Research Institute FX This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) and funded by the Ministry of Education (grant no. 2017R1A2B4012678) and the Korea Expressway Corporation Research Institute as part of the research project "Simulation and Experimental Simulation for verification of fire and explosion safety measures for vehicle fires". 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Sci.-Basel PD NOV 2 PY 2019 VL 9 IS 22 AR 4740 DI 10.3390/app9224740 PG 11 WC Chemistry, Multidisciplinary; Engineering, Multidisciplinary; Materials Science, Multidisciplinary; Physics, Applied WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Chemistry; Engineering; Materials Science; Physics GA JV7WE UT WOS:000502570800017 OA Green Submitted, gold DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Dong, WX Huang, H Zhong, MH Long, Z AF Dong, Wenxuan Huang, Hong Zhong, Maohua Long, Zeng TI Experimental study on the inundation characteristics of flooding in a long straight subway tunnel SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Underground flood; Subway tunnel; Inundation characteristics; Flood propagation; Water depth ID STATE AB In recent years, the increase in extreme urban flooding events has caused severe property damage and safety problems. Subway tunnels are particularly vulnerable to underground space flooding. There have been traditional hydraulic experiments conducted to investigate unsteady turbulence properties of free surface flow in open channels. However, most experiments in flumes and pipes do not focus on the early formation process of inundation considering the unique structural configurations of subway tunnels. In this study, the general pattern that floodwater intrudes into a subway tunnel was studied by a scaled model experiment. Under different conditions of tunnel slope and inlet water discharge, the flood flow pattern, the water elevation, and flow velocity were investigated and analyzed. The results show that the flooding domain could be divided into three regions, including a Forming Region, a Uniform Region, and a Front Region. The unsteady Front Region performs an exponential rise in water elevation, and the velocity of flood propagation along the tunnel is nearly constant. The shape of the water surface profile is mainly influenced by tunnel slope, and the effect has a transition at the critical tunnel slope which was measured to be around 3 parts per thousand. The classifications of flooding behavior under different conditions are described in detail. An empirical nondimensionalized formula for the tunnel inundation process in both unsteady and steady stages was proposed. This model enables rapid calculation of water depths with time in a subway tunnel. This research could provide an understanding of flood propagation in subway tunnels and facilitate the study of flooding detection and warnings in underground space. It also provides reference for evacuation decisions and subway flood control design. C1 [Dong, Wenxuan; Huang, Hong; Zhong, Maohua] Tsinghua Univ, Inst Publ Safety Res, Dept Engn Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. [Long, Zeng] China Univ Min & Technol, Sch Emergency Management & Safety Engn, Beijing 100083, Peoples R China. C3 Tsinghua University; China University of Mining & Technology RP Huang, H (通讯作者)，Tsinghua Univ, Inst Publ Safety Res, Dept Engn Phys, Beijing 100084, Peoples R China. EM hhong@tsinghua.edu.cn RI huang, huang/OVX-7718-2025 FU National Natural Science Foundation [72091512]; Tsinghua University (Department of Engineering Physics) -Beijing Urban Construction Design & Development Group Co., Limited Joint Research Center for Urban Disaster Prevention and Safety FX This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation (NSFC No. 72091512) of China and Tsinghua University (Department of Engineering Physics) -Beijing Urban Construction Design & Development Group Co., Limited Joint Research Center for Urban Disaster Prevention and Safety. 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD FEB PY 2024 VL 144 AR 105566 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2023.105566 EA DEC 2023 PG 13 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA GK2C2 UT WOS:001152488000001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Shi, LN Tu, Y Wang, XY He, SY Bhusal, P Hou, ZY Zhang, CY AF Shi, Lingna Tu, Yun Wang, Xiaoyu He, Shiyong Bhusal, Pramod Hou, Zeyu Zhang, Chaoyu TI On-Demand Tunnel Lighting System Utilizing Daylight: A Case Study SO SUSTAINABILITY LA English DT Article DE tunnel lighting; on-demand lighting; daylight; energy-saving potential AB Owing to the special tubular structural characteristics of highway tunnels, drivers typically experience a significant change in visual luminance when entering tunnels, which seriously impacts driving safety. This paper proposes a lighting scheme based on optical fiber technology to introduce natural light into the tunnel portal section. First, an on-demand lighting scheme based on the use of daylight is designed by developing an optical fiber lighting system, lighting demand algorithm, and an on-demand lighting control scheme. Furthermore, the scheme is applied to a physical tunnel, and the safety and energy-saving potential of the scheme are analyzed based on the obtained data. The results indicate that the average luminance and luminance uniformity in the tunnel portal section appear to improve with the application of the proposed scheme; the luminance uniformity is particularly increased by 0.18. The correlative color temperature (CCT) of the environment inside the cave changes in real time with the CCT value of the phase pair outside the cave. Compared with the explicit use of electrical lighting, the lighting energy consumption during daytime can be reduced by 34.7% with the application of the proposed scheme, and the highest reduction of 79.8% can be achieved at 13:00. C1 [Shi, Lingna; Tu, Yun] China Merchants Chongqing Commun Res & Design Inst, Traff Engn & Energy Saving Dept, Chongqing 400067, Peoples R China. [Wang, Xiaoyu; He, Shiyong; Hou, Zeyu; Zhang, Chaoyu] Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China. [He, Shiyong] Chongqing Expressway Grp Co Ltd, Chongqing 401316, Peoples R China. [Bhusal, Pramod] Aalto Univ, Sch Elect Engn, Dept Elect Engn & Automat, Lighting Unit, Espoo 02360, Finland. C3 Chongqing Jiaotong University; Aalto University RP He, SY (通讯作者)，Chongqing Jiaotong Univ, State Key Lab Mt Bridge & Tunnel Engn, Chongqing 400074, Peoples R China.; He, SY (通讯作者)，Chongqing Expressway Grp Co Ltd, Chongqing 401316, Peoples R China. EM heshiyong@cqjtu.edu.cn RI ; He, Shiyong/AGR-8932-2022 OI Bhusal, Pramod/0000-0002-9378-9260; FU Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China [52108362]; Key Projects for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing [CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0116, CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0117] FX This research was supported by the Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant no. 52108362) and funded by the Key Projects for Technological Innovation and Application Development in Chongqing (Grant no. CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0116, CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0117). 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The two fires are located in the lateral direction of the tunnel, and the distance between two fires is varied. Both the maximum temperature rise and the temperature distribution beneath the tunnel ceiling are investigated. For temperature distribution in the tunnel longitudinal direction, there is decrease in temperature with the increasing burner separation distance at the near fire region, while at the region far away from the fire location, the smoke temperature gets very close. Results show that the longitudinal temperature distribution exhibits an exponential decay law along the tunnel ceiling. A formula is established to predict the longitudinal temperature distribution and results show that there is good agreement between the numerical data and formula calculations. Comparison of temperature distribution in the tunnel longitudinal direction and transverse direc-tion shows that at separation distance ofL = 0m, there is obvious decrease in temperature with the increasing distance from the zero point both in the tunnel longitudinal direction and transverse direction, while at sepa-ration distance ofL = 6m, there is obvious increase in temperature at the near fire location in the transverse direction, and at other regions, the temperature is very close in both directions. The maximum temperature rise in the tunnel longitudinal direction decreases with the increasing burner separation distance. A model by considering the fire heat release rateQ, the effective tunnel height Hef and the burner separation distance L is proposed to express the maximum temperature rise, and results show that the model can well predict the nu-merical data. The findings obtained in this work could provide reference for the design of tunnel fire safety with two fire sources. C1 [Meng, Na; Shu, Youming; Zhang, Shenghao] Shandong Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Safety & Environm Engn, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, Peoples R China. C3 Shandong University of Science & Technology RP Meng, N (通讯作者)，Shandong Univ Sci & Technol, Coll Safety & Environm Engn, Qingdao 266590, Shandong, Peoples R China. EM mengna@sdust.edu.cn FU National Natural Science Foundation of China; [51974175] FX This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51974175) . 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Undergr. Space Technol. PD JAN PY 2023 VL 131 AR 104774 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2022.104774 EA OCT 2022 PG 8 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA 5R7DB UT WOS:000874665600004 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Qin, L Yang, DS Weng, YN Leon, AS Shi, XH AF Qin, L. Yang, D-S Weng, Y-N Leon, A. S. Shi, X-H TI Tunnel safety: A pilot study investigating drivers' fixation characteristics when approaching tunnel entrance at different driving speeds SO LIGHTING RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article ID LONGITUDINAL SLOPE; EYE-MOVEMENT; ENVIRONMENT; INFORMATION; ACCIDENTS; ATTENTION; IMPACT; ERRORS; INDEX AB This study presents the results of a driving experiment study on spatiotemporal characteristics of drivers' fixation when entering a tunnel portal with different driving speeds. The study was performed during the daytime in a relatively long tunnel. Six experienced drivers were recruited to participate in the driving experiment. Experimental data of pupil area and fixation point position (from 200 m before the tunnel to the tunnel portal) were collected by non-intrusive eye-tracking equipment for three predetermined vehicle speeds (40 km/h, 60 km/h and 80 km/h). Fixation maps (color-coded maps showing distributed data) were created from fixation point position data to quantify visual behaviour changes. The results demonstrated that vehicle speed has a significant impact on pupil area and fixation zones. Fixation area and average pupil area had a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed during the daytime. Moreover, drivers concentrated more on the tunnel entrance portal, front road pavement and car control wheeling. The results revealed that the relationship between pupil area and vehicle speed fitted an exponential function. Limitations and future directions of the study are also discussed. C1 [Qin, L.; Shi, X-H] Ningbo Univ, Dept Informat Sci & Engn, Ningbo, Peoples R China. [Yang, D-S] Jiaxing Univ, Sch Informat Sci & Engn, Jiaxing, Peoples R China. [Weng, Y-N] Ningbo Leesten Technol Co Ltd, Ningbo, Peoples R China. [Leon, A. S.] Florida Int Univ, Dept Civil & Environm Engn, Miami, FL USA. C3 Ningbo University; Jiaxing University; State University System of Florida; Florida International University RP Qin, L (通讯作者)，Ningbo Univ, Dept Informat Sci & Engn, Yuxiu Rd,Yangyongman Bldg, Ningbo 315211, Peoples R China. EM qinli@nbu.edu.cn RI Leon, Arturo/N-7504-2013 OI Leon, Arturo/0000-0002-7117-7351 FU Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China [LQ21E080005]; State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering Fund Project [SKLBT-2108]; project of Jiaxing Science and Technology [2019AD32034]; National Natural Science Foundation of China [61701069]; Major Science and Technology Special Project in Jiangbei District, Ningbo City [201901A03] FX The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This research was supported in part by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant LQ21E080005, by the State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering Fund Project under Grant SKLBT-2108, by the project of Jiaxing Science and Technology under Grant 2019AD32034, by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 61701069 and by Major Science and Technology Special Project in Jiangbei District, Ningbo City under Grant 201901A03. 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TI Simulation analysis on the risk of hydrogen releases and combustion in subsea tunnels SO INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HYDROGEN ENERGY LA English DT Article; Proceedings Paper CT 6th International Conference on Hydrogen Safety (ICHS) CY OCT 19-21, 2015 CL Tenova, Yokohama, JAPAN SP Int Assoc Hydrogen Safety HO Tenova DE Hydrogen; PANS; Subsea tunnel; Risk assessment ID DEFLAGRATIONS; TURBULENCE; VEHICLES; MODEL AB Hydrogen is considered to be a very promising potential energy carrier due to its excellent characteristics such as abundant resources, high fuel value, clean and renewable. Its safety features greatly influence the potential use. Several safety problems need to be analyzed before using in transportation industry. With the development of the tunnel transportation technology, the safe use of hydrogen in tunnels will receive a lot of research attentions. In this article, the risk associated with hydrogen release from onboard high-pressure vessels and the induced combustion in tunnels was analyzed using the Partially Averaged Navier-Stokes (PANS) turbulence model. The influences of the tunnel ventilation facilities on the hydrogen flow characteristics and the flammable hydrogen cloud sizes were studied. The tunnel layouts were designed according to the subsea tunnel. And a range of longitudinal ventilation conditions had been considered to investigate the hydrogen releases and the sizes of the flammable hydrogen cloud. Then the hydrogen combustion simulation was carried out after the fixed leaking time. The overpressures induced after the ignition of leaking hydrogen were studied. The influences of ventilation and ignition delay time on the overpressure were also investigated. The main aim was to research the phenomena of hydrogen releases and combustion risk inside subsea tunnels, and to lay the foundation of risk assessment methodology developed for hydrogen energy applications on transportation. (C) 2016 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. C1 [Bie, H. Y.] Ocean Univ China, Coll Chem & Chem Engn, 238 Songling Rd, Qingdao 266100, Peoples R China. [Hao, Z. R.] Shandong Acad Sci, Inst Oceanog Instrument, 29 Zhejiang Rd, Qingdao 266001, Peoples R China. C3 Ocean University of China; Qilu University of Technology RP Hao, ZR (通讯作者)，Shandong Acad Sci, Inst Oceanog Instrument, 29 Zhejiang Rd, Qingdao 266001, Peoples R China. EM haozr001@sina.com FU National Natural Science Foundation of China [51306166, 51206101]; scientific research foundation of Shandong province Outstanding Young Scientist [BS2013NJ017] FX This research is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51306166 and 51206101) and the scientific research foundation of Shandong province Outstanding Young Scientist Award (No: BS2013NJ017). 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J. Hydrog. Energy PD MAR 16 PY 2017 VL 42 IS 11 SI SI BP 7617 EP 7624 DI 10.1016/j.ijhydene.2016.05.263 PG 8 WC Chemistry, Physical; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Conference Proceedings Citation Index - Science (CPCI-S) SC Chemistry; Electrochemistry; Energy & Fuels GA EU7KS UT WOS:000401214300042 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Han, L Gu, PS Zhou, HM Du, ZG AF Han, Lei Gu, Pengsen Zhou, Huimin Du, Zhigang TI Differential blink patterns as biomarkers: Quantifying visual cognitive load in curved tunnels with varied radii SO TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION LA English DT Article; Early Access DE Curved tunnels; visual cognitive load; blink patterns; tunnel radius; turning direction; tunnel zone ID MENTAL WORKLOAD; PERFORMANCE; DRIVERS AB ObjectiveThis study aims to investigate the effects of curved tunnel geometries with varied radii on drivers' visual cognitive workload, utilizing differential blink patterns as biomarkers. The research seeks to quantify how tunnel curvature influences drivers' visual cognitive load and to identify potential biomarkers for assessing driving safety in curved tunnel environments.MethodsThirty licensed drivers with diverse driving experiences participated in the study. Eye movement data, including blink frequency, blink duration, inter-blink interval, and pupil diameter after blink, were collected using a Dikablis Pro eye tracker while participants drove through four curved tunnels with varying radii (185, 251, 493, and 1380 m) in Yunnan Province, China. A three-way repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was conducted to analyze the effects of tunnel radius, turning direction (left vs. right), and tunnel zone (entrance, middle, exit) on these blink metrics.ResultsThe study revealed significant main effects of tunnel radius, turning direction, and tunnel zone on all blink metrics. Specifically, as tunnel radius decreased, drivers exhibited lower blink frequency, shorter blink duration, longer inter-blink intervals, and larger pupil diameters after blinking, indicating increased visual cognitive load. Left turns were associated with higher cognitive load compared to right turns, as evidenced by lower blink frequency, shorter blink duration, longer inter-blink intervals, and larger pupil diameters. Blink patterns also varied dynamically across tunnel zones, with the entrance zone eliciting the highest cognitive load, followed by the middle and exit zones.ConclusionsDifferential blink patterns serve as reliable biomarkers for quantifying visual cognitive load in curved tunnels. Tunnel radius, turning direction, and tunnel zone significantly influence drivers' visual cognitive workload. These findings provide valuable insights for tunnel design and safety evaluations, emphasizing the need to consider geometric constraints and directional factors to reduce cognitive load and enhance driving safety. C1 [Han, Lei; Gu, Pengsen; Zhou, Huimin] Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Shijiazhuang, Peoples R China. [Du, Zhigang] Wuhan Univ Technol, Sch Transportat & Logist Engn, Wuhan, Peoples R China. C3 Shijiazhuang Tiedao University; Wuhan University of Technology RP Han, L (通讯作者)，Shijiazhuang Tiedao Univ, Sch Traff & Transportat, Shijiazhuang, Peoples R China. EM hanleibest@whut.edu.cn FU Natural Science Foundation of Hebei Province [52072291]; Hebei Natural Science Foundation [E2025210090, F2025210053] FX This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52072291) and the Hebei Natural Science Foundation (E2025210090, F2025210053). 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Prev. PD 2025 OCT 9 PY 2025 DI 10.1080/15389588.2025.2569720 EA OCT 2025 PG 10 WC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED); Social Science Citation Index (SSCI) SC Public, Environmental & Occupational Health; Transportation GA 8ZO6H UT WOS:001601088200001 PM 41144570 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Hong, Y Shi, CL Ren, F Wu, XH AF Hong, Yao Shi, Congling Ren, Fei Wu, Xiaohu TI Rapid bidirectional prediction between physical field and key control parameters in tunnel fires SO TUNNELLING AND UNDERGROUND SPACE TECHNOLOGY LA English DT Article DE Tunnel fire; Prediction; Full field; Bidirection; Machine learning; AI ID FLOW AB Tunnel fire poses a serious threat to social public safety, and the losses they cause are often incalculable. The prediction of tunnel fires contributes to decision-making in rescue and firefighting, and helpfully reduces fire losses as much as possible. The financially expensive experiments and the time-consuming simulation slow down the pace of development in tunnel fire prediction. Moreover, numerical and experimental study is often unidirectional, with the characteristic of predicting less dimensional data through higher dimensional data. This work proposes a deep learning model (DLM) to instantly achieve bidirectional prediction between the full field information of tunnel fires and a small amount of key physical quantities. Under the designed data processing method, the DLM is trained by a big tunnel fire numerical database with various ventilation, thermal, and geometric conditions. The results show that the DLM can learn the physical fields data and the physical quantities data well with the increasing training epoch. In addition, the DLM performs the promising bidirectional prediction. From the symmetry comparison, the result shows the full physical fields are well predicted by the decoder part of DLM via four key physical quantities. The prediction of the key physical quantities is overall satisfactory, but the prediction accuracy of the tunnel inclination angle is relatively poor compared with the other quantities. The prediction accuracy of key physical parameters through the temperature field is better than through smoke visibility. The important parameters in practice, namely smoke layer distribution and smoke back-layering length are also predicted, and the R2 2 of 0.95 and 0.92 are respectively obtained. The bidirectional prediction system proposed in this work demonstrates the promising application for intuitive and rapid prediction of various information in tunnel fires, as well as for summaries of physical laws in tunnel fires. C1 [Hong, Yao; Shi, Congling; Ren, Fei] China Acad Safety Sci & Technol, Beijing Key Lab Metro Fire & Passenger Transportat, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China. [Wu, Xiaohu] Shandong Inst Adv Technol, Jinan 250100, Shandong, Peoples R China. C3 China Academy of Safety Science & Technology RP Shi, CL (通讯作者)，China Acad Safety Sci & Technol, Beijing Key Lab Metro Fire & Passenger Transportat, Beijing 100012, Peoples R China. EM shicl@chinasafety.ac.cn RI Hong, Yao/GZB-0662-2022; Wu, Xiaohu/ACM-7633-2022 OI Hong, Yao/0000-0002-5077-3824; FU National Nature Science Funds of China [52376131]; Special funds for basic scientific research project of China Academy of Safety Science and Technology [2024JBKY02] FX This work is financially supported by the National Nature Science Funds of China (Grant No. 52376131) and Special funds for basic scientific research project of China Academy of Safety Science and Technology (Grant No. 2024JBKY02) . The simulation was supported by High-performance Computing Platform of Peking University, China. 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PD NOV PY 2024 VL 153 AR 105982 DI 10.1016/j.tust.2024.105982 EA AUG 2024 PG 12 WC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering, Civil WE Science Citation Index Expanded (SCI-EXPANDED) SC Construction & Building Technology; Engineering GA C5I3B UT WOS:001289694300001 DA 2026-03-26 ER PT J AU Kang, RZ Chen, H Ren, PY Li, C AF Kang, Ruizhen Chen, Hong Ren, Peiya Li, Chen TI Multi-dimensional coupling study on traffic accident risk in Tiantai Mountain Tunnel Cluster, China SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS-TRANSPORT LA English DT Article; Early Access DE AHP-NK-SNA model; multi-dimensional coupling; risk factors; safety & hazards; tunnels & tunnelling; UN SDG 13: Climate action ID SEVERITY AB To address the impacts of the coupling of multiple risk factors on the safe operation of the Tiantai Mountain Tunnel Cluster (MTC) in the Qinling mountains, China, key risk factors were identified and controlled to improve the safety risk management of the tunnel and reduce the traffic accident (TA) rate. TA data for the MTC from 2021 to 2024 were obtained and five level-1 and 23 level-2 risk factors affecting tunnel safety were identified. The level-1 risk factors were found to be people, vehicle, road, environment and management. An integrated model of analytic hierarchy process (AHP), the N-K model (NKM) and social network analysis (SNA) was used to form a new risk coupled analysis framework. The NKM evaluated coupling in TA cases, while the AHP model generated a risk matrix that was visualised through SNA, focusing on centrality, accessibility and cohesive subgroups. The results showed that, the larger the number of risk factors involved, the higher the risk coupling value and the greater the TA risk. Notably, risks taken by drivers was found to contribute to stronger multi-risk coupling involving 'people-vehicle-environment'. Key factors identified include safety management systems as well as adverse weather conditions. These insights highlight critical risk factors and provide a basis for improved decision making regarding traffic safety. C1 [Kang, Ruizhen; Chen, Hong; Ren, Peiya] Changan Univ, Coll Transportat Engn, Xian, Peoples R China. [Li, Chen] CCCC First Highway Consultants Co Ltd, Natl Key Lab Green & Long Life Rd Engn Extreme Env, Xian, Peoples R China. C3 Chang'an University RP Chen, H (通讯作者)，Changan Univ, Coll Transportat Engn, Xian, Peoples R China. EM glch@chd.edu.cn FU Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Transportation [21-42x]; Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi [2022TD-16] FX The work was supported by the Scientific Research Project of Shaanxi Provincial Department of Transportation (grant no. 21-42x) and the Innovation Capability Support Program of Shaanxi (grant no. 2022TD-16). 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